Deep Ocean Temperatures Through Time
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Early Paleozoic Life & Extinctions (Part 1)
NJU Course Extinctions: Past, Present & Future Prof. Norman MacLeod School of Earth Sciences & Engineering, Nanjing University Extinctions: Past, Present & Future Extinctions: Past, Present & Future Course Syllabus (Revised) Section Week Title Introduction 1 Course Introduction, Intro. To Extinction Introduction 2 History of Extinction Studies Introduction 3 Evolution, Fossils, Time & Extinction Precambrian Extinctions 4 Origin of Life & Precambrian Extionctions Paleozoic Extinctions 5 Early Paleozoic World & Extinctions Paleozoic Extinctions 6 Middle Paleozoic World & Extinctions Paleozoic Extinctions 7 Late Paleozoic World & Extinctions Assessment 8 Mid-Term Examination Mesozoic Extinctions 9 Triassic-Jurassic World & Extinctions Mesozoic Extinctions 10 Labor Day Holiday Cenozoic Extinctions 11 Cretaceous World & Extinctions Cenozoic Extinctions 12 Paleogene World & Extinctions Cenozoic Extinctions 13 Neogene World & Extinctions Modern Extinctions 14 Quaternary World & Extinctions Modern Extinctions 15 Modern World: Floras, Faunas & Environment Modern Extinctions 16 Modern World: Habitats & Organisms Assessment 17 Final Examination Early Paleozoic World, Life & Extinctions Norman MacLeod School of Earth Sciences & Engineering, Nanjing University Early Paleozoic World, Life & Extinctions Objectives Understand the structure of the early Paleozoic world in terms of timescales, geography, environ- ments, and organisms. Understand the structure of early Paleozoic extinction events. Understand the major Paleozoic extinction drivers. Understand -
The Exchange of Water Between Prince William Sound and the Gulf of Alaska Recommended
The exchange of water between Prince William Sound and the Gulf of Alaska Item Type Thesis Authors Schmidt, George Michael Download date 27/09/2021 18:58:15 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/11122/5284 THE EXCHANGE OF WATER BETWEEN PRINCE WILLIAM SOUND AND THE GULF OF ALASKA RECOMMENDED: THE EXCHANGE OF WATER BETWEEN PRIMCE WILLIAM SOUND AND THE GULF OF ALASKA A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the University of Alaska in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE by George Michael Schmidt III, B.E.S. Fairbanks, Alaska May 197 7 ABSTRACT Prince William Sound is a complex fjord-type estuarine system bordering the northern Gulf of Alaska. This study is an analysis of exchange between Prince William Sound and the Gulf of Alaska. Warm, high salinity deep water appears outside the Sound during summer and early autumn. Exchange between this ocean water and fjord water is a combination of deep and intermediate advective intrusions plus deep diffusive mixing. Intermediate exchange appears to be an annual phen omenon occurring throughout the summer. During this season, medium scale parcels of ocean water centered on temperature and NO maxima appear in the intermediate depth fjord water. Deep advective exchange also occurs as a regular annual event through the late summer and early autumn. Deep diffusive exchange probably occurs throughout the year, being more evident during the winter in the absence of advective intrusions. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Appreciation is extended to Dr. T. C. Royer, Dr. J. M. Colonell, Dr. R. T. Cooney, Dr. R. -
Palaeogene Marine Stratigraphy in China
LETHAIA REVIEW Palaeogene marine stratigraphy in China XIAOQIAO WAN, TIAN JIANG, YIYI ZHANG, DANGPENG XI AND GUOBIAO LI Wan, X., Jiang, T., Zhang, Y., Xi, D. & Li G. 2014: Palaeogene marine stratigraphy in China. Lethaia, Vol. 47, pp. 297–308. Palaeogene deposits are widespread in China and are potential sequences for locating stage boundaries. Most strata are non-marine origin, but marine sediments are well exposed in Tibet, the Tarim Basin of Xinjiang, and the continental margin of East China Sea. Among them, the Tibetan Tethys can be recognized as a dominant marine area, including the Indian-margin strata of the northern Tethys Himalaya and Asian- margin strata of the Gangdese forearc basin. Continuous sequences are preserved in the Gamba–Tingri Basin of the north margin of the Indian Plate, where the Palaeogene sequence is divided into the Jidula, Zongpu, Zhepure and Zongpubei formations. Here, the marine sequence ranges from Danian to middle Priabonian (66–35 ma), and the stage boundaries are identified mostly by larger foraminiferal assemblages. The Paleocene/Eocene boundary is found between the Zongpu and Zhepure forma- tions. The uppermost marine beds are from the top of the Zongpubei Formation (~35 ma), marking the end of Indian and Asian collision. In addition, the marine beds crop out along both sides of the Yarlong Zangbo Suture, where they show a deeper marine facies, yielding rich radiolarian fossils of Paleocene and Eocene. The Tarim Basin of Xinjiang is another important area of marine deposition. Here, marine Palae- ogene strata are well exposed in the Southwest Tarim Depression and Kuqa Depres- sion. -
