mÄbbx aŸwb‡KŠkj Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jv‡K evsjv aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i iƒc‡iLv 93 94 wkwki fÆvPvh©¨

The Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics: Vol. 2 No.4 August 2009 1. DcµgwYKv Page: 93-113, Published on August 2010 by the Registrar, Dhaka University ISSN-2075-3098 Ab¨ ‡h ‡Kvb gvbefvlvi g‡Zv evsjv fvlvI wewfbœ Dcfvlvi mgwó (`ª: P‡Ævcva¨vq 1970:1 I fÆvPvh©¨ 2007:41) Ges GB Dcfvlv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GKwU n‡”Q Ôgvb PwjZ evsjvÕ| eZ©gvb cÖe‡Ü iv‡R›`ª wmsn (1984, 1990) cÖ¯ÍvweZ mÄbbx aŸwb‡KŠkj (Generative Phonotactic) ZË¡ AbymiY K‡i GB mÄbbx aŸwb‡KŠkj Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jv‡K DcfvlvwUi GKwU AvcvZm¤ú~Y© aŸwbZvwË¡K eY©bv ‡`qv n‡e (D‡jøL¨ ‡h eZ©gvb evsjv aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i iƒc‡iLv cÖe‡Ü Ôevsjv fvlvÕ ev ÔevsjvÕ ej‡Z Ôgvb PwjZ evsjvÕ ‡evSv‡bv n‡e)| wØZxq Aa¨v‡q aŸwbweÁvb I aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i cv_©K¨ wb‡`©‡ki ci eZ©gvb Av‡jvPbvq

1 Acwinvh© Ggb wKQz aŸwbZvwË¡K e¯‘i m-D`vniY eY©bv ‡`qv n‡e| Z…Zxq Aa¨v‡q wkwki fÆvPvh©¨ mÄbbx aŸwb‡KŠkj Z‡Ë¡i eY©bv cÖm‡½ Dc¯’vwcZ n‡e evsjv cÖvYweK eY©gvjv ev evsjv aŸwbg~‡ji ZvwjKv| PZz_© Aa¨v‡q _vK‡e evsjv fvlvi mÄbbx aŸwb‡KŠk‡ji GKwU ZvwjKv Ges Ae‡k‡l _vK‡e Dcmsnvi| 1. mn‡hvMx Aa¨vcK, AvaywbK fvlv Bbw÷wUDU, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq JSPS Post-doctoral Fellow National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics, Tokyo, Japan Phonological object) Email : [email protected] 2. aŸwbweÁvb, aŸwbZË¡ I wewfbœ aŸwbZvwË¡K e¯‘ ( gvbefvlv wP‡ýi mgwó Ges wP‡ýi i‡q‡Q `yÕwU w`K: ‡`¨vZK Avi ‡`¨vwZZ| Abstract ‡`¨vZK wjwLZ n‡Z cv‡i, ev (evKcÖwZeÜx‡`i ‡¶‡Î) gy`ªvwbf©iI n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e fvlv cÖavbZ evKwbf©i| e³v wK Dcv‡q Zvi evMhš¿ e¨envi K‡i fvlvi ‡`¨vZK According to the theory of G(enerative) P(honotactic) AskwU m„wó K‡i Ges ‡kªvZv wKfv‡e Zvi kªeYhš¿ e¨envi K‡i `yÕwU ‡`¨vZ‡Ki g‡a¨ (elaborated in Singh 1984, 1990), a phonemic inventory and a list of the W(ell)-F(ormedness) C(onditions) in addition to cv_©K¨ K‡i DV‡Z cv‡i − G welqwU aŸwbweÁvb (Phonetics) I e¨vKi‡Yi three hierarchically arranged strategies (Assimilation/ aŸwbZË¡ (Phonology) As‡ki AvjvP¨ welq| ‡mvRv K_vq, ‡Kvb fvlvfvlx wK Substitution > Epenthesis > Deletion) to repair the sequences Dcv‡q ‡mB fvlvi kã, eM© (Phrase), cÖ¯Íve (Clause) I evK¨ D”PviY K‡i DV‡Z that violate these WFCs represent the essentials of a cv‡i Ges wewfbœ kã, eM©, cÖ¯Íve I ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv eY©bv- phonological description. For instance, the phonology of wePvi-we‡kølY-e¨vL¨v Kiv aŸwbweÁvb I aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i KvR|1 Panjabi, Chittagonian and Walpiri has, each, a WFC which bans the cluster /sk/ in onset. If these languages must adapt evMhš¿ e¨envi K‡i A‡bK iKg aŸwb D”PviY Kiv m¤¢e, wKš‘ me aŸwb the English loan word school, then, Panjabi and Chittagonian gvbefvlvq e¨eüZ nq bv| Avevi gvbefvlvq e¨eüZ aŸwb¸‡jv KL‡bvB GK repair it with epenthesis (/ / in Panjabi and / / in s´kul iSkul iKg fv‡e D”PvwiZ nq bv| evsjvfvlx-1 ‡hfv‡e ÔKÕ D”PviY K‡i evsjvfvlx-2 Chittagonian). In Walpiri, the word becomes /kul/ through deletion because no syllable begins with a vowel in this ‡mfv‡e ÔKÕ D”PviY K‡i bv| GKRb evsjvfvlx hw` `kevi ÔKÕ aŸwbLÐwU language, and its phonemic inventory lacks fricatives (/f/, /s/, D”PviY K‡i Z‡e ‡Kvb `yÕwU ÔKÕ GK iKg n‡e bv| wewfbœ ÔKÕ Gi g‡a¨ GB ‡h /z/, etc.). The present is an exhaustive account of the cv_©K¨ Zv aŸwbweÁv‡bi `„wó‡Z LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©, KviY GB cv_©‡K¨i wfwˇZ phonology of Bengali in the light of GP. cÖ‡qvR‡b wba©viY Kiv ‡h‡Z cv‡i ‡K BqvRÏxb Avi ‡K dKiæÏxb; A_ev mvBdzi

Keywords: Well-formedness condtitions, Epenthesis, Deletion, ingvb ‡Kvb GjvKvi ‡jvK wQ‡jb ev w`jxc eo–qvi ‡QvU‡ejv ‡K‡U‡Q ‡Kvb Substitution, Mechanism of repair GjvKvq; AviI Rvbv hv‡e, ÔKÕ D”Pvi‡Yi mgq e³v ‡Kvb Kvi‡Y D‡ËwRZ wQj, bvwK ¯^vfvweK wQj, BZ¨vw` A‡bK wKQy| aŸwbweÁv‡bi KvR ‡gvUvgywUfv‡e `yÕwU: The Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics Vol. 2 No. 4, August 2009 mÄbbx aŸwb‡KŠkj Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jv‡K evsjv aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i iƒc‡iLv 95 96 wkwki fÆvPvh©¨

