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VS Naipaul's Fiction, 1954-71 Y fAR THtS WGRE CONFEW?ED/A NN~D'CIBTENTION OE CE GRADE 1979 Permission ,is hereby granted to the FlATVONAL LIBRARY OF L'aut~isationesf, per la prgsente, accordge 9 la BIBLIOTH&- CANADA to Wdilm this mesis and to +xi or selt copies QUE ATI ION^€ 4L/ CANADA de micrdilmer cette lheje -et of the fifrn. & pr€ter w de vendre des exemplaires du film. T The autha rezwves other pub1 icatiorr rights, ad mitt# the L'mteur se rgserve les aurres dtoits de publication; n? la d , thesis nor extutsive ex.tr;#:ts fran it may be print& or other- tMseni de longs ertra'T;s de cellcci ne doivent dtre imprim& f wise zep&ucd wi-ut tJw author's witten Fssim, . w aurrement reproduits sans l'autarisation &rite de I'autew. ..,- .--,+.. >= - . .+ 'A-. 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WIPAUL'S FICTION, 1954-71: FRAGHEflTATION AH0 ROOTLESSNESS Rovindradat Deodat B.A., University of Guyana..1975 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFItiMEHT OF THE RE~~IREJ~$~SFOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS Engl i sh @ R. Deodat 1979 SIMIH FRASER UNIVERSITY All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced fn who1 e or in part, by photocopy or other mans, without permission of the author. I here3y gran' to Simn Fraser University the right to lend project or enended essay (the title of which is shown &!ow) f the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or ies only tor such users or in response to a request from the any o?her university, or other educatiunaf Institution, on its 5ehal f T-fCrpoKof ifs user= 1 furtfieragree thafperni~sion-~~ &or multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted oy me or the Dean of kraduate Siudi es. It is understood that copy i ng ocoubllcation of This work fur financial gain shal not be allowed without my written permission. T itl e of Thes i s/~roject/~xtededEssay V.S. NAIPAUL'S FICTIOH, 1954-71: FRAGMENTATION & ROOTLESSNESS. Author: tsignaturef f date) APPROVAL 1IME : Povi ndradat DEODAT DEGREE: Master of Arts TITLE OF THESIS: > From Fragmentati~n to Rootlessness : The Devef opment of a Them in V.S. Naipaul's Fiction. Chai mn: Professor Jared Curtis, Associate Professor ~f English, Simon Fraser University. Prof. Malcol~~a~e,Associate Professor, S. F.U., (Senior Supervisor) Prof. Bruce Mesbi tt, Associate Professor, S. F.U., , pro? John Mil.ls, Associate Professor, S.F.U. Prof. R.T. Robertson, Associate Professor, University of Saskatchewan (External Examiner) At a cursory reading, !iaipaul's fiction appears no mre than random, bitter outpourings of 3 writer disenchanted with his past and his native background. Such a reading, however, misses an important, underlying strand which gives purpose and direction to his writing. The major concern of this thesis is to highlight this strand or theme showing how it develops in Flaipaul 's early fiction and enlarges in his later novels. Six of taipawt 'r nine works vf fiction me ctoseiy examined in this study end the prwess frm fragmentation to rootlessness is shown as a consistent, determining factor in the quality of 1 ife of the individual and his society, Chapter I suppl ies the historical , social and psychological back- ground against which 'daipaul's fiction emerges. The Middle Passaqe, An Area of Darkness and a number of persona1 interviews reveal Maipaut's attitude towards this background and permit a look at his personal relationship with his environment. Chapter I1 presents a critical examination of his early books, Miguef Street, The Flystic Masseur and The Suffrage of Etvira, illustrating the disordered, rootless West Indian society which generates insecure, fragmented persona 1i ties such as Ganesh, Harbans , Biswas and Singh. Chapter 111 looks at rootlessness as Yt affects groups and individuals. In A House for Mr. Biswas, the protagonist's painful struggle for accomnodation - - - and wholeness is at the centre of this chapter. Chapter IV examines a more - sophisticated and del ikrate search for roots and integrity in The M&ic Men. -p-p---p-pppp - -- -- In this book, Naipaul seems to have exhausted his West Indian viewpoint and worked his theme of rootlessness to its ultimate point--total detachment