And Ordovician (Sardic) Felsic Magmatic Events in South-Western Europe: Underplating of Hot Mafic Magmas Linked to the Opening of the Rheic Ocean
Solid Earth, 11, 2377–2409, 2020 https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2377-2020 © Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Comparative geochemical study on Furongian–earliest Ordovician (Toledanian) and Ordovician (Sardic) felsic magmatic events in south-western Europe: underplating of hot mafic magmas linked to the opening of the Rheic Ocean J. Javier Álvaro1, Teresa Sánchez-García2, Claudia Puddu3, Josep Maria Casas4, Alejandro Díez-Montes5, Montserrat Liesa6, and Giacomo Oggiano7 1Instituto de Geociencias (CSIC-UCM), Dr. Severo Ochoa 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain 2Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, Ríos Rosas 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain 3Dpt. Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain 4Dpt. de Dinàmica de la Terra i de l’Oceà, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí Franquès s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain 5Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, Plaza de la Constitución 1, 37001 Salamanca, Spain 6Dpt. de Mineralogia, Petrologia i Geologia aplicada, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí Franquès s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain 7Dipartimento di Scienze della Natura e del Territorio, 07100 Sassari, Italy Correspondence: J. Javier Álvaro ([email protected]) Received: 1 April 2020 – Discussion started: 20 April 2020 Revised: 14 October 2020 – Accepted: 19 October 2020 – Published: 11 December 2020 Abstract. A geochemical comparison of early Palaeo- neither metamorphism nor penetrative deformation; on the zoic felsic magmatic episodes throughout the south- contrary, their unconformities are associated with foliation- western European margin of Gondwana is made and in- free open folds subsequently affected by the Variscan defor- cludes (i) Furongian–Early Ordovician (Toledanian) activ- mation. -
Paleontology, Stratigraphy, Paleoenvironment and Paleogeography of the Seventy Tethyan Maastrichtian-Paleogene Foraminiferal Species of Anan, a Review
Journal of Microbiology & Experimentation Review Article Open Access Paleontology, stratigraphy, paleoenvironment and paleogeography of the seventy Tethyan Maastrichtian-Paleogene foraminiferal species of Anan, a review Abstract Volume 9 Issue 3 - 2021 During the last four decades ago, seventy foraminiferal species have been erected by Haidar Salim Anan the present author, which start at 1984 by one recent agglutinated foraminiferal species Emirates Professor of Stratigraphy and Micropaleontology, Al Clavulina pseudoparisensis from Qusseir-Marsa Alam stretch, Red Sea coast of Egypt. Azhar University-Gaza, Palestine After that year tell now, one planktic foraminiferal species Plummerita haggagae was erected from Egypt (Misr), two new benthic foraminiferal genera Leroyia (with its 3 species) Correspondence: Haidar Salim Anan, Emirates Professor of and Lenticuzonaria (2 species), and another 18 agglutinated species, 3 porcelaneous, 26 Stratigraphy and Micropaleontology, Al Azhar University-Gaza, Lagenid and 18 Rotaliid species. All these species were recorded from Maastrichtian P. O. Box 1126, Palestine, Email and/or Paleogene benthic foraminiferal species. Thirty nine species of them were erected originally from Egypt (about 58 %), 17 species from the United Arab Emirates, UAE (about Received: May 06, 2021 | Published: June 25, 2021 25 %), 8 specie from Pakistan (about 11 %), 2 species from Jordan, and 1 species from each of Tunisia, France, Spain and USA. More than one species have wide paleogeographic distribution around the Northern and Southern Tethys, i.e. Bathysiphon saidi (Egypt, UAE, Hungary), Clavulina pseudoparisensis (Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Arabian Gulf), Miliammina kenawyi, Pseudoclavulina hamdani, P. hewaidyi, Saracenaria leroyi and Hemirobulina bassiounii (Egypt, UAE), Tritaxia kaminskii (Spain, UAE), Orthokarstenia nakkadyi (Egypt, Tunisia, France, Spain), Nonionella haquei (Egypt, Pakistan). -