1) evMhš¿ e¨envi K‡i fvlvq e¨envi‡hvM¨ ‡ †h me aŸwb ev aŸwbµg Avgiv /bat/Gi KvQvKvwQ wKQy GKUv D”PviY K‡i| G iKg nevi KviY n‡”Q gvb D”PviY K‡i _vwK ‡m¸‡jvi cÖK…wZ we‡kølY Kiv Ges 2) kªeYhš¿ e¨envi K‡i evsjvfvlx Bs‡iwR ejvi mgq gvbevsjvi aŸwbZË¡ Av‡ivc K‡i Bs‡iwRi Dci, wKfv‡e Avgiv ‡m me aŸwb ev aŸwbµg Ômv_©Kfv‡eÕ (Dfqv‡_©) we‡kølY K‡i Avi gvb Bs‡iwRfvlx evsjv ejvi mgq gvb Bs‡iwRi aŸwbZË¡ Av‡ivc K‡i DV‡Z cvwi Zvi eY©bv ‡`qv|2 aŸwbweÁvb‡K mvaviYZ e¨vKi‡Yi Ask e‡j g‡b evsjvi Dci| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e G iKg Ki‡Z Zviv eva¨ Ges GB eva¨evaKZv Kiv nq bv hw`I G‡Z ‡Kvb m‡›`n ‡bB ‡h aŸwbweÁvb e¨vKi‡Yi Acwinvh© aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i Ab¨Zg cÖavb ‰ewkó¨| gvbyl mvaviYZ gvZ…fvlvi aŸwbZvwË¡K ‰ewkó¨ mnvqK| aŸwbweÁv‡bi KvR ‡hLv‡b ‡kl nq wVK ‡mLvb ‡_‡K ïiæ nq aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i jyKv‡Z cv‡i bv, A_©vr ‡ewki fvM gvby‡li ‡¶‡ÎB wØZxq fvlvi D”PviY (we‡klZ KvR| hw` wØZxq fvlvwU A‡c¶vK…Z ‡ewk eq‡m AwR©Z nq) gvZ…fvlvi aŸwbZË¡ Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡q _v‡K| aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i `„wó‡KvY ‡_‡K ‡`L‡j `yB ÔKÕ Gi g‡a¨ D”Pvi‡Yi cv_©‡K¨i wKQygvÎ g~j¨ ‡bB hZ¶Y bv GB cv_©‡K¨i cÖfve ‡`¨vwZZ ¯Í‡ii Dci co‡Q| GKRb cÖYe¸‡jv n‡”Q Kw_Z fvlvi mv½ GKK Segmental unit| cÖYe QvovI evsjvfvlxi D”Pvi‡Y ÔcÕ Avi ÔKÕ Gi g‡a¨ ‡h cv_©K¨ Zv aŸwbZ‡Ë¡ LyeB aŸwbZvwË¡K mskª‡q (System) _vK‡Z cv‡i wewfbœ Ab½ (Supra-segmental) ¸iæZ¡c~Y©, KviY ÔKvbÕ Avi ÔcvbÕ Gi ‡`¨vwZZ GK bq| evsjvfvlxiv cÖwZw`b ‡h GKK ‡hgb, MgK (Stress) ev k¦vmvNvZ, Zvb (Tone) I MÖvg (Prosody)| j¶ j¶ iKg ÔKÕ D”PviY K‡i _v‡K aŸwbZvwË¡K `„wó‡KvY ‡_‡K ‡mB me¸‡jv Mg‡Ki Ae¯’vb e`‡j w`‡j Bs‡iwR fvlvq bvgc` Import n‡q hvq wµqvc` ÔKÕ GKB cÖYe (Phoneme) (ev aŸwbg~j) Gi wfbœ wfbœ iƒc ev ¯^be (ev ê Import Allophone) ê | Pxbv, _vB BZ¨vw` fvlvq ¯^icÖY‡ei Zvb e`‡j w`‡q wfbœ wfbœ ‡`¨vZK mnaŸwbg~j) ( | Kv‡K Avgiv ejwQ cÖYe Avi ¯^be? cÖYe n‡”Q ÔcÕ 4 Avi ÔKÕ Gi g‡Zv ‡mB me aŸwb-GKK ‡h¸‡jv `yÕwU ‡`¨vZ‡Ki ‡`¨vZbvi g‡a¨ ‰Zwi Kiv m¤¢e| cÖvq me fvlv‡ZB MÖvg cwieZ©b K‡i cÖkœm~PK evK¨ Avi cv_©K¨ m„wói ¶gZv iv‡L| Avgiv Av‡MB e‡jwQ, ‡Kvb fvlvfvlx ‡Kvb GKwU Av‡`km~PK ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Kiv hvq| ‡hgb evsjvq Av‡`km~PK evK¨ ÔZzwg cÖYe‡K `yB evi GK fv‡e D”PviY K‡i bv| cÖwZevi D”Pvi‡Y cÖY‡ei ‡h wfbœ wfbœ hvI!Õ Avi cÖkœm~PK evK¨ ÔZzwg hvI?Õ Gi MÖvg Avjv`v| cÖ_gwUi MÖvg DaŸ©Mvgx, iƒc ‡m¸‡jv‡K Avgiv ejwQ Ô¯^beÕ| aŸwbweÁv‡bi A‡bK g‡W‡j (eZ©gvb cÖe‡Ü D`vË ev Av‡ivnx, c‡iiwUi MÖvg wb¤œMvgx, ¯^wiZ ev Ae‡ivnx| Z‡e hZ¶Y ch©šÍ e¨eüZ mÄbbx aŸwb‡KŠkj g‡Wj Zvi g‡a¨ GKwU) ¯^be¸‡jvi Av‡jvPbv bv ‡Kvb mv½ ev Ab½ GKK `yÕwU ‡`¨vZ‡Ki ‡`¨vZbvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡Q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© bq, wKš‘ aŸwbweÁv‡b cÖwZwU ¯^be ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|3 ‡Kvb fvlvi me¸‡jv ZZ¶Y G¸‡jvi ‡KvbwU‡KB ‡mB fvlvi aŸwbZvwË¡K Dcv‡½i Ask e‡j wePvi cÖYe wg‡j m„wó nq GKwU mskªq (System) hv‡K Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi cÖvYweK Kiv hv‡e bv| Ab¨w`‡K, ‡h ‡Kvb iKg MgK, Zvb I MÖvg aŸwbweÁv‡b eY©gvjv (Phonological/Phonemic alphabet)| ¸iæZ¡mnKv‡i we‡ewPZ nq| wewfbœ mv½ I Ab½ GK‡Ki we‡kl we‡kl Ômn‡hvMÕ (Combination) ‡Kgb K‡i A¶i (Syllable) ‡_‡K ïiæ K‡i kã, eM©, cÖ¯Íve gvb PwjZ evsjvq ÔKjgÕ wPýwUi ‡`¨vZK /kçlom/, wKš‘ PÆMÖvwg‡Z ej‡Z nq I evK¨ ch©šÍ ‡`¨vZK ¯Í‡ii wewfbœ GKK MVb K‡i Zv wePvi Kiv aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i /xçlçm/| Avgiv j¶¨ Ki‡Z cvwi ‡h evsjvi GB `yB Dcfvlvq ÔKjgÕ kãwU KvR| `yB iKg fv‡e D”PvwiZ n‡”Q| gvb PwjZ evsjvq ‡hLv‡b Av‡Q Kɨ (Velar), aŸwbZvwË¡K Av‡jvPbvq `yÕwU Ôms¯‹viÕ (Notion) eûj e¨eüZ nq: A¶i Avi ¯ú„ó/iæ× (Plosive/Occlusive) cÖYe /k/, PÆMÖvgx‡Z ‡mLv‡b i‡q‡Q Kɨ, N„ó Concept) (Fricative/Continuant) cÖYe /x/| ÔKjgÕ kãwUi `yB iKg D”Pvi‡Yi KviY kã| kã Avi A¶i‡K ÔaviYvÕ ( bv e‡j Ôms¯‹viÕ ejv n‡”Q cÖavbZ n‡”Q GB ‡h gvb evsjv Avi PÆMÖvwgi aŸwbZË¡ Avjv`v| Ab¨ GKwU D`vniY ‡`qv `yÕwU Kvi‡Y: 1. G `yÕwU e¯‘i ‡KvbwUiB me©RbMÖvn¨ ‡Kvb msÁv ‡bB, Ges 2. hvK| gvb Bs‡iwR hvi gvZ…fvlv ‡mB e¨w³ /pçt/ kãwU D”PviY Kivi mgq /p/ ‡Kvb fvlvi aŸwbZvwË¡K eY©bvi Rb¨ G `yÕwU e¯‘i ‡KvbwUB Acwinvh© bq| ‡Z gnvcÖvYZv (aspiration) ‡hvM K‡i| evsjvfvlx Bs‡iwR ejvi mgq mvaviYZ aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i Ggb wKQy g‡Wj Av‡Q ‡h¸‡jv‡Z A¶‡ii Aw¯ÍZ¡‡KB ¯^xKviB Kiv nq /p/ ‡Z gnvcÖvYZv ‡hvM Ki‡Z fy‡j hvq ev ‡hvM Ki‡Z PvB‡jI cv‡i bv, ev bv (D`vniY: Chomsky & Halle 1968)| iƒcZ‡Ë¡i A‡bK g‡W‡j k‡ãi cvi‡jI gvb Bs‡iwRfvlxi g‡Zv K‡i cv‡i bv| Ab¨w`‡K evsjv ÔfvZÕ /bHat/ Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K A¯^xKvi Kiv nq (D`vniY: Mel’čuk 2006)| Gi gv‡b Aek¨ GB bq kãwU D”PviY Kivi mgq Bs‡iwRfvlxiv mvaviYZ /bH/ Gi gnvcÖvYZv ev` w`‡q ‡h aŸwbZvwË¡K eY©bvq A¶i ev k‡ãi g‡Zv ms¯‹vi G‡Kev‡iB e¨envi Kiv hv‡e

The Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics Vol. 2 No. 4, August 2009 mÄbbx aŸwb‡KŠkj Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jv‡K evsjv aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i iƒc‡iLv 97 98 wkwki fÆvPvh©¨

bv| aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i A‡bK g‡W‡jB G `yÕwU ms¯‹vi e¨eüZ nq| Avgiv eZ©gvb cÖe‡Ü k‡ã Av‡Q `yÕwU A¶i: fv [bHa] Ges lv [Sa]| Z‡e ‡Kvb ‡Kvb ‡¶‡Î GKwU aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i ‡h g‡WjwU e¨envi Ki‡ev ‡mwU GKvšÍfv‡e A¶i Avi kã wbf©i| gvÎ cÖYeI A¶i MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i, ev ‡Kvb k‡ã _vK‡Z cv‡i GKwU gvÎ A¶i n‡”Q GKwU D”PviY-GK‡Ki bvg| D”PviYKv‡j ‡h by¨bZg aŸwbµ‡gi c‡i A¶i|GKcÖYe (Mono phonemic) A¶‡ii D`vniY: bvgcyiæl me©bvg ÕIÕ; weiwZ ‡`qv hvq ‡mB D”PviY-GKKwU‡K A¶i ejv ‡h‡Z cv‡i| cÖwZwU A¶‡i GKv¶i (Monosyllabic) k‡ãi D`vniY: bvgkã ÔPvÕ, ÔcÖvYÕ, cÖkœ‡evaK me©bvg _v‡K `yÕwU Ask: m~Pbv (Onset) Avi Q›` (Rhyme)| Q›` AskwU‡K `yÕwU fv‡M ÔwKÕ| wKQy wKQy fvlv ‡hgb, evsjv I Rvcvwb‡Z ‡ewki fvM kã enŸv¶i fvM Kiv hvq: ‡K›`ª (Nucleus) Avi Dcav (Coda)| wb‡P GKv¶i ÔMvbÕ, ÔgvÕ, (Polysyllabic) (A_©vr Ôeû A¶i wewkóÕ)| Pxbv fvlvi ‡ewki fvM kã GKv¶i| ÔAvgÕ Avi ÔIÕ − GB K‡qKwU kã‡K A¶i-KvVv‡gv‡Z we‡kølY K‡i ‡`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| 3. mÄbbx aŸwb‡KŠkj ZË¡ (Generative Phonotactic)

