D Liepa Promocijas Darbs

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D Liepa Promocijas Darbs LATVIJAS UNIVERSIT ĀTE HUMANIT ĀRO ZIN ĀTŅU FAKULT ĀTE Dite Liepa LATVIJAS PRESES VALODA VALSTISK ĀS NEATKAR ĪBAS ATJAUNOŠANAS PROCES Ā: SOCIOLINGVISTISKAIS ASPEKTS The Language of Latvia’s Printed Media during its Independence Restoration Process: the Sociolinguistic Aspect Promocijas darbs filolo ģijas doktora gr āda ieg ūšanai valodniec ības zin ātņu nozar ē visp ārīgās valodniec ības apakšnozar ē Rīga, 2010 SATURS IEVADS...................................................................................................................4 1. PLAŠSAZI ŅAS L ĪDZEK ĻU NOZ ĪME POLITISK0 P ĀRMAI ŅU PROCESA ATSPOGU ĻOJUM Ā UN VEICIN ĀŠAN Ā..........................................................5 1. 1. Politisko un ekonomisko procesu ietekme uz plašsazi ņas l īdzek ļu valodu Austrumeiropas un Centr āleiropas valst īs.................................................................5 1.1. 1. Procesi valod ā Austrumu bloka valst īs politisko p ārmai ņu ietekm ē..............5 1.1.2. P ārmai ņas preses valod ā Padomju Savien ībā un Krievij ā...............................5 1.1.3. P ārmai ņas preses valod ā bijušaj ās Austrumu bloka valst īs.............................9 1.1.4. P ārmai ņas preses valod ā Lietuv ā un Igaunij ā..................................................17 1.2.Politisko un ekonomisko procesu ietekme uz plašsazi ņas l īdzek ļu valodu Latvij ā..... .................................................................19 1.2.1. Pirmais periods (1986-1991). ………………………………………….. ......20 1.2.2. Otrais periods (1992-1999)……………………………………………….......33 1.2.3. Trešais periods (1999-mūsdienas)……………………………………….......36 1. 3. Secin ājumi……………………………………………………………………...38 2. PRESES VALODAS LEKSIKOSTILISTISKAIS RAKSTUROJUMS: JAUNDARIN ĀJUMI, AIZGUVUMI UN SARUNVALODAS ELEMENTI…..39 2.1. Preses valoda k ā publicistikas valodas stila izpausme……………………….. ..39 2.2. Visp ārīgās un individu ālās iez īmes preses valod ā...............................................43 2.3. Jaunin ājumi preses valod ā……………………………………………………...48 2.3.1. Jaundarin ājumi pres ē: v ārddarin ājumi un leksikostilistiskie jaunin ājumi........48 2.3.2. Jaundarin ājumi pres ē funkcion ālā aspekt ā. ………………………………….56 2.4.Aizguvumi preses valod ā......................................................................................61 2.4.1. Internacion ālismi un nacion ālie aizguvumi. ....................................................62 2 2.4.2. Aizg ūtā neliter ārā leksika…………………………………………………….70 2.5. Sarunvalodas un neliter ārās sarunvalodas elementi preses valod ā…………….74 2.6. Secin ājumi …………………………………………………………………......86 3. RETORISK ĀS FIG ŪRAS LATVIEŠU PRESES VALOD Ā............................89 3.1. Retorisko fig ūru lietojuma paplašin āšan ās posttotalit ārisma period ā. …………89 3.2. Metafora k ā izplat ītākā retorisk ā fig ūra preses valod ā.........................................92 3.2.1. Metaforas preses valod ā politisko jaut ājumu atspogu ļojum ā. ..........................95 3.2.2. Metaforas sadz īves un kult ūras norišu atspogu ļojum ā....................................108 3.3. Secin ājumi..........................................................................................................120 4. FOLKLORAS MOT ĪVU UN VALODAS SP ĒLES IZMANTOŠANA PRESES VALOD Ā.........................................................................................................122 4.1. Folkloras ietekme uz m ūsdienu sabiedr ības valod ā.............................................122 4.2. Folkloras t ēlu un elementu izmantošana publicistikas valod ā.............................126 4.2.1. Soci ālie un ekonomiskie priekšnoteikumi fokloras aktualiz ācijai....................126 4.2.2. Folkloras t ēlu un stabilu v ārdkopu aktualiz ācija...............................................128 4.2. 3. Frazeolo ģismi, stabilas v ārdkopas un par ēmijas..............................................134 4.2.4. Tautas m īklu p ārfraz ējums: radošs folkloras elementu izmantojums...............141 4.2.5. Folkloras elementu izmantojums 8. un 9. Saeimas priekšv ēlēšanu kampa ņā ...150 4.3. Valodas sp ēles ekspansija preses valod ā..............................................................151 4.3.1. Valodas sp ēles lietojuma motiv ācija.................................................................151 4.3.2. Valodas sp ēles elementu klasifik ācija...............................................................154 4.3.3. Valodas sp ēle okazion ālos frazeolo ģismos.......................................................167 4.3.4. Valodas sp ēle rekl āmu parodij ās.......................................................................169 4.4. Secin ājumi............................................................................................................171 