The Global Marine Phosphorus Cycle: Sensitivity to Oceanic Circulation
Biogeosciences, 4, 155–171, 2007 www.biogeosciences.net/4/155/2007/ Biogeosciences © Author(s) 2007. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License. The global marine phosphorus cycle: sensitivity to oceanic circulation C. P. Slomp and P. Van Cappellen Department of Earth Sciences – Geochemistry, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80021, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands Received: 4 September 2006 – Published in Biogeosciences Discuss.: 5 October 2006 Revised: 8 January 2007 – Accepted: 20 February 2007 – Published: 22 February 2007 Abstract. A new mass balance model for the coupled ma- stand long-term variations in marine biological activity, at- rine cycles of phosphorus (P) and carbon (C) is used to ex- mospheric composition and climate (Holland, 1984; Van amine the relationships between oceanic circulation, primary Cappellen and Ingall, 1996; Petsch and Berner, 1998; Bjer- productivity, and sedimentary burial of reactive P and partic- rum and Canfield, 2002). Important forcings include the sup- ulate organic C (POC), on geological time scales. The model ply of reactive P from the continents, oceanic circulation and explicitly represents the exchanges of water and particulate sea level fluctuations (Follmi,¨ 1996; Compton et al., 2000; matter between the continental shelves and the open ocean, Handoh and Lenton, 2003; Wallmann, 2003; Bjerrum et al., and it accounts for the redox-dependent burial of POC and 2006). the various forms of reactive P (iron(III)-bound P, particu- Upward transport of nutrient-rich water sustains biologi- late organic P (POP), authigenic calcium phosphate, and fish cal activity in marine surface waters. Vertical mixing, how- debris). Steady state and transient simulations indicate that ever, also controls the ventilation of the deeper ocean waters, a slowing down of global ocean circulation decreases pri- which in turn has a major effect on the sedimentary burial mary production in the open ocean, but increases that in the of phosphorus. -
Appendix 3.Pdf
A Geoconservation perspective on the trace fossil record associated with the end – Ordovician mass extinction and glaciation in the Welsh Basin Item Type Thesis or dissertation Authors Nicholls, Keith H. Citation Nicholls, K. (2019). A Geoconservation perspective on the trace fossil record associated with the end – Ordovician mass extinction and glaciation in the Welsh Basin. (Doctoral dissertation). University of Chester, United Kingdom. Publisher University of Chester Rights Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Download date 26/09/2021 02:37:15 Item License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10034/622234 International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2013/01 Erathem / Era System / Period Quaternary Neogene C e n o z o i c Paleogene Cretaceous M e s o z o i c Jurassic M e s o z o i c Jurassic Triassic Permian Carboniferous P a l Devonian e o z o i c P a l Devonian e o z o i c Silurian Ordovician s a n u a F y r Cambrian a n o i t u l o v E s ' i k s w o Ichnogeneric Diversity k p e 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 S 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 n 23 r e 25 d 27 o 29 M 31 33 35 37 39 T 41 43 i 45 47 m 49 e 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69 71 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 Number of Ichnogenera (Treatise Part W) Ichnogeneric Diversity 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 n 23 r e 25 d 27 o 29 M 31 33 35 37 39 T 41 43 i 45 47 m 49 e 51 53 55 57 59 61 c i o 63 z 65 o e 67 a l 69 a 71 P 73 75 77 79 81 83 n 85 a i r 87 b 89 m 91 a 93 C Number of Ichnogenera (Treatise Part W) -
Ocean Storage