mÄbbx aŸwb‡KŠkj ZË ¡ Abymv‡i ‡Kvb fvlvi aŸwbZvwË¡K eY©bvi R‡b¨ `yÕwU wRwbl A¶i A¶i `iKvi: 1) cÖvYweK eY©gvjv (Phonological alphabet) A_©vr ‡mB fvlvi me¸‡jv cÖY‡ei GKwU m¤ú~Y© ZvwjKv Ges 2) aŸwb‡KŠkj ZvwjKv (Phonotactic m ~Pbv Q›` m~Pbv Q›` chart)| g m ‡K›` ª Dcav ‡K›`ª Dcav 3.1. evsjv cÖvYweK eY©gvjv a n a fÆvPvh©¨ (2006 I 2008) Abymv‡i Avgiv `vwe KiwQ ‡h evsjv fvlvi aŸwbZvwË¡K eY©gvjvq ‡gvU 45wU cÖYe Av‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ 13 wU ¯^icÖYe (7wU Kɨ I 6wU bvwmK¨), 4wU Aa©¯^i (ev Aa©e¨Äb) cÖYe (mviwY 1) I 28wU e¨ÄbcÖYe Mvb kãwU‡K we‡kølY Ki‡j Avgiv cvB m~Pbv /g/ Ges Q›` /an/| Gi ci Q›` (mviwY 4)| ‡h me cÖYe wb‡q weZ‡K©i AeKvk i‡q‡Q (‡hgb, / / ev / /) /an/ ‡K we‡kølY Ki‡j cvIqv hvq ‡K›`ª /a/ Avi Dcav /n/| ÔgvÕ-‡Z Dcav Q f ‡m¸‡jvi e¨vcv‡i fÆvPvh©¨ (2006) cÖe‡Ü we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| ‡bB, Avi ÔAvgÕ G ‡bB m~Pbv| I-‡Z m~Pbv ev Dcav wKQyB ‡bB, Av‡Q ïay ‡K›`ª| ‡`Lv hv‡”Q, m~Pbv ev Dcav Qvov A¶i MwVZ n‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ ‡K›`ª Qvov ‡Kvb mviwY 1: ¯^i cÖYe I Aa© ¯^icÖYe A¶i MV‡bi K_v KíbvI Kiv hvq bv| m¤§yL cðvr (Front) (Back) A¶i j Á A¶i mse„Z D”P i i) u u) e e) o o) w 5 wee„Z ga¨ E ç ç) y m~Pbv Q›` m~Pbv Q›` wbgœ a a)

Dc‡ii ¯^icÖYe¸‡jv wb‡Pi by¨bZg kã‡Rvo¸‡jv Øviv mgw_©Z n‡Z cv‡i: ‡K›`ª Dcav ‡K›`ª Dcav mviwY 2: by¨bZg kã‡Rvo (Kɨ ¯^i cÖYe) a m o i e E a ç o u /biS/ /beS/ /bES/ /kal/ /kçl/ /kol/ /kul/ Avgiv a‡i wbw”Q †h 1) GKvwaK cÖYe GKwÎZ n‡q GK GKwU A¶i MwVZ nq, wek ‡ek e¨vm Kvj Kj ‡Kvj Kzj Ges 2) GKvwaK A¶i wgwjZ n‡q MwVZ nq GK GKwU kã| D`vniY: ÔfvlvÕ

The Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics Vol. 2 No. 4, August 2009 mÄbbx aŸwb‡KŠkj Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jv‡K evsjv aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i iƒc‡iLv 99 100 wkwki fÆvPvh©¨

j y w Á Velar

/ j/ / y/ / w/ / Á/ KÉbvjxq h bç bç bç bç Glottal eB eq eI eD mviwY 3: by¨bZg kã‡Rvo (bvwmK¨ ¯^i cÖYe) Dc‡ii e¨Äb cÖYe¸‡jv wb‡Pi by¨bZg kã‡Rvo¸‡jv Øviv mgw_©Z n‡Z cv‡i: i) e) E) a) ç) o) u) mviwY 5: by¨bZg kã‡Rvo (e¨Äb cÖYe)

/bi)dHi/ /e)r/ /ˇE)k/ /ba)S/ /Sç)rçn/ /So)/ /Su)i/ k kH g gH c cH æ æH weuwa Gui Uu¨vK euvk ¯§iY ‡kuv muyB /kçr/ /kHçr/ /gçr/ /gHçr/ /cçr/ /cHçr/ /æçr/ /æHçr/ /bidHi/ /er/ /ˇEk/ /baS/ /Sçrçn/ /So/ /Sui/ wewa Gi ‡UK evm kiY ‡kv ïB Ki Lo Mo Ni Pi Qi R¡i So

ˇ ˇH Í ÍH t tH d dH

/ / / / / / / / / / / / /dan/ /dHan/ mviwY 4 : e¨Äb cÖYe tik tHik Íak ÍHak tan tHan ¯ú„ó N„ô-¯ú„ó bvwmK¨ K¤úb N„ó cvwk¦©K wUK wVK WvK XvK Zvb _vb `vb avb RvZ Plosive Affricat Nasal Fricati Lateral e Trill ve Appro p f b bH s S h ximant /paˇa/ /faˇa/ /baˇa/ /bHaˇa/ /sil/ /Sil/ /Sal/ /hal/ Iô¨ AícÖvY p b m Bilabial cvUv dvUv evUv fvUv wmj kxj kvj/ nvj gnvcÖvY bH mvj `‡šÍŠ‡ô¨ f Labio- r l m n n dental /rag/ /lag/ /ma/ /na/ /rçn/ /rçN/ 6 `šÍ¨ AícÖvY t d Dental ivM jvM gv bv iY iO

gnvcÖvY tH dH 3.2. mÄbbx aŸwb‡KŠkj `šÍg~jxq AícÖvY ˇ ˇH n s S l Avgiv aŸwbZvwË¡K eY©bvi cÖ_g ch©vq cvi n‡q Gjvg| by¨bZg kã‡Rv‡oi Alveolar gnvcÖvY Í ÍH wfwˇZ Avgiv Dc‡i evsjvfvlvi aŸwbZvwË¡K ev cÖvYweK eY©gvjv ‰Zwi K‡iwQ| 7 cðvr- AícÖvY c æ r GLb Avgiv ‡`L‡ev, A¶i I k‡ãi wewfbœ Ae¯’v‡b cÖYe¸‡jvi Dcw¯’wZi `šÍ g~jxq gnvcÖvY Post- cH æH wfwˇZ wKfv‡e aŸwb‡KŠkj ZvwjKv ‰Zwi Ki‡Z nq| Kgc‡¶ PviwU aŸwb‡KŠkj ZvwjKv ‰Zwi Ki‡Z n‡e Avgv‡`i| Alveolar wRnŸvg~jxq AícÖvY k kH N (Kɨ) ZvwjKv-1. ‡Kvb ‡Kvb aŸwb ev aŸwb¸”Q A¶‡ii m~Pbvq _vK‡Z cv‡i; gnvcÖvY g gH The Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics Vol. 2 No. 4, August 2009 mÄbbx aŸwb‡KŠkj Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jv‡K evsjv aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i iƒc‡iLv 101 102 wkwki fÆvPvh©¨

h ZvwjKv-2. ‡Kvb ‡Kvb aŸwb ev aŸwb¸”Q A¶‡ii Dcav MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i; Í AvdMvb ZvwjKv-3. ‡Kvb ‡Kvb aŸwb ev aŸwb¸”Q A¶‡ii Q›` MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i; f nvdc¨v›U nd&Zv ZvwjKv-4. AvšÍÿwiK/¯^ivšÍeZx© Ae¯’v‡b ‡Kvb ‡Kvb aŸwb ev aŸwb¸”Q _vK‡Z s G¯cvi g¯Z cv‡i| ev®c Avm‡Zv cwi®‹vi ‡Lvmey Lvmw`j gk¸j cwðg aŸwb‡KŠkj ZvwjKvi GKwU bgybv wb‡P ‡`Iqv n‡jv| gvb PwjZ evsjvi S AvcvZm¤ú~Y© aŸwb‡KŠkj ZvwjKvi R‡b¨ ‡`Lyb fÆvPvh©¨ (2008)| h m mvgcvb bvgZv PgKv‡bv Pz¤^b ‡gvg`vbx bvgMvb LvgwP mviwY 6: AvšÍ¶wiK/kãvf¨šÍixY e¨ÄbcÖYeµg (Askwe‡kl) n ‡evb‡cv Avb‡Kvov Avbevi ebMuv p t k b d g c iOevR iO`vbx A½ ‡fOPv p avàv Avß iƒcK_v DcPv‡bv N iOcyi ivsZv c¼ c`©v Li&M gi‡P t Drcv`b mZ¨ mrKvi c_Pjv r `c©b evZ©v ZK© Me© k KvKc¶x k³ G°v PvKwPK¨ l Aí ¸jwZ nvjKv gvjevnx Rjw` AvjMv jvj‡P

