Velar and Glottal Activity in Icelandic
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Phonological Use of the Larynx: a Tutorial Jacqueline Vaissière
Phonological use of the larynx: a tutorial Jacqueline Vaissière To cite this version: Jacqueline Vaissière. Phonological use of the larynx: a tutorial. Larynx 97, 1994, Marseille, France. pp.115-126. halshs-00703584 HAL Id: halshs-00703584 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00703584 Submitted on 3 Jun 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Vaissière, J., (1997), "Phonological use of the larynx: a tutorial", Larynx 97, Marseille, 115-126. PHONOLOGICAL USE OF THE LARYNX J. Vaissière UPRESA-CNRS 1027, Institut de Phonétique, Paris, France larynx used as a carrier of paralinguistic information . RÉSUMÉ THE PRIMARY FUNCTION OF THE LARYNX Cette communication concerne le rôle du IS PROTECTIVE larynx dans l'acte de communication. Toutes As stated by Sapir, 1923, les langues du monde utilisent des physiologically, "speech is an overlaid configurations caractéristiques du larynx, aux function, or to be more precise, a group of niveaux segmental, lexical, et supralexical. Nous présentons d'abord l'utilisation des différents types de phonation pour distinguer entre les consonnes et les voyelles dans les overlaid functions. It gets what service it can langues du monde, et également du larynx out of organs and functions, nervous and comme lieu d'articulation des glottales, et la muscular, that come into being and are production des éjectives et des implosives. -
Phonology: Analysis and Theory
This page intentionally left blank Clear and concise, this textbook is an introduction to phonology for students which assumes no prior knowledge of this area of linguistics and provides an overall view of the field which can be covered within one year. The book does not confine itself to any specific theoretical approach and can therefore be used for study within any framework and also to prepare students for work in more specialised frameworks such as Optimality Theory, Government, Dependency and Declarative Phonology. Each chapter focuses on a particular set of theoretical issues including segments, syllables, feet and phonological processing. Gussmann explores these areas using data drawn from a variety of languages including English, Icelandic, Russian, Irish, Finnish, Turkish and others. Suggestions for further reading and summaries at the end of each chapter enable students to find their way to more advanced phonological work. EDMUND GUSSMANN is Professor of General Linguistics at the University of Gda´nsk,Poland. His books include Introduction to Phonological Analysis (1980), Studies in Abstract Phonology (1980), Phono-Morphology (ed., 1985), Licensing in Syntax and Phonology (ed., 1995) and (with A. Doyle) Reverse Dictionary of Modern Irish (1996). Phonology Analysis and Theory EDMUND GUSSMANN University of Gdansk´ Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge , United Kingdom Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521574099 © Edmund Gussmann 2002 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. -
The Phonology of Quantity in Icelandic and Norwegian
Dysertacje Wydziału Neofilologii UAM w Poznaniu 25 Przemysław Czarnecki The Phonology of Quantity in Icelandic and Norwegian Wydział Neofilologii UAM w Poznaniu Poznań 2016 The Phonology of Quantity in Icelandic and Norwegian Dysertacje Wydziału Neofilologii UAM w Poznaniu 25 Przemysław Czarnecki The Phonology of Quantity in Icelandic and Norwegian Wydział Neofilologii UAM w Poznaniu Poznań 2016 Projekt okładki: Przemysław Czarnecki Recenzja: prof. dr hab. Stanisław Puppel Copyright by: Przemysław Czarnecki Wydanie I, Poznań 2016 ISBN 978-83-947398-6-7 *DOI: 10.14746/9788394739867* Wydanie: Wydział Neofilologii UAM w Poznaniu al. Niepodległości 4, 61-874 Poznań e-mail: [email protected] www.wn.amu.edu.pl The most remarkable fact about phonological phenomena is that they exist at all Jonathan Kaye (1989): Phonology: a cognitive view. Hillsdale: Erlbaum Table of Contents Introduction ...................................................................... 9 Chapter 1. Sounds of Icelandic and Norwegian ............. 14 1.1 Vowels ................................................................... 15 1.2. Consonants ........................................................... 18 1.3. A note on stress and its relation to vowel length ..... 21 Chapter 2. The main assumptions of the theoretical framework .................................................... 24 Chapter 3. Quantity in Icelandic and Norwegian – “open syllable lengthening” ......................... 32 Chapter 4. Branching onsets in Icelandic and Norwegian ... 38 4.1. Branching onsets -