277 6 Ocean storage Coordinating Lead Authors Ken Caldeira (United States), Makoto Akai (Japan) Lead Authors Peter Brewer (United States), Baixin Chen (China), Peter Haugan (Norway), Toru Iwama (Japan), Paul Johnston (United Kingdom), Haroon Kheshgi (United States), Qingquan Li (China), Takashi Ohsumi (Japan), Hans Pörtner (Germany), Chris Sabine (United States), Yoshihisa Shirayama (Japan), Jolyon Thomson (United Kingdom) Contributing Authors Jim Barry (United States), Lara Hansen (United States) Review Editors Brad De Young (Canada), Fortunat Joos (Switzerland) 278 IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 279 6.7 Environmental impacts, risks, and risk management 298 6.1 Introduction and background 279 6.7.1 Introduction to biological impacts and risk 298 6.1.1 Intentional storage of CO2 in the ocean 279 6.7.2 Physiological effects of CO2 301 6.1.2 Relevant background in physical and chemical 6.7.3 From physiological mechanisms to ecosystems 305 oceanography 281 6.7.4 Biological consequences for water column release scenarios 306 6.2 Approaches to release CO2 into the ocean 282 6.7.5 Biological consequences associated with CO2 6.2.1 Approaches to releasing CO2 that has been captured, lakes 307 compressed, and transported into the ocean 282 6.7.6 Contaminants in CO2 streams 307 6.2.2 CO2 storage by dissolution of carbonate minerals 290 6.7.7 Risk management 307 6.2.3 Other ocean storage approaches 291 6.7.8 Social aspects; public and stakeholder perception 307 6.3 Capacity and fractions retained -
New Chondrichthyans from Bartonian-Priabonian Levels of Río De Las Minas and Sierra Dorotea, Magallanes Basin, Chilean Patagonia
Andean Geology 42 (2): 268-283. May, 2015 Andean Geology doi: 10.5027/andgeoV42n2-a06 www.andeangeology.cl PALEONTOLOGICAL NOTE New chondrichthyans from Bartonian-Priabonian levels of Río de Las Minas and Sierra Dorotea, Magallanes Basin, Chilean Patagonia *Rodrigo A. Otero1, Sergio Soto-Acuña1, 2 1 Red Paleontológica Universidad de Chile, Laboratorio de Ontogenia y Filogenia, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile. [email protected] 2 Área de Paleontología, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Casilla 787, Santiago, Chile. [email protected] * Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT. Here we studied new fossil chondrichthyans from two localities, Río de Las Minas, and Sierra Dorotea, both in the Magallanes Region, southernmost Chile. In Río de Las Minas, the upper section of the Priabonian Loreto Formation have yielded material referable to the taxa Megascyliorhinus sp., Pristiophorus sp., Rhinoptera sp., and Callorhinchus sp. In Sierra Dorotea, middle-to-late Eocene levels of the Río Turbio Formation have provided teeth referable to the taxa Striatolamia macrota (Agassiz), Palaeohypotodus rutoti (Winkler), Squalus aff. weltoni Long, Carcharias sp., Paraorthacodus sp., Rhinoptera sp., and indeterminate Myliobatids. These new records show the presence of common chondrichtyan diversity along most of the Magallanes Basin. The new record of Paraorthacodus sp. and P. rutoti, support the extension of their respective biochrons in the Magallanes Basin and likely in the southeastern Pacific. Keywords: Cartilaginous fishes, Weddellian Province, Southernmost Chile. RESUMEN. Nuevos condrictios de niveles Bartoniano-priabonianos de Río de Las Minas y Sierra Dorotea, Cuenca de Magallanes, Patagonia Chilena. Se estudiaron nuevos condrictios fósiles provenientes de dos localidades, Río de Las Minas y Sierra Dorotea, ambas en la Región de Magallanes, sur de Chile. -
Antarctic Sea Ice Control on Ocean Circulation in Present and Glacial Climates
Antarctic sea ice control on ocean circulation in present and glacial climates Raffaele Ferraria,1, Malte F. Jansenb, Jess F. Adkinsc, Andrea Burkec, Andrew L. Stewartc, and Andrew F. Thompsonc aDepartment of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139; bAtmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Program, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ 08544; and cDivision of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 Edited* by Edward A. Boyle, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, and approved April 16, 2014 (received for review December 31, 2013) In the modern climate, the ocean below 2 km is mainly filled by waters possibly associated with an equatorward shift of the Southern sinking into the abyss around Antarctica and in the North Atlantic. Hemisphere westerlies (11–13), (ii) an increase in abyssal stratifi- Paleoproxies indicate that waters of North Atlantic origin were instead cation acting as a lid