b Wye‡Zv PveKv‡bv ‡RveŸv kã AveMvix Wve‡Pvi aŸwbZvwË¡K eY©bvi Z…Zxq ch©v‡q aŸwb‡KŠkj ZvwjKv¸‡jvi wfwˇZ aŸwbZvwË¡K D`&Mvi d Qv`‡Zv Q`Kv DØv¯‘ D`¨vb g`‡Pvi cÖwZeÜ (Constraint) iPbv Ki‡Z n‡e| GB cÖwZeܸ‡jvi Ab¨ bvg aŸwbZvwË¡K g AvMcvQ jvM‡Zv fvMKiv F‡M¦` `M&`‡M fvM¨ fvMPvlx myMVb kZ© (Wellformedness condition ev ms‡ÿ‡c WFC)| iv‡R›`ª wmsn c c¨vPc¨v‡P cP‡Zv AvPKvb ev”Pv (1984) g‡b K‡ib, ‡Kvb fvlvi aŸwbZvwË¡K eY©bvi Rb¨ (kã, eM© ev ev‡K¨i) `yÕwU ¯Íi Av‡Q e‡j a‡i wb‡Z n‡e: 1. AšÍjx©b ¯Íi (Underlying Structure) I æ ivRcyÎ AvR‡Zv ivRKzgvi gReyZ gR`yi AvR¸ex 2. f~wg¯Íi (Surface Structure) (evK¨web¨v‡m e¨eüZ AšÍjx©b ¯Íi I f~wg¯Í‡ii PUc‡U KvU‡Zv UvUKv VvUevU KvVMov AvUPvjv ˇ mv‡_ aŸwbZ‡Ë¦ e¨eüZ AšÍjx©b ¯Íi I f~wg¯Í‡ii cv_©K¨ Av‡Q)| wZwb AviI `vwe Í iWKvUv iWwewµ iW‡Pvi K‡ib ‡h aŸwbZvwË¡K myMVb k‡Z©i ‡Kvb e¨wZµg _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| ‡Kvb k‡ãi tH f~wg¯Í‡ii cÖYeµg hw` ‡Kvb GKwU myMVb kZ© f½ K‡i Z‡e ‡m cÖYeµgwU ¯^qswµqfv‡e ‡givgZ n‡q hv‡e| ‡givg‡Zi wZbwU mve©Rbxb (wek¦Rbxb) I kH cÖ‡qvMvbyµwgK (Hierarchic/Clinal) ‡KŠkj i‡q‡Q (Mechanism of bH repair)|8 kã, eM© ev ev‡K¨i aŸwbZvwË¡K cÖwZ‡ek (Phonological context) I dH fvlvwe‡k‡li we‡kl ‰ewkó¨ I gwR©i Dci wbf©i K‡i GB wZbwU ‡givgZ- gH ‡KŠk‡ji ‡h ‡Kvb GKwU cÖ‡qvMµgvbymv‡i Ges ¯^qswµqfv‡e Kvh©Ki nq|

cH 1. cÖwZ¯’vcb/mgxfeb (Replacement/ Assimilation),

æH 2. ¯^ifw³ ev AwcwbwnwZ (Epenthesis) I

h ˇ 3. aŸwb‡jvc (Deletion)|

The Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics Vol. 2 No. 4, August 2009 mÄbbx aŸwb‡KŠkj Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jv‡K evsjv aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i iƒc‡iLv 103 104 wkwki fÆvPvh©¨

K. AšÍjx©b ¯Í‡ii cÖvYweK ¯^j¶Y (Distinctive feature) ev ¯^vZš¿¨m~PK ‰ewk‡ó¨ by¨bZg cwieZ©b Avm‡e; Gevi GKwU D`vniY ‡`qv hvK| Bs‡iwR‡Z Ggb GKwU myMVb kZ© Av‡Q ‡hwU Aÿ‡ii Dcavq GKvwaK kxl cÖY‡ei Ae¯’vb Aby‡gv`b K‡i bv| A_©vr, L. AšÍjx©b ¯Í‡ii aŸwbµg ev aŸwbKvVv‡gv‡Z by¨bZg cwieZ©b Avm‡e|

Bs‡iwR‡Z ‡Kvb AÿiB /SS/, /zz/ ev /ss/ w`‡q ‡kl n‡Z cvi‡e bv| GB cÖwZ¯’vcb/mgxfe‡bi myweav GB ‡h Zv‡Z AšÍjx©b ¯Í‡ii aŸwbµg ev myMVb kZ©wU‡K wb¤œiƒcfv‡e eY©bv Kiv ‡h‡Z cv‡i|9 aŸwbKvVv‡gv‡Z Lye GKUv cwieZ©b nq bv| ¯^ifw³i ‡ÿ‡Î bZzb GKwU cÖYe 10 *Dcav ÔD‡o G‡m Ry‡o e‡mÕ| Ab¨w`‡K aŸwb‡jv‡c ¸‡”Qi GKwU cÖYe nvwi‡q wM‡q

AšÍj©xb ¯Í‡ii KvVv‡gv‡Z GZ e¨vcK cwieZ©b Av‡m ‡h ZLb A‡bKUv Ôwfÿv PvB

bv KzKzi mvgjvbÕ Ae¯’v nq| G Kvi‡Y ‡Kvb fvlvi aŸwbZË¡ GKvšÍ eva¨ bv n‡j

¯^ifw³ ev aŸwb‡jvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z Pvq bv| wb‡Pi D`vni‡Y Bs‡iwR rose

{[+ e¨Äb, + ‡Nvl], [+ e¨Äb, + kxl]} {[+ e¨Äb, + ‡Nvl], [+ e¨Äb, + kxl]} we‡kl¨wUi eûePb iƒc roses Gi AšÍjx©b ¯Í‡i aŸwbµg / / f~wg¯Í‡i / / ev zz ziz / / G cwiYZ n‡q‡Q (Avcwb Bs‡iwRi ‡Kvb Dcfvlv ej‡Qb Zvi Dci wbf©i A_ev zez Ki‡e AwcwbwnZ ¯^icÖY‡ei cÖK…wZ)| jÿ¨ Kiæb, hw` `yB /z/ mgxf~Z nq, ev *Dcav GKwU /z/ Gi ‡jvc nq, Z‡e Avgiv cv‡ev /roz/ hv w`‡q Avgv‡`i KvR Pj‡e rose / / e¨Äb e¨Äb bv KviY Gi GKePbI roz | mgxfeb w`‡q ‡h‡nZz KvR Pj‡Q bv ‡m‡nZz ¯^ifw³ w`‡q ‡givgZ n‡q MÖnY-A‡hvM¨ aŸwbµgwU f~wg¯Í‡i DbœxZ n‡e| {[+ ‡Nvl], [+ {[+ ‡Nvl], [+ kxl]} kxl]} GLv‡b ‡h wZbwU ‡givgZ-‡KŠk‡ji K_v ejjvg Avgiv ‡m¸‡jv me fvlvq mgvbfv‡e Kvh©Ki nq bv| wb‡Pi ZvwjKvq j¶¨ Kiæb, GKB Bs‡iwR kã Ô¯‹zjÕ D`vniY¯^iƒc, Bs‡iwR rose kãwU ‡kl n‡”Q GKwU kxl e¨Äb cÖYe (Sibilant) / / wewfbœ fvlvq wewfbœ fv‡e ‡givgZ n‡q‡Q| cvÄvwe Avi PÆMÖvwg − GB w`‡q Ges Bs‡iwR‡Z eûePb‡`¨vZK cÖZ¨q { }I GKwU kxl cÖYe| GB cÖZ¨qwU skul z Dfq fvlv‡ZB A¶‡ii m~Pbvq ‡Kvb e¨Äb cÖYe¸”Q _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| GB `yÕwU rose cÖvwZcvw`‡Ki mv‡_ hy³ Kiv n‡j AšÍjx©Y ¯Í‡i cvIqv hv‡e /rozz/| fvlvB ¯^ifw³i gva¨‡g MÖnY-A‡hvM¨ cÖYe¸”QwU ‡givgZ K‡i‡Q wKš‘ `yB fvlvq mgm¨v n‡”Q, Dc‡ii myMVb kZ© GB cÖYeµgwU‡K Aby‡gv`b K‡i bv| A_ev ejv `yÕwU Avjv`v ¯^icÖYe e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q Avi ¯^ifw³ cÖhy³ n‡q‡Q wfbœ `yÕwU ¯’v‡b, ‡h‡Z cv‡i ‡h AšÍjx©Y ¯Í‡ii /rozz/ cÖYeµgwU Dc‡ii myMVb kZ©wU‡K Agvb¨ cvÄvwe‡Z e¨Äb¸”QwU‡K ‡f‡O `yB e¨ÄbcÖY‡ei gv‡S Avi PÆMÖvwg‡Z e¨Äb¸‡”Qi Ki‡Q| wKš‘ mÄbbx aŸwb‡KŠkj ZË¡ Abymv‡i ‡Kvb cÖYeµgB ‡Kvb myMVb kZ© Av‡M| Ab¨w`‡K A‡÷ªwjqvi fvlv Iqvjwcwi‡Z ‡Kvb kã ¯^icÖYe w`‡q ïiæ n‡Z Agvb¨ K‡i f~wg¯Í‡i DbœxZ n‡Z cvi‡e bv| GgZ cwiw¯’wZ‡Z cÖYeµgwU‡K cv‡i bv Avi G fvlvq /s/, /f/ Gi g‡Zv N„ó cÖYe ‡bB| myZivs /s/ cÖYewU‡K ‡givgZ Kivi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e| Avgiv Dc‡i wZbwU ‡givgZ-‡KŠk‡ji K_v e‡jwQ ‡jvc K‡i ‡`qv Qvov Iqvjwcwii MZ¨šÍi ‡bB|

