mÄbbx aŸwb‡KŠkj Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jv‡K evsjv aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i iƒc‡iLv 93 94 wkwki fÆvPvh©¨ The Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics: Vol. 2 No.4 August 2009 1. DcµgwYKv Page: 93-113, Published on August 2010 by the Registrar, Dhaka University ISSN-2075-3098 Ab¨ ‡h ‡Kvb gvbefvlvi g‡Zv evsjv fvlvI wewfbœ Dcfvlvi mgwó (`ª: P‡Ævcva¨vq 1970:1 I fÆvPvh©¨ 2007:41) Ges GB Dcfvlv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GKwU n‡”Q Ôgvb PwjZ evsjvÕ| eZ©gvb cÖe‡Ü iv‡R›`ª wmsn (1984, 1990) cÖ¯ÍvweZ mÄbbx aŸwb‡KŠkj (Generative Phonotactic) ZË¡ AbymiY K‡i GB mÄbbx aŸwb‡KŠkj Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jv‡K DcfvlvwUi GKwU AvcvZm¤ú~Y© aŸwbZvwË¡K eY©bv ‡`qv n‡e (D‡jøL¨ ‡h eZ©gvb evsjv aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i iƒc‡iLv cÖe‡Ü Ôevsjv fvlvÕ ev ÔevsjvÕ ej‡Z Ôgvb PwjZ evsjvÕ ‡evSv‡bv n‡e)| wØZxq Aa¨v‡q aŸwbweÁvb I aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i cv_©K¨ wb‡`©‡ki ci eZ©gvb Av‡jvPbvq 1 Acwinvh© Ggb wKQz aŸwbZvwË¡K e¯‘i m-D`vniY eY©bv ‡`qv n‡e| Z…Zxq Aa¨v‡q wkwki fÆvPvh©¨ mÄbbx aŸwb‡KŠkj Z‡Ë¡i eY©bv cÖm‡½ Dc¯’vwcZ n‡e evsjv cÖvYweK eY©gvjv ev evsjv aŸwbg~‡ji ZvwjKv| PZz_© Aa¨v‡q _vK‡e evsjv fvlvi mÄbbx aŸwb‡KŠk‡ji GKwU ZvwjKv Ges Ae‡k‡l _vK‡e Dcmsnvi| 1. mn‡hvMx Aa¨vcK, AvaywbK fvlv Bbw÷wUDU, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq JSPS Post-doctoral Fellow National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics, Tokyo, Japan Phonological object) Email : [email protected] 2. aŸwbweÁvb, aŸwbZË¡ I wewfbœ aŸwbZvwË¡K e¯‘ ( gvbefvlv wP‡ýi mgwó Ges wP‡ýi i‡q‡Q `yÕwU w`K: ‡`¨vZK Avi ‡`¨vwZZ| Abstract ‡`¨vZK wjwLZ n‡Z cv‡i, ev (evKcÖwZeÜx‡`i ‡¶‡Î) gy`ªvwbf©iI n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e fvlv cÖavbZ evKwbf©i| e³v wK Dcv‡q Zvi evMhš¿ e¨envi K‡i fvlvi ‡`¨vZK According to the theory of G(enerative) P(honotactic) AskwU m„wó K‡i Ges ‡kªvZv wKfv‡e Zvi kªeYhš¿ e¨envi K‡i `yÕwU ‡`¨vZ‡Ki g‡a¨ (elaborated in Singh 1984, 1990), a phonemic inventory and a list of the W(ell)-F(ormedness) C(onditions) in addition to cv_©K¨ K‡i DV‡Z cv‡i − G welqwU aŸwbweÁvb (Phonetics) I e¨vKi‡Yi three hierarchically arranged strategies (Assimilation/ aŸwbZË¡ (Phonology) As‡ki AvjvP¨ welq| ‡mvRv K_vq, ‡Kvb fvlvfvlx wK Substitution > Epenthesis > Deletion) to repair the sequences Dcv‡q ‡mB fvlvi kã, eM© (Phrase), cÖ¯Íve (Clause) I evK¨ D”PviY K‡i DV‡Z that violate these WFCs represent the essentials of a cv‡i Ges wewfbœ kã, eM©, cÖ¯Íve I ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv eY©bv- phonological description. For instance, the phonology of 1 wePvi-we‡kølY-e¨vL¨v Kiv aŸwbweÁvb I aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i