A North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary
S. L. Nikolayev S. A. Starostin A NORTH CAUCASIAN ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY Edited by S. A. Starostin ***************** ****************ASTERISK PUBLISHERS * Moscow * 1994 The two volumes contain a systematic reconstruction of the phonology and vocabulary of Proto-North-Caucasian - the ancestor of numerous modern languages of the Northern Caucasus, as well as of some extinct languages of ancient Anatolia. Created by two leading Russian specialists in linguistic prehistory, the book will be valuable for all specialists in comparative linguistics and history of ancient Near East and Europe. © S. L. Nikolayev, S. A. Starostin 1994 TABLE OF CONTENTS Editor' s foreword. , . Preface List of abbreviations Literature I ntr oduct ion Dictionary ? . 200 9 . 236 5 . , . ..............242 a' i ... ' 252 a ............. 275 b ...... 285 c 322 c 3 3 L t ^39 C 352 £ 376 : 381 d 397 e 409 4 2 5 Y 474 B 477 h 48 5 h 5 00 h 5 0 3 H 342 i 625 i 669 j '. 6 7 3 k. 68 7 fc 715 I 7 4 2 1 : .... 7 5 4 X. ! 7 5 8 X ; 766 X 7 7 3 L 7 86 t. ' 7 87 n 844 o. 859 p. 865 p. 878 q . 882 q 907 r. ..... 943 s... i 958 s. 973 S. 980 t . 990 t 995 ft. ...... 1009 u 1010 u 1013 V 1016 w. 1039 x 1060 X. ........ 1067 z. ... 1084 z 1086 2. 1089 3 1 090 3 1101 5 1105 I ndices. 1111 5 EDITOR'S FOREWORD This dictionary has a long history. The idea of composing it was already ripe in 1979, and the basic cardfiles were composed in 1980-1983, during long winter months of our collaboration with S. -
Classification of the Fricative and Occlusive Consonants According to the Place and the Mode of Articulation
International Journal of Electronics Communication and Computer Engineering Volume 9, Issue 1, ISSN (Online): 2249–071X Classification of the Fricative and Occlusive Consonants According to the Place and the Mode of Articulation Soufyane Mounir*, Karim Tahiry and Abdelmajid farchi Date of publication (dd/mm/yyyy): 03/03/2018 Abstract – In this article, we study the classification of Measurements on acoustic parameters that are reported for occlusive and fricatives consonants in standard modern the fricatives namely: spectral moments, F2onset Arabic for three different articulation sites: bilabial, alveolar frequency, locus equation, slope of the spectrum, location (dental) / interdental and velar. By calculating the four of spectral peaks, measurement of static and dynamic spectral moments after pretreatment of our speech signal, we amplitudes and the duration of the noise were based on can classify these consonants according to the place and the mode of articulation. discrete Fourier transforms [22 23 24]. They concluded that there is no invariance in the acoustic signal and, therefore, Keywords – A Fricative, Occlusive, Place of Articulation, the categorization of speech by the listeners requires a Spectral Moments massive integration of signals as well as mechanisms of compensation able to manage the contextual influences. I. INTRODUCTION Spinu and Lilley were interested in the classification of fricatives. For this, they examined two methods. From a Several methods can be adopted to improve the speech corpus of Romanian fricatives and for the coding of speech, recognition rate. Among these methods are the extraction of the first method is based on the comparison of two acoustic characteristics that are characterized by observation vectors measurements: the spectral moments and the cepstral determined by time methods such as linear predictive coefficients. -
Metathesis Is Real, and It Is a Regular Relation A