Ges Avgiv GI e‡jwQ ‡h GB ‡givgZ-‡KŠkj cÖhy³ nevi GKwU we‡kl Abyµg AšÍjx©b ¯Íi f~wg¯Íi Av‡Q| cÖ_gZ cÖhy³ nevi ‡Póv Ki‡e cÖwZ¯’vcb/mgxfeb| Zv hw` m¤¢e bv nq /roz/ + /z/ /rozz/ /roziz/ A_ev /rozez/ Z‡e cÖhy³ n‡e ¯^ifw³| hw` ¯^ifw³ w`‡q KvR bv nq Z‡e cÖhy³ n‡e 11 aŸwb‡jvc| cÖkœ n‡Z cv‡i, GB cÖ‡qvMvbyµ‡gi KviY wK? ‡h ‡Kvb aŸwbZvwË¡K wewfbœ fvlvq ‡givgZ-‡KŠk‡ji aiY cwieZ©b, Zv ‡m KvjvbyµwgKB (Diachronic) ‡nvK ev GKKvwjKB Bs‡iwR cvÄvwe PÆMÖvwg Iqvjwcwi (Synchronic) ‡nvK, `yÕwU kZ© ‡g‡b P‡j: / / / / / / / / skul s´kul iskul A_ev kul /iSkUl/

The Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics Vol. 2 No. 4, August 2009 mÄbbx aŸwb‡KŠkj Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jv‡K evsjv aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i iƒc‡iLv 105 106 wkwki fÆvPvh©¨

K. /mbutu/ (Drm: ‡Kvb Avwd«Kvb fvlv)→ /mçbutu/ geyZz ÔGKwU 4. evsjv aŸwb‡KŠkj ZvwjKv I ‡givgZ-‡KŠkj Avwd«Kvb bvgÕ evsjvfvlvi AvcvZm¤ú~Y© aŸwb‡KŠkj ZvwjKvi (`ª: fÆvPvh©¨ 2008) Dci wfwË L. /nkumo/(Drm: ‡Kvb Avwd«Kvb fvlv) → /nçkumo/ or /Enkumo/ K‡i eZ©gvb Aa¨v‡q 10wU aŸwbZvwË¡K myMVb k‡Z©i cÖ¯Íve Kiv n‡e| wb‡Pi 1bs bKz‡gv/Gb‡Kv‡gv ÔGKwU Avwd«Kvb bvgÕ myMVb k‡Z©i A_© n‡”Q, evsjv fvlvq A¶‡ii m~Pbv ev Dcavq GKB e¨Ä‡bi wØZ¡ M. / / (Drm: wf‡qZbvwg) → / / b¸‡qb ÔGKwU wf‡qZbvgx n‡Z cvi‡e bv A_©vr / / ev / / ai‡Yi aŸwbµg A¶‡ii m~Pbv ev Dcavq Nguen nçguen pp kk bvgÕ12 _vK‡Z cvi‡e bv| myMVb kZ© 1 Z_vKw_Z we‡`wk K…ZFY kã ‡hgb, ÔIqv³Õ, ÔU¨v·Õ, BZ¨vw`i cÖv‡šÍB ïay *m~Pbv/Dcav e¨Äb¸‡”Qi ‡`Lv ‡g‡j evsjvq| ‡h‡nZz G k㸇jv eû w`b hver evsjv kã‡Kv‡li e¨Äb i e¨Äb i Ask ‡m‡nZz Avgv‡`i g‡Z G¸‡jv‡K evsjv kã wn‡m‡eB wePvi Ki‡Z n‡e| ZvB i / /) ( m~P‡Ki A_© n‡”Q GB `yBwU GKB e¨Äb, ‡hgb /pp ev /kk hw` Kiv nq Z‡e evsjv fvlvq Iô¨ (Labial) cÖYe /p/, /b/ Avi iwYZ cÖYe /r/, cÖkœ n‡Z cv‡i, hw` e¨ÄbcÖYe `yÕwU GK bv n‡q Avjv`v nq Z‡e ‡Kvb ‡Kvb /l/, /m/, /n/ Qvov evwK me cÖYeB A¶‡ii Dcavq wØZxq m`m¨ wn‡m‡e _vK‡Z cÖYe¸”Q _vK‡Z cv‡i A¶‡ii m~Pbvq? evsjv fvlvq A¶‡ii m~Pbvq cv‡i| GB Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ Avgiv myMVb kZ© 3 Gi cÖ¯Íve Ki‡Z cvwi|

K. ‡Kvb ¯ú„ó (Plosive ev Occlusive) cÖYe (‡hgb /p/, /t/, /k/, BZ¨vw`) myMVb kZ© 3 * AbvwmK¨ (non-nasal) iwYZ (Sonorant) cÖYe /r/ I /l/ Qvov Ab¨ ‡Kvb Dcav

e¨Ä‡bi AMÖMvgx n‡Z cv‡i bv; Ges e¨Äb e¨Äb {[+ Iô, + ¯ú„ô],[iwYZ]} L. `šÍg~jxq (Alveolar) A‡Nvl (unvoiced) kxl (Sibilant) cÖYe /s/ Qvov Ab¨ ‡Kvb e¨Äb ‡Kvb ¯ú„ó ev bvwmK¨ e¨Ä‡bi AMÖeZx© n‡Z cv‡i bv| †givgZ ‡KŠkj (¯^ifw³):

G `yÕwU Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ Avgiv myMVb kZ©-2 Gi cÖ¯Íve Ki‡Z cvwi| 1. / / (Drm: Bs‡iwR) → / / ‡KUwj; ketl keˇli myMVb kZ© 2 2. /bÅtl/ (Drm: Bs‡iwR) → /botol/ ‡evZj; *m~Pbv 3. /SEhr/ (Drm: dvwm©) → /Sçhçr/ kni; e¨Äb e¨Äb 4. /bipr/ (Drm: ms¯‹…Z) → /bipro/ wecÖ {[+ ¯ú„ó] [+ iwYZ] [+ N„ó, + kxl,+ ‡Nvl]} + ¯ú„ó myMVb kZ© 2 Gi A_© n‡”Q: A¶‡ii m~Pbvq ¯ú„ó ev iwYZ ‡Kvb cÖYe ev GKB evsjvq GKgvÎ /h/ Qvov Avi ‡Kvb gnvcÖvY e¨Äb A¶‡ii Dcavq _vK‡Z cv‡i mv‡_ N„ó, ‡Nvl (voiced) I kxl ‡Kvb cÖYe ¯ú„ó ‡Kvb e¨ÄbcÖY‡ei mv‡_ ‡RvU bv (D`vniY: Avn&!, In&!) (/h/ Gi ¯^jÿY [+ wee„Z] KviY GB cÖYewU D”Pvi‡Yi euva‡Z cvi‡e bv| mgq ¯^iKcvU wee„Z ev nvU K‡i ‡Lvjv _v‡K)| AšÍjx©b ¯Í‡i ÔevNÕ (/bagH/), ÔjvfÕ /labH/ BZ¨vw` k‡ãi Dcavq ¯ú„ó gnvcÖvY cÖYe _vK‡jI f~wg¯Í‡i †givgZ ‡KŠkj (¯^ifw³): k㸇jv D”PvwiZ nq /bag/, /lab/ wn‡m‡e| myMVb kZ©-4 ‡g‡b Pjvi Kvi‡YB Dcavi gnvcÖvY e¨Äb cÖYe¸‡jv Zv‡`i gnvcÖvYZv nvwi‡q ‡d‡j| wKš‘ ‡Kgb K‡i

The Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics Vol. 2 No. 4, August 2009 mÄbbx aŸwb‡KŠkj Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jv‡K evsjv aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i iƒc‡iLv 107 108 wkwki fÆvPvh©¨ ejv hv‡e ‡h AšÍjx©b ¯Í‡i GB GKv¶i k㸇jvi cÖv‡šÍ /gH/ ev /bH/ Av‡Q? ejv [+ bvwmK¨, + [{+ ¯ú„ó, + N„ó} + wRnŸvMÖ] hv‡e G Kvi‡Y ‡h hLb ÔevNÕ ev ÔjvfÕ ‡_‡K bZzb kã MVb Kiv nq: Ôev‡NiÕ wRnŸvMÖ]

/ / / / / / / / bagHer ev Ôjv‡fiÕ labHer ZLb gH ev bH Gi gnvcÖvYZv eRvq ‡givgZ ‡KŠkj (mgxfeb/cÖwZ¯’vcb):G ai‡bi ‡¶‡Î bvwmK¨ e¨Äb /n/ cieZx© _v‡K| Gi KviY 1) GB k㸇jv ZLb Avi GKv¶i _v‡K bv, Ges 2) e¨ÄbwUi mv‡_ mg‡`nx (Homorganic) n‡q hvq| wKš‘ Ô‡evb‡cvÕ, ÔAvb‡KvivÕ, cÖYe¸‡jv A¶‡ii Dcavq _v‡K bv, _v‡K m~Pbvq| A¶‡ii m~Pbvq gnvcÖvYZv BZ¨vw` k‡ã Kɨ I Iô¨ ¯ú„ó e¨Äb cÖYe¸‡jv wfbœ‡`nx (Heterorganic) _v‡K|

