International Chronostratigraphic Chart 2012

Phanerozoic Eonothem / Eon Mesozoic Cenozoic Erathem / Era Cretaceous Paleogene Neogene Quaternary System / Period Pleistocene Series /Epoch Paleocene Oligocene Holocene Pliocene Miocene Eocene Lower Upper INTERNATIONAL CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC CHART Maastrichtian Cenomanian Serravallian Valanginian Campanian Hauterivian Burdigalian Piacenzian Priabonian Aquitanian Barremian Messinian Berriasian Santonian Coniacian Selandian Thanetian Calabrian Bartonian Tortonian Langhian Zanclean Stage / Age Rupelian Gelasian Turonian Ypresian Chattian Lutetian Danian Middle Aptian Albian Upper

GSSP ~ 145.0 ~ 139.8 ~ 132.9 ~ 129.4 ~ 125.0 ~ 113.0 www.stratigraphy.org 100.5 numerical age (Ma) 93.9 89.8 ±0.3 86.3 ±0.5 83.6 ±0.2 72.1 ±0.2 66.0 61.6 59.2 56.0 47.8 41.3 38.0 33.9 28.1 23.03 20.44 15.97 13.82 11.62 1.806 7.246 5.333 3.600 2.588 0.781 0.126 0.0117 present

Phanerozoic Eonothem / Eon Paleozoic Mesozoic Erathem / Era Carboniferous Permian Triassic Jurassic System / Period Guadalupian

Mississippian Pennsylvanian Series /Epoch Cisuralian Lopingian Middle Middle Lower Upper Lower Upper Middle Middle Lower Upper Lower Upper Changhsingian Wuchiapingian Pliensbachian Serpukhovian Kimmeridgian Kasimovian Tournaisian Sinemurian Hettangian Moscovian Sakmarian Capitanian Bashkirian Kungurian Olenekian Bathonian Artinskian Oxfordian Callovian Tithonian Rhaetian Stage / Age Gzhelian Aalenian Bajocian Toarcian Ladinian Asselian Roadian Wordian Carnian Anisian Induan Visean Norian

GSSP ~ 242 ~ 235 ~ 228 ~ 208.5 358.9 ±0.4 346.7 ±0.4 330.9 ±0.2 323.2 ±0.4 315.2 ±0.2 307.0 ±0.1 303.7 ±0.1 298.9 ±0.2 295.5 ±0.4 290.1 ±0.1 279.3 ±0.6 272.3 ±0.5 268.8 ±0.5 265.1 ±0.4 259.9 ±0.4 254.2 ±0.1 252.2 ±0.5 251.2 247.2 201.3 ±0.2 199.3 ±0.3 190.8 ±1.0 182.7 ±0.7 174.1 ±1.0 170.3 ±1.4 168.3 ±1.3 166.1 ±1.2 163.5 ±1.0 157.3 ±1.0 152.1 ±0.9 numerical age (Ma) 145.0 ±0.8

Phanerozoic Eonothem / Eon Paleozoic Erathem / Era Cambrian Ordovician Silurian Devonian System / Period Terreneuvian Series /Epoch Llandovery Furongian Wenlock Series 2 Series 3 Ludlow Middle Middle Pridoli Lower Upper Lower Upper International CommissiononStratigraphy Sheinwoodian Tremadocian Jiangshanian Rhuddanian Guzhangian Lochkovian Famennian Ludfordian Darriwilian Hirnantian Dapingian Homerian Sandbian Telychian Aeronian Frasnian Fortunian Gorstian Givetian Stage / Age Pragian Emsian Drumian Eifelian Katian Paibian Stage 10 Floian Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 5

GSSP ~ 529 ~ 521 ~ 514 ~ 509 ~ 504.5 ~ 500.5 ~ 497 ~ 494 ~ 489.5 numerical August 2012 age (Ma) 485.4 ±1.9 477.7 ±1.4 470.0 ±1.4 467.3 ±1.1 458.4 ±0.9 453.0 ±0.7 445.2 ±1.4 443.4 ±1.5 440.8 ±1.2 438.5 ±1.1 433.4 ±0.8 430.5 ±0.7 427.4 ±0.5 425.6 ±0.9 423.0 ±2.3 419.2 ±3.2 410.8 ±2.8 407.6 ±2.6 393.3 ±1.2 387.7 ±0.8 382.7 ±1.6 372.2 ±1.6 541.0 ±1.0 358.9 ±0.4 (c) InternationalCommission onStratigraphy, August 2012 Chart drafted byK.M.Cohen,S.Finney, P.L. Gibbard Geological MapoftheWorld. http://www.ccgm.org Coloring followstheCommission for the provided bytherelevantICSsubcommissions. Gradstein etal.(2012);thosefor the Triassic andCretaceous were Precambrian aretaken from‘A GeologicTime Scale2012’ by Numerical agesforallsystemsexcept Triassic, Cretaceous and numerical ages,anapproximateage(~)isprovided. in thePhanerozoicwithoutratifiedGSSPsorconstrained the PhanerozoicandEdiacaran;onlyGSSPsdo.Forboundaries Numerical agesaresubjecttorevisionanddonotdefineunits in website http://www.stratigraphy.org and detailed informationonratifiedGSSPsareavailableatthe defined byGlobalStandard Stratigraphic Ages (GSSA).Charts boundaries, includingthoseofthe Archean andProterozoic,long Boundary Stratotype SectionandPoints (GSSP)fortheirlower Units ofallranksareintheprocessbeingdefinedbyGlobal Eonothem

Precambrian /Eon Archean Proterozoic Erathem /Era proterozoic proterozoic proterozoic archean archean archean archean Paleo- Paleo- Meso- Meso- Neo- Neo- Eo- Hadean System /Period Cryogenian Calymmian Ediacaran Statherian Rhyacian Orosirian Ectasian Siderian Stenian Tonian

~ 4600 GSSA ~ 635 ~ 541 4000 3600 3200 2800 2500 2300 2050 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 numerical age (Ma) 850