METATHESIS IS REAL, AND IT IS A REGULAR RELATION A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics By Tracy A. Canfield, M. S. Washington, DC November 17 , 2015 Copyright 2015 by Tracy A. Canfield All Rights Reserved ii METATHESIS IS REAL, AND IT IS A REGULAR RELATION Tracy A. Canfield, M.S. Thesis Advisor: Elizabeth C. Zsiga , Ph.D. ABSTRACT Regular relations are mathematical models that are widely used in computational linguistics to generate, recognize, and learn various features of natural languages. While certain natural language phenomena – such as syntactic scrambling, which requires a re-ordering of input elements – cannot be modeled as regular relations, it has been argued that all of the phonological constraints that have been described in the context of Optimality Theory can be, and, thus, that the phonological grammars of all human languages are regular relations; as Ellison (1994) states, "All constraints are regular." Re-ordering of input segments, or metathesis, does occur at a phonological level. Historically, this phenomenon has been dismissed as simple speaker error (Montreuil, 1981; Hume, 2001), but more recent research has shown that metathesis occurs as a synchronic, predictable phonological process in numerous human languages (Hume, 1998; Hume, 2001). This calls the generalization that all phonological processes are regular relations into doubt, and raises other -
Introducing Phonology This Accessible Textbook Provides a Clear and Practical Introduction to Phonology, the Study of Sound Patterns in Language
Introducing Phonology This accessible textbook provides a clear and practical introduction to phonology, the study of sound patterns in language. Designed for undergraduates with only a basic knowledge of linguistics, it teaches in a step-by-step fashion the logical techniques of phonological analysis and the fundamental theories that underpin it. Through over sixty graded exercises, students are encouraged to make their own analyses of phonological patterns and processes, based on extensive data and problem sets from a wide variety of languages. Introducing Phonology equips students with the essential analytical skills needed for further study in the field, such as how to think critically and discover generalizations about data, how to formulate hypotheses, and how to test them. Providing a solid foundation in both the theory and practice of phonology, it is set to become the leading text for any introductory course, and will be invaluable to all students beginning to study the discipline. david odden is Professor in the Department of Linguistics, Ohio State University, having previously held positions at Yale University, the University of Tromsø and the University of Durham. He is the author of The Phonology and Morphology of Kimatuumbi (1996), and has contributed to many journals such as Phonology, Language, Linguistic Inquiry, Linguistic Analysis, Journal of African Languages and Linguistics and Studies in African Linguistics, of which he is the editor. Cambridge Introductions to Language and Linguistics This new textbook series provides students and their teachers with accessible introductions to the major subjects encountered within the study of language and linguistics. Assuming no prior knowledge of the subject, each book is written and designed for ease of use in the classroom or seminar, and is ideal for adoption on a modular course as the core recommended textbook. -
Acoustic Characteristics of Aymara Ejectives: a Pilot Study
ACOUSTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AYMARA EJECTIVES: A PILOT STUDY Hansang Park & Hyoju Kim Hongik University, Seoul National University [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT Comparison of velar ejectives in Hausa [18, 19, 22] and Navajo [36] showed significant cross- This study investigates acoustic characteristics of linguistic variation and some notable inter-speaker Aymara ejectives. Acoustic measurements of the differences [27]. It was found that the two languages Aymara ejectives were conducted in terms of the differ in the relative durations of the different parts durations of the release burst, the vowel, and the of the ejectives, such that Navajo stops are greater in intervening gap (VOT), the intensity and spectral the duration of the glottal closure than Hausa ones. centroid of the release burst, and