_vK‡Z ‡Kvb evav ‡bB| evsjvq ‡Nvl e¨Äb cÖYe A‡Nvl e¨Äb cÖY‡ei AMÖeZx© n‡Z cv‡i, ‡hgb ÔfvMPvlxÕ / h / ev ÔivRcyÎÕ / /| wKš‘ ‡Kvb A‡Nvl e¨Äb cÖYe ‡Kvb myMVb kZ© 4 b agcaSi raæputra ‡Nvl e¨Äb cÖY‡ei AMÖeZx© n‡Z cv‡i bv| Ab¨fv‡e ej‡Z ‡M‡j, ‡Kvb A‡Nvl *Dcav e¨Äb cÖYe †Kvb †Nvl e¨Äb cÖY‡ei AMÖeZ©x n‡Z cv‡i bv| AšÍjx©b ¯Í‡i hv [+ , + , − ] e¨Äb gnvcÖvY wee„Z /golap/ + /æçl/, ev /dak/ + /gHçr/ f~wg¯Í‡i G‡m Zv n‡q hvq ‡givgZ ‡KŠkj (cÖwZ¯’vcb): /bagH/ → /bag/; /labH/ → /lab/ /golabæçl/ ev /daggHçr/| G e¨vcviwU‡K Avgiv civMZ mgxfeb (Regressive Assimilation) ej‡Z cvwi| civMZ mgxfeb me©Î Kvh©Ki nq| evsjv fvlvq A¶‡ii m~Pbvq Kɨ bvwmK¨ cÖYe /N/ _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| GB Z‡_¨i wb‡Pi D`vniY¸‡jv‡Z Ômvc f‡iÕ, ÔnvZ a‡iÕ BZ¨vw` cÖYeµg kã bq, ‡Kvb wfwˇZ myMVb kZ© 5Gi cÖ¯Íve Kiv ‡h‡Z cv‡i: e‡M©i AšÍf©y³ wKš‘ Zvi c‡iI A‡Nvl e¨ÄbcÖYe /p/, /t/ Avi /k/ h_vµ‡g myMVb kZ© 5 /b/, /d/ Avi /g/-‡Z cwiYZ n‡”Q: /Sabbhore/, /haddHore/, w *m~Pbv /Íagda /| j¶¨ Kiæb: Ômvc bv f‡iÕ, ÔnvZ bv a‡iÕ, ÔWvK bv `vIÕ BZ¨vw` k㵇g /p/, /t/ Avi /k/ Gi D”Pvi‡Yi cwieZ©b nq bv| /N/ K. Suvwc‡Z mvc f‡i ‡e‡`iv Gw`K Iw`K wb‡q hvq| ¯^icÖYe Qvov Ab¨ ‡Kvb cÖYe gvb evsjvq A¶‡ii ‡K›`ª MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv Ges L. nvZ a‡i ‡gv‡i wb‡q P‡jv mLv| ‡Kvb Aa©¯^i cÖYeI evsjvq A¶‡ii ‡K›`ª n‡Z cv‡i bv| evsjv aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i GB M. mevB‡K WvK `vI! ‰ewkó¨wU cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q 6bs myMVb k‡Z©| j¶¨ Kiv ‡h‡Z cv‡i ‡h N„ó e¨Äb¸‡jvi ‡¶‡Î civMZ mgxfeb Kvh©Ki nq bv| myMVb kZ© 6 ÔAvdMvbÕ Ô‡LvmeyÕ, Ôgm¸jÕ, Ô‡`k‡RvovÕ, ÔgvmWvjÕ BZ¨vw` k‡ã A‡Nvl e¨Äb *‡K›`ª /f/ I /S/ ‡Nvl e¨Ä‡bi AMÖeZx© nIqv m‡Ë¡I GB cÖYe¸‡jvi ‡Nvlxfeb nqwb| + e¨Äb Z‡e GUvI wVK ‡h ‡h‡nZz evsjv aŸwbZvwË¡K eY©gvjvq N„ó ‡Nvl e¨Äb cÖYe /v/ I `šÍg~jxq bvwmK¨ e¨Äb / / ‡Kvb wRnŸvMÖ (ev gyKzU) (Coronal) ¯ú„ó e¨Äb n /Z/ ‡bB (‡hgbwU Av‡Q divwm fvlvq) ‡m‡nZz /f/ I /S/ Gi ‡Nvlxfeb m¤¢e (/t/, /d/, /ˇ/, /Í/) Ges ¯ú„ó-N„ó e¨Äb (/c/, /æ/) Gi AMÖeZx© n‡Z cv‡i bv| y bq| civMZ mgxfe‡bi e¨vcviwU myMVb kZ© 8 G cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q: D`vniY: ÔAvb‡ZvÕ /anto/, Ôkvb‡`qvÕ /Sande a/, ÔKvbPvweÕ /kancabi/, ÔSbSbÕ /æHçnæHon/, ÔeÈbÕ /bçnˇon/, ÔevbWvKvÕ /banÍaka/| Z‡e myMVb kZ© 8 Kɨ I Iô¨ ¯ú„ó e¨Ä‡bi ‡¶‡Î G wbqg Kvh©Ki nq bv| D`vniY: Ô‡evb‡cvÕ, * e¨Äb e¨Äb ÔAvb‡KvivÕ, BZ¨vw`| GB Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ myMVb kZ©-7 Gi cÖ¯Íve Kiv ‡h‡Z cv‡i| − ‡Nvl + ‡Nvl

myMVb kZ© 7 ‡givgZ †KŠkj (cÖwZ¯’vcb):

* C C mviwY 7: civMZ mgxfe‡bi D`vniY

The Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics Vol. 2 No. 4, August 2009 mÄbbx aŸwb‡KŠkj Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jv‡K evsjv aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i iƒc‡iLv 109 110 wkwki fÆvPvh©¨

/pb/→/bb/ /pd/→/bd/ /pg/→/bg/ /pæ/→/bæ/ †gvUvgywUfv‡e GB n‡”Q mÄbbx aŸwb‡KŠkj Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jv‡K gvb evsjvi 13 /ka)bbe/ /golabdani/ /golabgacH/ /golabæçl/ AvcvZm¤ú~Y© awbZvwË¡K weeiY| Avgiv j¶¨ Ki‡Z cvwi ‡h Dc‡i ewY©Z 1 Kuvc‡e ‡Mvjve`vbx ‡MvjveMvQ ‡MvjvcRj †_‡K 6 ch©šÍ myMVb kZ©¸‡jv A¶i-wfwËK| 7 †_‡K 10 ch©šÍ myMVb kZ©¸‡jv /pbH/→/bbH/ /tb/→/db/ /td/→/dd/ /tg/→/dg/ mvaviYZ e„nËi ‡Kvb GK‡K (kã, eM©, evK¨) Kvh©Ki nq| Dc‡ii weeiYwU‡K y Avgiv m¤ú~Y© e‡j `vwe KiwQ bv, GwU GKgvÎ iƒc‡iLvI bq| Avgiv g‡b Kwi ‡h /pabbHar/ /madbçr/ /do addani/ /sçdguru/ Generative phonology Chomsky and Halle 1968) cvcfvi gvZei ‡`vqvZ`vbx m`¸iæ ev mÄbbx aŸwbZË¡ ( , Optimality theory ev wbe©vPbev`x aŸwbZË¡ (Kager 1999, Archangeli /tdH/→/ddH/ /tgH/→/dgH/ /kæ/→/gæ/ /kÍ/→/gÍ/ 1997, Kar 2008), Natural Phonology ev cÖvK…wZK aŸwbZË¡ (Stampe / y / / / / / / / haddHo a hadgHori bHalugæçr kagÍaka 1979, Donegan and Stampe 1979) mn aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i cÖPwjZ I AcÖPwjZ, nvZ‡avqv nvZNwo fvjyKR¡i KvKWvKv RbwcÖq ev ‡Zgb RbwcÖq bq Ggb Ab¨ A‡bK g‡W‡ji Av‡jv‡K evsjv aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i / /→/ / / /→/ / / /→/ / / /→/ / kd gd kgH ggH kb gb ˇb Íb we‡kølY Kiv n‡j Gi cÖK…Z iƒc‡iLvwU ¯úóZi n‡q DV‡e| /bagdebi/ /daggHçr/ /dagbo/ /fuÍbçl/ Acknowledgements: I am grateful to the reviewer whose comments and ev‡ºex WvKNi WvK‡ev dzUej suggestions have been very helpful. Usual disclaimers apply. For financial support, I gratefully acknowledge the beneficence of the Japan Society for /ˇbH/→/ÍbH/ /ˇg/→/Íg/ /cbH/→/æbH/ /ˇbH/→/ÍbH/ the Promotion of Science (JSPS) and University of Dhaka, Bangladesh, /maÍbHçra/ /kaÍgçra/ /kaæbHçra/ /maÍbHçra/ while for logistic support, I am indebted to the University of Montreal, the gvVfiv KvVMov KvPfiv gvVfiv Kwansei Gakuin University, Japan, and the National Institute for Japanese /cd/→/æd/ /cb/→/æb/ /cg/→/æg/ /cæ/→/cæ/ Language and Linguistics, Tokyo, Japan. /elaædana/ /naæbar/ /naægan/ /kucæugçl/ GjvP`vbv bvPevi bvPMvb KzPhyMj cÖe‡Ü e¨eüZ bZzb cvwifvwlK k‡ãi eY©vbyµwgK ZvwjKv:

‡Kvb evsjv k‡ã ci ci `yÕwU bvwmK¨ ¯^icÖYe e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| GB Z‡_¨i Ab½ (Supra-segmental), AšÍjx©Y ¯Íi (Underlying structure), Dcav (Coda), wfwˇZ myMVb kZ© 9 Gi cÖ¯Íve Kiv n‡jv: GKcÖYe (Monophonemic), GKvÿi/GKvÿwiK (Monosyllabic), ‡K›`ª (Nucleus), MgK (Stress), MÖvg (Prosody), Q›` (Rhyme), Zvb (Tone), myMVb kZ© 9 aŸwb‡KŠkj (Phonotactic), wbe©vPbev`x ZË¡ (Optimality theory), civMZ * ¯^icÖYe ¯^icÖYe mgxfeb (Regressive assimilation), cÖwZeÜ (Constraint), cÖwZ¯’vcb + bvwmK¨ + bvwmK¨ (Substitution), cÖYe (Phoneme), cÖwZ‡ek (Context), cÖ¯Íve (Clause), cÖvK…wZK aŸwbZË¡ (Natural phonology), cÖvYweK eY©gvjv (Phonological alphabet), eM© †Kvb evsjv k‡ã ci ci `yÕwU Aa©¯^icÖYe _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| GB Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ (Phrase), enŸv¶i (Polysyllabic), wfbœ‡`nx (Heterorganic), f~wg¯Íi (Surface myMVb kZ© 10 Gi cÖ¯Íve Kiv ‡h‡Z cv‡i: structure), ‡givgZ-‡KŠkj (Mechanism of repair), mÄbbx aŸwbweÁvb myMVb kZ© 10 (Generative phonology), mÄbbx aŸwb‡KŠkj (Generative phonotactics), Homorganic), Assimilation), System), * ¯^i/e¨Äb− Av¶wiK ¯^i/e¨Äb −Av¶wiK mg‡`nx ( mgxfeb ( mskªq ( ¯^iKcvU (Vocal cords), ¯^ifw³/AwcwbwnwZ (Epenthesis), ¯^be (Allophone), ¯^jÿY 5. Dcmsnvi (Distinctive features), mv½ (Segmental), myMVb kZ© (Well-formedness condition), m~Pbv (Onset), ¯ú„ô/iæ× (Plosive/ Occlusive)

The Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics Vol. 2 No. 4, August 2009 mÄbbx aŸwb‡KŠkj Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jv‡K evsjv aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i iƒc‡iLv 111 112 wkwki fÆvPvh©¨

UxKv 6. AvšÍR©vwZK aŸwbg~j eY©gvjvq (IPA) /t/ I /d/ wPý w`‡q cðvr `šÍg~jxq ¯úk© 1. eZ©gvb cÖe‡Üi AÁvZ wbixÿK gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb, evsjvq fvlvweÁvb cvV‡Ki R‡b¨ cÖYe Ges /d5/ I /d5/ wPý w`‡q `šÍg~jxq ¯úk© cÖYe wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q _v‡K| eZ©gvb cÖeÜwU myLcvV¨ bq, KviY (Zuvi g‡Z) GLv‡b Ggb wKQz Ô¯^KwíZ cwifvlK kãÕ cÖe‡Ü /t/ I /d/ wPý w`‡q `šÍg~jxq ¯úk© cÖYe /ˇ/ I /Í/ wPý w`‡q cðvr e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q ‡h¸‡jv cvV‡Ki Kv‡Q mycwiwPZ bq| GB cÖe‡Ü A‡bK bZzb `šÍg~jxq ¯úk© cÖYe wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q| divwm fvlvi aŸwbZvwË¡K weei‡YI /t/ I / / cvwifvwlK kã e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q, GUv wVK| Z‡e ‡ewkifvM ‡ÿ‡Î bZzb d wPý w`‡q `šÍg~jxq ¯úk© cÖYe ‡`¨vwZZ Kiv nq| cvwifvwlK k‡ãi mv‡_ c~e©cÖPwjZ cvwifvwlK kã Avi Gi Bs‡iwR cÖwZkãI Ry‡o 7 c~‡e©v³ wbixÿK gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb ‡h evsjv ‡gŠwjK aŸwbi R‡b¨ B‡Zvg‡a¨ ‡`Iqv n‡q‡Q| GQvov cÖe‡Üi ‡k‡l i‡q‡Q Bs‡iwR cÖwZkãmn bZzb cvwifvwlK ¯^xK…Z/M„nxZ KwZcq IPA wP‡ýi Rb¨ Avgiv ‡Kb Ab¨Zi wPý e¨envi K‡iwQ, Zvi k‡ãi GKwU ZvwjKv| c~e©cÖPwjZ ‡Kvb cvwifvwlK kã hw` ‡Kvb ‡jL‡Ki cQ›` ‡Kvb ‡hŠw³KZv wZwb Luy‡R cvbwb| aŸwbZvwË¡K Av‡jvPbvq IPA e¨envi Ki‡ZB bv nq Z‡e Zv e¨envi bv Kivi AwaKvi Aek¨B Zvi Av‡Q| Gi mv‡_ cÖe‡Üi n‡e Ggb ‡Kvb eva¨evaKZv ‡bB| IPA Qvov APA I‡Zv Av‡Q| A‡bK myLcvV¨Zvi ‡Kvb m¤úK© ‡bB| ZvQvov GKwU weÁvbm¤§Z Av‡jvPbvq bZzb me aŸwbZvwË¡KB cy‡ivcywi IPA AbymiY K‡ib bv| eZ©gvb cÖe‡Ü `šÍg~jxq N„ó-¯ú„ó aviYvi R‡b¨ bZzb cvwifvwlK kã _vK‡e GUvB ¯^vfvweK| wfbœ iæwPwn© ‡jvKvt| cÖYe ‡`¨vwZZ Ki‡Z IPA cÖ¯ÍvweZ wPý /dj/ Gi cwie‡Z© /æ/ e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q wfbœ wfbœ cvV‡Ki wfbœ wfbœ iæwP _vK‡e| wfbœ wfbœ ‡jL‡KiI Avjv`v Avjv`v iæwP Ges Avgv‡`i wbixÿK Gi ‡hŠw³KZv wb‡qI cÖkœ Zz‡j‡Qb| gw›Uªqj wek¦we`¨vj‡q _vK‡e| me cvV‡Ki me Kvgbv c~iY Kiv ‡jL‡Ki c‡ÿ m¤¢e bq| iex›`ªbv_ Kiv Avgvi wc.GBP.wW. Awfm܇f© (Bhattacharja 2007) Avwg cy‡ivcywi IPA e‡j‡Qb, cÖwZwU bZzb cvwifvwlK kã cv-KvUv bZzb Ry‡Zvi g‡Zv| GK mgq Zv AbymiY Kwiwb Ges Awfm܇f©i wbixÿK‡`i ‡KDB Zv‡Z AvcwË K‡ibwb| Avgiv m‡q hvq| cy‡iv‡bv Ry‡Zv Av‡Q e‡jB bZzb Ry‡Zv ‡Kbv hv‡e bv? ZvQvov cwifvlv hw` cÖ_‡gB e‡j wbB ‡h J w`‡q ÔRÕ ‡`¨vwZZ KiwQ Zv‡Z cvV‡Ki ‡Kvb cÖKvi aªæe bq| bZzb cvwifvwlK kã m„wó nq, cy‡iv‡bv cvwifvwlK kã Zvgvw` n‡q hvq| Ab¨vb¨ fvlv‡ZI GKB ‡`¨vwZ‡Zi Rb¨ wfbœ wfbœ ‡`¨vZ‡Ki e¨envi weij bq| Amyweav nevi K_v bq| ‡hgb Bs‡iwR‡Z: Stop/Occlusive (¯úk© cÖYe), Fricative/Continuant (N„ó 8. beŸB‡qi `k‡Ki ‡kl w`‡K cÖqvZ ûgvqyb AvRv` kvnev‡Mi eBcvovq GK e¨w³MZ cÖYe); divwm‡Z Cerebral/Guttural/Post-alveolar (cðvr `šÍg~jxq cÖYe)| AvjvcPvwiZvq Ôwek¦RbxbÕ Gi Zzjbvq Ômve©RbxbÕ kãwU AwaKZi Dchy³ e‡j D‡jøL K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb GI e‡jwQ‡jb ‡h Universal Grammar Gi cÖwZkã 2. eZ©gvb cÖe‡Ü ‡ewki fvM ‡ÿ‡Î DËgcyiæl GKePb me©bvg ÔAvwgÕ cwinvi Kiv nIqv DwPZ Ômve©Rbxb e¨vKiYÕ| Avgvi Ges Ab¨ A‡b‡Ki e¨eüZ cÖwZkã n‡q‡Q| GwU GKvšÍB GKwU ‰kjxMZ wm×všÍ| Ôwek¦e¨vKiYÕ Zuvi g‡Z mwVK bq| 3. Avgv‡`i ¯^b‡ei msÁvi mv‡_ cÖvM Nivbvi ¯^b‡ei msÁvi Zdvr Av‡Q| cÖvM Nivbvq wfbœ wfbœ cÖvYweK/AvÿwiK cÖwZ‡e‡k (Context) GKB gnvcÖY‡ei 9. Pgw¯‹ I nv‡j (1968) Gi ixwZ Abymv‡i ‡hme cÖvYweK ¯^j¶Y (Distinctive (Archiphoneme) ‡h wfbœ wfbœ iƒc nq ‡m¸‡jv‡K ejv nq ¯^be| ‡hgb, evsjvq feature) Z…Zxq eÜbxi wfZ‡i _v‡K ‡m¸‡jv mw¤§wjZ fv‡e GKB cÖYe‡K wb‡`©k `šÍg~jxq cÖYe /t/ Gi c~‡e© mvaviYZ `šÍ¨ kxl aŸwb /S/ _v‡K bv, /s/ _v‡K| K‡i| ‡h me ¯^j¶Y wØZxq eÜbxi g‡a¨ _v‡K ‡m¸‡jv Avjv`v Avjv`v cÖYe‡K Ab¨vb¨ cÖwZ‡e‡k _v‡K /S/| myZivs /S/ I /s/ KwíZ gnvcÖYe /S/ Gi ¯^be ev wb‡`©k K‡i| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq ‡h wØZxq eÜbxi wfZ‡ii ¯^jÿY¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ‡h mnaŸwbg~j| ‡Kvb GKwU‡K ‡e‡Q ‡bqv hvq| Z…Zxq eÜbxi wfZ‡ii ¯^jÿY¸‡jv‡K GKmv‡_ 4. Pxbv fvlvi D`vniY: ev1 (A_©vr 1 bs ev D”P Zvb) (Gi A_© ÔAvUÕ) I ev2 (A_©vr 2bs we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq| 3 ev Av‡ivnx Zvb) (Gi A_© ÔDc‡o ‡djvÕ), ev (A_©vr 3bs ev wb¤œ Zvb) (Gi A_© Ôa‡i 10. c~‡e©v³ wbixÿK gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb, ÔZviKv wP‡ýi fvlvweÁvb k„•Ljvi Ávcb kZ© 4 _vKvÕ), ev (A_©vr 4 bs ev Ae‡ivnx Zvb) (Gi A_© Ô‡¶‡Z e¨envi Kivi gBÕ)| GLv‡b m½wZc~Y© bq|Õ fvlv‰eÁvwbK Av‡jvPbvq mvaviYZ ‡Kvb fvwlK e¯‘ (kã, 5. Avgv‡`i wbixÿK cÖkœ K‡i‡Qb ÔG¨v/A¨v = Q bv n‡q ‡Kb E n‡jv?Õ Avgiv Q ‡K eM©, evK¨) hw` MÖnY‡hvM¨ bv nq Z‡e Zvi Wvb w`‡K ZviKv wPý e¨envi Kiv nq| evsjvi cÖYe (aŸwbg~j) g‡b Kwi bv| Avgv‡`i g‡Z GwU E Gi gy³ weKí| GKB mÄbbx aŸwb‡KŠkj Z‡Ë¡I ‡Kvb we‡kl AvÿwiK (Syllabic) Ae¯’v‡b hw` ‡Kvb fv‡e /f/-‡K Avgiv e¨Äb cÖYe wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kwi Ges Iô¨ (Bilabial) ∏-‡K cÖYeµg (aŸwbg~jµg) MÖnY‡hvM¨ bv nq Z‡e Zvi Wvb w`‡K ZviKv wPý e¨envi /f/ Gi gy³ weKí e‡j g‡b Kwi| Avgv‡`i wm×všÍmg~‡ni mc‡ÿ Bhattacharja Kiv nq| G e¨vcv‡i ‡Kvb cÖKvi m‡›`n _vK‡j ‡`Lyb: Singh 1984 I Singh 2006 cÖe‡Ü ch©vß hyw³ ‡`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q Ges G hver Gme hyw³ ‡KD LÐb 1990| GQvov ZviKv wP‡ýi fvlvweÁvb k„•Ljvi Ab¨ ‡Kvb Ávcb-kZ© Av‡Q K‡ibwb| wKbv Avgv‡`i Zv Rvbv ‡bB| hw` ‡_‡KI _v‡K Z‡e mÄbbx aŸwb‡KŠkj Z‡Ë¡i cÖe³viv ‡mB kZ© ‡Kb cvjb K‡ibwb ZvI Avgv‡`i c‡ÿ ejv m¤¢e bq| D‡jøL¨ The Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics Vol. 2 No. 4, August 2009 mÄbbx aŸwb‡KŠkj Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jv‡K evsjv aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i iƒc‡iLv 113 114 wkwki fÆvPvh©¨