from nationality and cause. But In A Free State adds a new and universal dimension to his old tiem. The culmination is a progressively enlarged vision which addresses the general confusion which modern man faces as he witnesses the disappearance of the chambered, homogeneous societies and the safety and integrity they provide, DED f CATTOFJ For Rookie My sincere thanks to Palcolrn Page, Bruce Nesbi tt and John Mills whose help was always more than academic. For typing, proof-reading, patience and a dozen other chores in completing this thesis a simple thanks to my wife will have to suffice. Approval ........................ii Abstract ....; ...................iii Introduction. ..................... 1 Chapter I The ;lest Indies and tjaipaul ....... 6 Chapter 11 Fragglentation and Disorder-- The Early tiovels ............. 23 Chapter I11 Unhoused and Unnecessary-- A House for Mr. Biswas .......... 52 Chapter IV Despair and Root1 essness-- The Mimic Men .............. 83 Chapter V Culmination-- In a Freestate .............108 Bibliography .....; ................121 Introduction One of the biggest geographical blunders in history gave the Nest Indies its name. When Cof umbus stumbled onto the necklace of = islands off the Central American Coast, he optimistically thought he had reached the "Spice Islands" in the East, the Indies. The - ~isnomerhas survived to the present day. The Uest Indies have therefore never been seen as part of South, Central or Yorth America, but' a displa;ed portion of the colonial endeavour. By 3 remarkable coincidence the islands were populated by groups of people, especially from Africa and India, who were equally displaced in this Eurdpean-oriented labour camp. Their descendants, who make up the many tiny "nations" in the Caribbean Sea, have been deeply affected by their racial and cultural dislocation. In his West Indian novels, V.S. Naipaul has focussed on the plight of these ~ffspringwith particular reference to the East Indian segment of the population. The underlying theme of each of his works is the disorder and despair which fragmentation \ and root1 essness have spawned. Fragmentation and rootlessness are viewed in tfiis thesis as stages of a ringte process. Orre stwe is symptm?tic of the other. The fragmented society demonstrates a disorder which originates from within. It is only after one begins to study -individual members'of the society that the inner caure becomes apparent. The person ~hocan no longer identify with a cultural heritage loses the assurance and integrity which the indite1 ling racial ancestor ~rovides. Cultural and psychological root1 essness are inextricable. In addition, the harsh conditions 'of colonial - ism have left the West Indian crippling burdens of poverty and ignorance. Because psychologSca1 and physical conditions correspond so closely, the unhoused, poverty-stricken West Indian is often cultural 1y and spiritually dispossessed as we1 1. His only alternative is to strive after the culture of his ex- colonial masters even though he is unable to identify with their traditions and values. His attempt can only end in mimicry. All the ingredients for Naipaul 's fiction have now been uncovered--dislocation, confusion, disorder, mimicry, despair and utter rootlessness, The first three indicate a preliminary state, fragmentation. .The second set, building on the,first; leads to an irreversible alienation from all previous ties. From- fragmentation to rootlessness can easily be paraphrased, from disorder to a rejection of all order. - ---- -- - - -- Naipaol 's West 1ndian novels do not merely illustrate this movement, but are the very basis for its validity, His three # early novels, '4igtfei Street, The Yystic Masseur and The Suffrage % of Efvira oresent tk chaotic, disordered societies which produce f rag~entedperso6aI i ti es such as Sanesh, Harbans, Siswas and \ Singh. A House for Yr. $iswas and The Mimic Men are more intense, indi virtual strug71 PS for accmdation, wholeness, order and - roots, Afthugit ir~A Free State hs only a single episode on the West Indian experience, the overall theme and tone of this bod: make it a 'natural extension of Yaipaul 's overriding concern in his West Indian novels.-.
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