H1-H2 of the initial In Hausa, the glottal closure is probably released part of the vowel. Results showed that ejectives vary very soon after the oral closure and it is followed by with place of articulation in the duration, intensity, a period of voiceless airflow. In Navajo, it is and centroid of the release burst but commonly have released into a creaky voice which continues from a lower H1-H2 irrespective of place of articulation. several periods into the beginning of the vowel. It was also found that the long glottal closure in Keywords: Aymara, ejective, VOT, release burst, Navajo could not be attributed to the overall speech H1-H2. rate, which was similar in both cases [27]. 1. INTRODUCTION 1.2. Aymara ejectives 1.1. Ejectives Ejectives occur in Aymara, which is one of the Ande an languages spoken by the Aymara people who live Ejectives are sounds which are produced with a around the Lake Titicaca region of southern Peru an glottalic egressive airstream mechanism [26]. -
Children's Auditory-Perceptual Performance in Identifying Phonological Contrasts Among Stops
Artigo Original Desempenho perceptivo-auditivo de crianças na Original Article identificação de contrastes fonológicos entre as oclusivas Larissa Cristina Berti1 Ana Elisa Falavigna2 Jéssica Blanca dos Santos2 Children’s auditory-perceptual performance in identifying Rita Aparecida de Oliveira2 phonological contrasts among stops Descritores RESUMO Percepção auditiva Objetivo: Investigar o desempenho perceptivo-auditivo de crianças no tocante à identificação de contrastes Avaliação entre as oclusivas; identificar quais fonemas e contrastes oclusivos apresentam maior ou menor grau de dificul- Fala dade de identificação; e verificar se a idade influencia a acurácia perceptivo-auditiva. Métodos: Foram selecio- Fonética nadas, de um banco de dados, informações referentes ao desempenho perceptivo-auditivo de 59 crianças (30 do Criança gênero masculino e 29 do gênero feminino) em uma tarefa de identificação da classe das consoantes oclusivas do Português Brasileiro. A tarefa consistiu na apresentação do estímulo acústico, por meio de fones de ouvido, e na escolha da gravura correspondente à palavra apresentada, dentre duas possibilidades de gravuras dispostas na tela do computador. O tempo de apresentação do estímulo e o tempo de reação das crianças foram computados automaticamente pelo software PERCEVAL. Resultados: Observou-se uma acurácia perceptivo-auditiva de 85% e uma correlação positiva com a idade. O tempo de resposta dos erros foi superior ao tempo de resposta dos acertos. De acordo com a matriz de confusão, houve contrastes de maior e menor dificuldade: pistas que marcam o vozeamento são mais robustas do que as pistas que marcam o ponto de articulação. Considerando apenas o ponto de articulação das consoantes oclusivas, observou-se uma assimetria perceptivo-auditiva, em que a distância fonética desempenha um papel fundamental na saliência perceptivo-auditiva. -
05 Sisir.Doc
mÄbbx aŸwb‡KŠkj Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jv‡K evsjv aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i iƒc‡iLv 93 94 wkwki fÆvPvh©¨ The Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics: Vol. 2 No.4 August 2009 1. DcµgwYKv Page: 93-113, Published on August 2010 by the Registrar, Dhaka University ISSN-2075-3098 Ab¨ ‡h ‡Kvb gvbefvlvi g‡Zv evsjv fvlvI wewfbœ Dcfvlvi mgwó (`ª: P‡Ævcva¨vq 1970:1 I fÆvPvh©¨ 2007:41) Ges GB Dcfvlv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GKwU n‡”Q Ôgvb PwjZ evsjvÕ| eZ©gvb cÖe‡Ü iv‡R›`ª wmsn (1984, 1990) cÖ¯ÍvweZ mÄbbx aŸwb‡KŠkj (Generative Phonotactic) ZË¡ AbymiY K‡i GB mÄbbx aŸwb‡KŠkj Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jv‡K DcfvlvwUi GKwU AvcvZm¤ú~Y© aŸwbZvwË¡K eY©bv ‡`qv n‡e (D‡jøL¨ ‡h eZ©gvb evsjv aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i iƒc‡iLv cÖe‡Ü Ôevsjv fvlvÕ ev ÔevsjvÕ ej‡Z Ôgvb PwjZ evsjvÕ ‡evSv‡bv n‡e)| wØZxq Aa¨v‡q aŸwbweÁvb I aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i cv_©K¨ wb‡`©‡ki ci eZ©gvb Av‡jvPbvq 1 Acwinvh© Ggb wKQz aŸwbZvwË¡K e¯‘i m-D`vniY eY©bv ‡`qv n‡e| Z…Zxq Aa¨v‡q wkwki fÆvPvh©¨ mÄbbx aŸwb‡KŠkj Z‡Ë¡i eY©bv cÖm‡½ Dc¯’vwcZ n‡e evsjv cÖvYweK eY©gvjv ev evsjv aŸwbg~‡ji ZvwjKv| PZz_© Aa¨v‡q _vK‡e evsjv fvlvi mÄbbx aŸwb‡KŠk‡ji GKwU ZvwjKv Ges Ae‡k‡l _vK‡e Dcmsnvi| 1. mn‡hvMx Aa¨vcK, AvaywbK fvlv Bbw÷wUDU, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq JSPS Post-doctoral Fellow National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics, Tokyo, Japan Phonological object) Email : [email protected] 2. -