‡h Avgiv GB g‡W‡ji cÖe³v bB, g‡WjwU Ôevsjvi GKwU DcfvlvÕ gvb PwjZ Donegan, P. J. and Stampe, D. 1979. The study of Natural Phonology. In Daniel evsjvi Dci cÖ‡qvM K‡iwQ gvÎ| Dinnsen (ed.) Current approaches to Phonological theory,126-173. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 11. iv‡R›`ª wmsn Zuvi (1981:140) cÖe‡Ü wZb ‡givgZ-‡KŠkj‡K wZb cÖavb wn›`y Kager, R. 1999. Optimality theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University press. ‡`eZvi bvgvbymv‡i eªþv, weòz I g‡nk bv‡g AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| GB iƒcK·qi Kar, S. 2008. Gemination in Bangla: An Optimality theoretic analysis, The Dhaka M~pv_© n‡”Q m„wóKZ©v eªþv (mgxfeb/cÖwZ¯’vcb) KvR bv Ki‡j Avm‡e cvjbKZ©v University Journal of Linguistics, Vol 1, No. 2: 87-114. weòy (¯^ifw³/AwcwbwnwZ) Ges weòz‡K w`‡qI KvR bv n‡j AMZ¨v msnvi KZ©v Mel’čuk, I. 2006. Aspects of the theory of morphology. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. g‡nk¦i ev wke‡K (cÖYe‡jvc) Avevnb Ki‡Z n‡e| Singh, R. 1984. Well-Formedness conditions and phonological theory. In W. 12. GB k㸇jv ‡h Avwd«Kvb ‡Kvb fvlv ev wf‡qZbvwg fvlv ‡_‡K mivmwi evsjv Dressler et al. (eds.) Phonologica, 274-285. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. kã‡Kv‡l cÖ‡ek K‡iwb ‡m m¤ú‡K© Avgiv Iqv‡Kenvj| Bs‡iwR‡Z cªwZeYx©Z GB Singh, R. 1990. Vers une theorie phonotactique générative. Revue québécoise de MB NG me bvg ev w`‡q ïiæ nIqv‡Z ‡Kvb Abyev`K-mvsevw`K nq‡Zv evsjvq linguistique,19: 131-163. Ôgey‡ZvÕ ev Ôb¸‡qbÕ wj‡LwQ‡jb| Avgv‡`i G e¨vcv‡i ‡Kvb m‡›`n ‡bB ‡h ¯^ifw³ Singh, R. 1981. The English negative prefix in-. Montreal Working Papers in Qvov GB k㸇jv D”PviY Kiv hv‡e bv, Z‡e ‡m ¯^ifw³i cÖK…wZ wK n‡e Zv Linguistics, Montreal: McGill University, Université de Montréal and k㸇jv mivmwi evsjv kã‡Kv‡l cÖ‡ek Ki‡j ejv ‡h‡Z cvi‡Zv| Université de Québec à Montréal, vol. 17: 139-148.

13. Avgv‡`i wbixÿ‡Ki Ab¨Zg gšÍe¨: eZ©gvb cÖe‡Ü Ô10wU m~Î ev cÖKi‡Yi cÖ¯Ívebv Stampe, D. 1979. A dissertation on Natural Phonology. Bloomington: Indiana University linguistic club. gvÎ cvIqv ‡MjÕ...evsjvfvlvi aŸwbZvwË¡K weeiY e‡j g‡b n‡jv bv!Õ c‡o iex›`ªbv‡_i ÿwYKvi GKwU KweZv Ô‡evjZv Kwnj, G ‡h ÿz`ª ‡gŠPvK! Gwi Z‡i gayKi GZ K‡i RuvK...Õ (Askwe‡kl) g‡b c‡o ‡Mj| cÖeÜwU Avgvi MZ 5 eQ‡ii (2005-2010) M‡elYvi dmj| GB `xN© mg‡q Avwg GKv`kZg aŸwb‡KŠkjwU Avwe®‹vi Ki‡Z cvwiwb| cvV‡Kiv hw` G e¨vcv‡i mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡ib Z‡e DcK…Z nB|

References Archangeli, D. 1997. Optimality theory: an introduction to linguistics in the 1990s. In Diana Archangeli & D. Terence Langendoen (eds.). Optimality theory, an overview,1-32. Oxford: Blackwell. Bhattacharja, S. 2006. On the Phonemic Inventory of Bengali. Journal of the Institute of modern languages 2005-2006: 127-148. Bhattacharja, S. 2007. Word Formation in Bengali: A Whole Word Morphological description and its theoretical implications. Munich: Licom Europa. Bhattacharja, S. 2008. Bengali phonology in light of Generative Phonotactics, Indian Linguistics, 69:51-72. Chatterji, S.K. 1970. The Origin and Ddevelopment of the Bengali language (3 vols).London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd. Original edition, Calcutta University, 1926. Chomsky, N. & Halle, M. 1968. The sound pattern of English. New York: Harper & Row.

The Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics Vol. 2 No. 4, August 2009