KvR| Panjabi, Chittagonian and Walpiri has, each, a WFC which bans the cluster /sk/ in onset. If these languages must adapt evMhš¿ e¨envi K‡i A‡bK iKg aŸwb D”PviY Kiv m¤¢e, wKš‘ me aŸwb the English loan word school, then, Panjabi and Chittagonian gvbefvlvq e¨eüZ nq bv| Avevi gvbefvlvq e¨eüZ aŸwb¸‡jv KL‡bvB GK repair it with epenthesis (/ / in Panjabi and / / in s´kul iSkul iKg fv‡e D”PvwiZ nq bv| evsjvfvlx-1 ‡hfv‡e ÔKÕ D”PviY K‡i evsjvfvlx-2 Chittagonian). In Walpiri, the word becomes /kul/ through deletion because no syllable begins with a vowel in this ‡mfv‡e ÔKÕ D”PviY K‡i bv| GKRb evsjvfvlx hw` `kevi ÔKÕ aŸwbLÐwU language, and its phonemic inventory lacks fricatives (/f/, /s/, D”PviY K‡i Z‡e ‡Kvb `yÕwU ÔKÕ GK iKg n‡e bv| wewfbœ ÔKÕ Gi g‡a¨ GB ‡h /z/, etc.). The present is an exhaustive account of the cv_©K¨ Zv aŸwbweÁv‡bi `„wó‡Z LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©, KviY GB cv_©‡K¨i wfwˇZ phonology of Bengali in the light of GP. cÖ‡qvR‡b wba©viY Kiv ‡h‡Z cv‡i ‡K BqvRÏxb Avi ‡K dKiæÏxb; A_ev mvBdzi Keywords: Well-formedness condtitions, Epenthesis, Deletion, ingvb ‡Kvb GjvKvi ‡jvK wQ‡jb ev w`jxc eo–qvi ‡QvU‡ejv ‡K‡U‡Q ‡Kvb Substitution, Mechanism of repair GjvKvq; AviI Rvbv hv‡e, ÔKÕ D”Pvi‡Yi mgq e³v ‡Kvb Kvi‡Y D‡ËwRZ wQj, bvwK ¯^vfvweK wQj, BZ¨vw` A‡bK wKQy| aŸwbweÁv‡bi KvR ‡gvUvgywUfv‡e `yÕwU: The Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics Vol. 2 No. 4, August 2009 mÄbbx aŸwb‡KŠkj Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jv‡K evsjv aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i iƒc‡iLv 95 96 wkwki fÆvPvh©¨ 1) evMhš¿ e¨envi K‡i fvlvq e¨envi‡hvM¨ ‡ †h me aŸwb ev aŸwbµg Avgiv /bat/Gi KvQvKvwQ wKQy GKUv D”PviY K‡i| G iKg nevi KviY n‡”Q gvb D”PviY K‡i _vwK ‡m¸‡jvi cÖK…wZ we‡kølY Kiv Ges 2) kªeYhš¿ e¨envi K‡i evsjvfvlx Bs‡iwR ejvi mgq gvbevsjvi aŸwbZË¡ Av‡ivc K‡i Bs‡iwRi Dci, wKfv‡e Avgiv ‡m me aŸwb ev aŸwbµg Ômv_©Kfv‡eÕ (Dfqv‡_©) we‡kølY K‡i Avi gvb Bs‡iwRfvlx evsjv ejvi mgq gvb Bs‡iwRi aŸwbZË¡ Av‡ivc K‡i DV‡Z cvwi Zvi eY©bv ‡`qv|2 aŸwbweÁvb‡K mvaviYZ e¨vKi‡Yi Ask e‡j g‡b evsjvi Dci| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e G iKg Ki‡Z Zviv eva¨ Ges GB eva¨evaKZv Kiv nq bv hw`I G‡Z ‡Kvb m‡›`n ‡bB ‡h aŸwbweÁvb e¨vKi‡Yi Acwinvh© aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i Ab¨Zg cÖavb ‰ewkó¨| gvbyl mvaviYZ gvZ…fvlvi aŸwbZvwË¡K ‰ewkó¨ mnvqK| aŸwbweÁv‡bi KvR ‡hLv‡b ‡kl nq wVK ‡mLvb ‡_‡K ïiæ nq aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i jyKv‡Z cv‡i bv, A_©vr ‡ewki fvM gvby‡li ‡¶‡ÎB wØZxq fvlvi D”PviY (we‡klZ KvR| hw` wØZxq fvlvwU A‡c¶vK…Z ‡ewk eq‡m AwR©Z nq) gvZ…fvlvi aŸwbZË¡ Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡q _v‡K| aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i `„wó‡KvY ‡_‡K ‡`L‡j `yB ÔKÕ Gi g‡a¨ D”Pvi‡Yi