Nobeigums un t ēzes.....................................................................................................172 Izmantot ā literat ūra......................................................................................................175 Izmantotie avoti............................................................................................................211 Sa īsin ājumi...................................................................................................................213 Publik ācijas par promocijas darba tematu....................................................................213 3 IEVADS Inform ācijas laikmet ā izš ķir īgos v ēstures posmos īpaši svar īga ir plašsazi ņas līdzek ļu loma. Plašsazi ņas l īdzek ļos vistieš āk par ādās valodas un sabiedr ības savstarp ējā saist ība un mijiedarb ība, kuru izp ēte ir sociolingvistikas pamatuzdevums. Politisk ās sist ēmas mai ņa vienm ēr atspogu ļojas valod ā, savuk ārt ar valodas starpniec ību sabiedr ība skaidr āk apzin ās un prec īzāk formul ē jauno politisko un ekonomisko realit āti. Posttotalit āraj ām valst īm rakstur īgas kop īgas iez īmes jaunaj ā plašsazi ņas l īdzek ļu telp ā. Pirmk ārt, pieaug plašsazi ņas l īdzek ļu skaits un satura valodas diferenci ācija, jo tie orient ējas uz visdaž ādākajiem sabiedr ības sl āņ iem, otrk ārt, plašsazi ņas l īdzek ļi ar īpašu pārliecin āšanas un manipul ācijas strat ēģ iju sp ēj ietekm ēt indiv īda viedokli, trešk ārt, tiek paplašin ātas valodisko izteiksmes l īdzek ļu robežas. Turkl āt dzelzs priekškara no ārd īšana šīm valst īm ļauj iek ļauties glob ālaj ā informat īvaj ā telp ā un ar ī apzin āti vai neapzin āti piel āgoties attiec īgā laika posma vadošaj ām tendenc ēm valodas lietojum ā: „Masu mediji ir k ļuvuši par visizplat ītāko fenomenu kult ūrā, kas mums pal īdz piek ļū t lielai da ļai inform ācijas par pasauli, k ā ar ī izklaidei. /../ Mediji ir sp ēcīga vide, kur ā tiek veidotas un izplat ītas soci ālās noz īmes, t.i., mediji liel ā m ērā nosaka pasaul ē notiekoš ā noz īmību attiec īgajai kult ūrai, sabiedr ībai vai soci ālajai grupai. Valoda, ko mediji izmanto, lai st āst ītu par noteikt ām soci ālām un politisk ām grup ām un notikumiem, nosaka domin ējošos veidus, k ā m ēs run ājam par š īm grup ām vai notikumiem” (Thomas et al. 2004, 56). Latvija p ēc neatkar ības atg ūšanas ir nog ājusi ne tikai sarež ģī tu politikas, ekonomikas un soci ālās att īst ības ce ļu, bet ar ī radošu valodas p ārmai ņu posmu, izmantojot jaunatg ūtās v ārda un izteiksmes br īvības m ācībstundas vair āku gadu un pat gadu desmitu garum ā. Starp politiskaj ām un ekonomiskaj ām noris ēm un to atspogu ļojumu plašsazi ņas l īdzek ļos past āv cieša savstarp ēja saist ība, kuras likumsakar ību atkl āšana ļauj lab āk izv ērt ēt p ārmai ņas sabiedr ībā: „Viens no vissvar īgākajiem un interesant ākajiem mediju potenci āla varas aspektiem no lingvistisk ā viedok ļa ir veids, k ā tiek rakst īts par cilv ēkiem un notikumiem. Jau no 20.gs.70. gadiem lingvisti ir interes ējušies par saist ību, k āda past āv starp to, k ā st āsts tiek st āst īts, pasniegts, un to, k āds b ūtu no st āst ītā ieg ūtais viedoklis” (Thomas, Wareing 1999, 5). 4 Latviešu valodniec ībā l īdz šim nav bijis plašu p ētījumu par p ārmai ņā m plašsazi ņas līdzek ļu valod ā Latvijas valsts un latviešu tautas v ēsturei īpaši noz īmīgaj ā Latvijas Republikas valstisk ās neatkar ības atjaunošanas period ā. Šaj ā p ētījum ā uz plaša faktu materi āla pamata atkl ātas valdoš ās tendences beidzamo divdesmit gadu Latvijas preses valodas att īst ībā. P ētījuma novit āti veido ne tikai konkr ētu valodas elementu izmantojuma un t ā motiv ācijas raksturojums, bet ar ī preses valodas att īst ības virzienu anal īze uz glob ālo un re ģion ālo sociolingvistisko procesu fona. 1. PLAŠSAZI ŅAS L ĪDZEK ĻU NOZ ĪME POLITISK0 P ĀRMAI ŅU PROCESA ATSPOGU ĻOJUM Ā UN VEICIN ĀŠAN Ā 1.1. Politisko un ekonomisko procesu ietekme uz plašsazi ņas l īdzek ļu valodu Austrumeiropas un Centr āleiropas valst īs 1.1.1. Procesi valod ā Austrumu bloka valst īs politisko p ārmai ņu ietekm ē Komunistisk ās sist ēmas sabrukuma period ā vis ās Austrumu bloka valst īs notika politiskas, ekonomiskas un ideolo ģiskas reformas, kas bija pamats p ārmai ņā m ne tikai „valdošaj ā politiskaj ā un mediju diskurs ā, bet ar ī sabiedriskaj ā dom ā, sekm ējot ļoti nopietnas un pat dramatiskas transform ācijas” (van Dijk 1995, 27). To pamat ā bija postkomunistisko valstu cenšan ās atbr īvoties no ideolo ģiskajiem ž ņaugiem, k ā ar ī bijuš ās Padomju Savien ības un p ārējo Austrumu bloka valstu orient ācija uz Rietumiem – br īvo Eiropu. Ilgi brieduš ās politisk ā kursa p ārmai ņas PSRS deva impulsu gan Padomju Savien ības, gan t ās sabiedroto valstu politisk ās un lingvistisk ās realit ātes mai ņai. Transform ācijas Latvijas
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