to deep carbon (14), (iii)anexpansionofseaice absent below 2 km at the Last Glacial Maximum, resulting in an that reduced the CO2 outgassing over the Southern Ocean (15), and expansion of the volume occupied by Antarctic origin waters. In this (iv) a reduction in the mixing between waters of Antarctic and Arctic study we show that this rearrangement of deep water masses is origin, which is a major leak of abyssal carbon in the modern climate dynamically linked to the expansion of summer sea ice around (16). Current understanding is that some combination of all of these Antarctica. A simple theory further suggests that these deep waters feedbacks, together with a reorganization of the biological and only came to the surface under sea ice, which insulated them from carbonate pumps, is required to explain the observed glacial drop in atmospheric forcing, and were weakly mixed with overlying waters, atmospheric CO2 (17). -
The Ediacaran–Cambrian Transition: the Emerging Record from Small Carbonaceous Fossils (Scfs)
38 The Ediacaran–Cambrian transition: the emerging record from Small Carbonaceous Fossils (SCFs) Ben J. Slater1, Thomas H.P. Harvey2, Romain Guilbaud3, Sebastian Willman1, Graham E. Budd1, Nicholas J. Butterfield4. 1Department of Earth Sciences (Palaeobiology), Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden ([email protected]) 2School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK 3Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK. 4Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, UK Abstract.––The most profound change in the fossil record is centered on the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition. Sediments deposited near to this boundary record the first complex trace fossils, the first animal biomineralizers and the earliest fossils of the major animal groups that came to define the subsequent Phanerozoic fossil record. Here we discuss how the emerging record of small carbonaceous fossils (SCFs) is shedding new light on unmineralized aspects of the biota from this critical evolutionary transition. The new SCFs record complements currently established records from trace fossils and biomineralized shelly-remains in reconstructing the broader scale macroevolutionary patterns of this transition, but via an entirely different taphonomic window. SCFs extend the record of multiple major animal groups, improve our picture of protistan diversity from this interval, and reveal new data on elements of the biota that span the Ediacaran–Cambrian boundary. Key words: small carbonaceous fossils; bilateria; Burgess Shale-type preservation; Ediacaran; Terreneuvian. The dramatic changes in the fossil record across subsequent Cambrian radiation (Butterfield, the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition seemingly 2003; Slater et al., 2018a). -
International Stratigraphic Chart
INTERNATIONAL STRATIGRAPHIC CHART ICS International Commission on Stratigraphy Ma Ma Ma Ma Era Era Era Era Age Age Age Age Age Eon Eon Age Eon Age Eon Stage Stage Stage GSSP GSSP GSSA GSSP GSSP Series Epoch Series Epoch Series Epoch Period Period Period Period System System System System Erathem Erathem Erathem Erathem Eonothem Eonothem Eonothem 145.5 ±4.0 Eonothem 359.2 ±2.5 542 Holocene Tithonian Famennian Ediacaran 0.0117 150.8 ±4.0 Upper 374.5 ±2.6 Neo- ~635 Upper Upper Kimmeridgian Frasnian Cryogenian 0.126 ~ 155.6 385.3 ±2.6 proterozoic 850 “Ionian” Oxfordian Givetian Tonian Pleistocene 0.781 161.2 ±4.0 Middle 391.8 ±2.7 1000 Calabrian Callovian Eifelian Stenian Quaternary 1.806 164.7 ±4.0 397.5 ±2.7 Meso- 1200 Gelasian Bathonian Emsian Ectasian proterozoic 2.588 Middle 167.7 ±3.5 Devonian 407.0 ±2.8 1400 Piacenzian Bajocian Lower Pragian Calymmian Pliocene 3.600 171.6 ±3.0 411.2 ±2.8 1600 Zanclean Aalenian Lochkovian Statherian Jurassic 5.332 175.6 ±2.0 416.0 ±2.8 Proterozoic 1800 Messinian Toarcian Pridoli Paleo- Orosirian 7.246 183.0 ±1.5 418.7 ±2.7 2050 Tortonian Pliensbachian Ludfordian proterozoic Rhyacian 11.608 Lower 189.6 ±1.5 Ludlow 421.3 ±2.6 2300 Serravallian Sinemurian Gorstian Siderian Miocene 13.82 196.5 ±1.0 422.9 ±2.5 2500 Neogene Langhian Hettangian Homerian 15.97 199.6 ±0.6 Wenlock 426.2 ±2.4 Neoarchean Burdigalian M e s o z i c Rhaetian Sheinwoodian 20.43 203.6 ±1.5 428.2 ±2.3 2800 Aquitanian Upper Norian Silurian Telychian 23.03 216.5 ±2.0 436.0 ±1.9 P r e c a m b i n P Mesoarchean C e n o z i c Chattian Carnian