cv_©‡K¨i wKQygvÎ g~j¨ ‡bB hZ¶Y bv GB cv_©‡K¨i cÖfve ‡`¨vwZZ ¯Í‡ii Dci co‡Q| GKRb cÖYe¸‡jv n‡”Q Kw_Z fvlvi mv½ GKK Segmental unit| cÖYe QvovI evsjvfvlxi D”Pvi‡Y ÔcÕ Avi ÔKÕ Gi g‡a¨ ‡h cv_©K¨ Zv aŸwbZ‡Ë¡ LyeB aŸwbZvwË¡K mskª‡q (System) _vK‡Z cv‡i wewfbœ Ab½ (Supra-segmental) ¸iæZ¡c~Y©, KviY ÔKvbÕ Avi ÔcvbÕ Gi ‡`¨vwZZ GK bq| evsjvfvlxiv cÖwZw`b ‡h GKK ‡hgb, MgK (Stress) ev k¦vmvNvZ, Zvb (Tone) I MÖvg (Prosody)| j¶ j¶ iKg ÔKÕ D”PviY K‡i _v‡K aŸwbZvwË¡K `„wó‡KvY ‡_‡K ‡mB me¸‡jv Mg‡Ki Ae¯’vb e`‡j w`‡j Bs‡iwR fvlvq bvgc` Import n‡q hvq wµqvc` ÔKÕ GKB cÖYe (Phoneme) (ev aŸwbg~j) Gi wfbœ wfbœ iƒc ev ¯^be (ev ê Import Allophone) ê | Pxbv, _vB BZ¨vw` fvlvq ¯^icÖY‡ei Zvb e`‡j w`‡q wfbœ wfbœ ‡`¨vZK mnaŸwbg~j) ( | Kv‡K Avgiv ejwQ cÖYe Avi ¯^be? cÖYe n‡”Q ÔcÕ 4 Avi ÔKÕ Gi g‡Zv ‡mB me aŸwb-GKK ‡h¸‡jv `yÕwU ‡`¨vZ‡Ki ‡`¨vZbvi g‡a¨ ‰Zwi Kiv m¤¢e| cÖvq me fvlv‡ZB MÖvg cwieZ©b K‡i cÖkœm~PK evK¨ Avi cv_©K¨ m„wói ¶gZv iv‡L| Avgiv Av‡MB e‡jwQ, ‡Kvb fvlvfvlx ‡Kvb GKwU Av‡`km~PK ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Kiv hvq| ‡hgb evsjvq Av‡`km~PK evK¨ ÔZzwg cÖYe‡K `yB evi GK fv‡e D”PviY K‡i bv| cÖwZevi D”Pvi‡Y cÖY‡ei ‡h wfbœ wfbœ hvI!Õ Avi cÖkœm~PK evK¨ ÔZzwg hvI?Õ Gi MÖvg Avjv`v| cÖ_gwUi MÖvg DaŸ©Mvgx, iƒc ‡m¸‡jv‡K Avgiv ejwQ Ô¯^beÕ| aŸwbweÁv‡bi A‡bK g‡W‡j (eZ©gvb cÖe‡Ü D`vË ev Av‡ivnx, c‡iiwUi MÖvg wb¤œMvgx, ¯^wiZ ev Ae‡ivnx| Z‡e hZ¶Y ch©šÍ e¨eüZ mÄbbx aŸwb‡KŠkj g‡Wj Zvi g‡a¨ GKwU) ¯^be¸‡jvi Av‡jvPbv bv ‡Kvb mv½ ev Ab½ GKK `yÕwU ‡`¨vZ‡Ki ‡`¨vZbvi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡Q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© bq, wKš‘ aŸwbweÁv‡b cÖwZwU ¯^be ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|3 ‡Kvb fvlvi me¸‡jv ZZ¶Y G¸‡jvi ‡KvbwU‡KB ‡mB fvlvi aŸwbZvwË¡K Dcv‡½i Ask e‡j wePvi cÖYe wg‡j m„wó nq GKwU mskªq (System) hv‡K Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi cÖvYweK Kiv hv‡e bv| Ab¨w`‡K, ‡h ‡Kvb iKg MgK, Zvb I MÖvg aŸwbweÁv‡b eY©gvjv (Phonological/Phonemic alphabet)| ¸iæZ¡mnKv‡i we‡ewPZ nq| wewfbœ mv½ I Ab½ GK‡Ki we‡kl we‡kl Ômn‡hvMÕ (Combination) ‡Kgb K‡i A¶i (Syllable) ‡_‡K ïiæ K‡i kã, eM©, cÖ¯Íve gvb PwjZ evsjvq ÔKjgÕ wPýwUi ‡`¨vZK /kçlom/, wKš‘ PÆMÖvwg‡Z ej‡Z nq I evK¨ ch©šÍ ‡`¨vZK ¯Í‡ii wewfbœ GKK MVb K‡i Zv wePvi Kiv aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i /xçlçm/| Avgiv j¶¨ Ki‡Z cvwi ‡h evsjvi GB `yB Dcfvlvq ÔKjgÕ kãwU KvR| `yB iKg fv‡e D”PvwiZ n‡”Q| gvb PwjZ evsjvq ‡hLv‡b Av‡Q Kɨ (Velar), aŸwbZvwË¡K Av‡jvPbvq `yÕwU Ôms¯‹viÕ (Notion) eûj e¨eüZ nq: A¶i Avi ¯ú„ó/iæ× (Plosive/Occlusive) cÖYe /k/, PÆMÖvgx‡Z ‡mLv‡b i‡q‡Q Kɨ, N„ó Concept) (Fricative/Continuant) cÖYe /x/| ÔKjgÕ kãwUi `yB iKg D”Pvi‡Yi KviY kã| kã Avi A¶i‡K ÔaviYvÕ ( bv e‡j Ôms¯‹viÕ ejv n‡”Q cÖavbZ n‡”Q GB ‡h gvb evsjv Avi PÆMÖvwgi aŸwbZË¡ Avjv`v| Ab¨ GKwU D`vniY ‡`qv `yÕwU Kvi‡Y: 1.