Stress-Related Variation in the Articulation of Coda Alveolar Stops: flapping Revisited
Journal of Phonetics (1998) 26, 283Ð310 Article ID: jp980077 Stress-related variation in the articulation of coda alveolar stops: flapping revisited Kenneth de Jong Department of Linguistics, 319 Memorial Hall, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA Received 28 May 1997, revised 23 January 1998, accepted 9 July 1998 The present paper examines the plausibility of two models of flapping in American English: (1) a traditional model of flapping as a categorical switch from stop to flap production in a specified linguistic environment, and (2) a model of flapping in which flapping arises as a by-product of articulatory changes associated with the general implementation of prosodic structure. These models are tested against a corpus of X-ray microbeam records of English speakers producing utterances with word-final coronal consonants in the appropriate segmental context for flapping, but in varied prosodic locations. Tokens were submitted to perceptual, acoustic, and articulatory analyses. Results show that listeners consistently transcribe the presence of flaps according to acoustic di¤erences in the presence of voicing during closure and a release burst. Transcriptions and lingual measurements, however, suggest that the di¤erence between flaps and [d] is associated with gradient di¤erences in lingual positioning. Some articulatory correlates of perceived flapping correspond to predictions of a model of increased co-production of vowels and consonants yielding lenited stops heard as flaps, but others do not. Problems raised by these results for both traditional and prosodic by-product models are discussed. ( 1998 Academic Press 1. Introduction This paper reports an investigation into the nature of coronal stop flapping in American English. -
124 the Icelandic Sonority Hierarchy: Evidence from Coda Phonology1
124 The Icelandic sonority hierarchy: evidence from coda phonology1 William Brecht Welch University of Florida Icelandic syllables exhibit complex phonotactics such as epenthesis, glide deletion, morphophonemic alterations, and consonant deletion driven by both well-formedness and sonority contact constraints. Until recently, Icelandic codas have received modest attention in the literature, so that a complete sonority hierarchy accounting for all Icelandic phonemes is still unavailable. Using coda phonology and lenition processes, I attempt to offer a more comprehensive description of Icelandic’s sonority hierarchy, incorporating the often neglected fricatives. The analysis shows some interesting parallels between coda phonotactics and those found in the onset. 1 Introduction Icelandic syllables exhibit complex phonotactics such as epenthesis, glide deletion, morphophonemic alterations and consonant deletion driven by sonority contact constraints. Until recently, Icelandic codas have received modest attention in the literature, so that a complete sonority hierarchy, one accounting for all Icelandic phonemes, is still unavailable. By using coda lenition processes, I attempt to offer a more comprehensive, ranked diagram of the Icelandic consonant hierarchy, incorporating the often unaccounted frica- tives which previous researchers have either neglected or been unable to rank. A comprehensive sonority scale accounting for as many Icelandic phonemes as possible is an essential task to understanding the phonology of Icelandic; processes such as vowel epenthesis, coda devoicing, and preaspiration all interact, in one way or another, with sonority constraints. A clearer under- standing of how sonority is structured in Icelandic should prove valuable for future studies of its phonology and, possibly, the larger Scandinavian family. In The Phonemics of Modern Icelandic (1958), Einar Haugen provides a corpus of Icelandic word formations along with his empirically based assess- ments of the data.