Gendering Legislative Behavior: Institutional Constraints and Collaboration Tiffany D

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-14319-7 - Gendering Legislative Behavior: Institutional Constraints and Collaboration Tiffany D. Barnes Index More information

Index

Alcañiz, Isabella, 8 , 17 majority parties in, 65 – 7 Alemán, Eduardo, 4n4 , 5 , 10 , 14 , 26 , 29 , 52 , Mendoza, 51 – 2 , 56 – 8 , 66 – 7 , 123 , 134 – 5 , 54 , 59 – 60 146 , 219 Alexander, Amy C., 24n5 , 33 – 5 Misiones, 71 , 166 Alexander, Deborah, 32 party ideology in, 139 – 40 , 160 Alles, Santiago, 11 – 12 , 14 , 227 Río Negro, 57 , 83 , 96 – 7 , 143 , 166 Ames, Barry, 37 Salta, 14 , 22 – 3 , 53 – 4 , 57 , 67 , 69 , 73 , 82 , Andersen, Kristi, 32 86n14 , 87 , 101 , 104 , 106 , 123 , 143 – 4 , Anzia, Sarah F., 29 146 , 168 , 222 – 3 , 230 Archenti, Nélida, 12 , 200 San Juan, 14 Argentina San Luis, 80 , 82 Argentine National Congress, 38 , 54n4 , Santa Cruz, 14 , 55n5 166 , 228 Santa Fe, 82 , 96 cultural diversity in, 30 Tierra del Fuego, 83 , 147n6 provincial legislatures, 8 , 11 – 12 , 76 , 89 , 91 , variation among, 11 , 14 – 15 , 60 , 97 , 172 123 , 146 , 153 , 226 Argimón, Beatriz, 197 , 201 – 3 Buenos Aires, 53 , 96 – 7 , 141 , 166 – 7 Arnold, Laura W., 31 , 192 Catamarca, 57 , 82 – 3 , 103 , 136 , 169 – 70 at-large district, 76 – 7 , 123 – 4 , 124n7 , 136 , Chaco, 57 , 83 141 , 158 , 166 , 169 – 70 Chubut, 12 , 14 , 55 , 83 , 97 Atkeson, Lonna Rae, 31 , 40 , 108 Córdoba, 10 , 56 , 65 – 6 , 71 , 80n2 , 81n3 , autonomous women’s movements, 183 , 209 , 85 – 8 , 118 , 123 , 134 , 166 , 169 221 , 224 Corrientes, 81 , 87 , 96 determinants of leadership Bækgaard, Martin, 32 , 40 appointments, 101 – 2 backlash, 32 , 40 , 107 , 217 Entre Ríos, 55 , 85 , 86n14 , 143 , 158 Baldez, Lisa, 47 , 159 Federal District, 8 , 57 – 8 , 83 , 97 , 100 – 1 , Balla, Steven J., 27 106 , 202 Barnes, Tiffany D., 5 – 6 , 12 , 14 , 16 , 29 , 31 – 2 , Formosa, 97 35 , 40 , 46 , 48 , 54 , 59 , 65 – 6 , 84 , 86 – 8 , general legislation committee, 84 – 5 108 , 113 , 138n21 , 139 – 40 , 160 , 208 , governor’s parties in, 28 – 9 , 43 – 5 , 50 , 217 , 223 61 – 5 , 138 , 144 – 52 , 170 Bassell, Leah, 223 Jujuy, 56 , 66 , 69 – 70 , 116 – 17 , 123 , Bauer, Gretchen, 104 , 183 129 – 30 , 136 , 153 Beaman, Lori, 35

265

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-14319-7 - Gendering Legislative Behavior: Institutional Constraints and Collaboration Tiffany D. Barnes Index More information

266 Index

Beaulieu, Emily, 32 , 35 Carroll, Susan, 32 Beckwith, Karen, 33 , 40 – 1 , 46 – 7 , 104 , 159 , 166 Cassese, Erin C., 139 , 223 Bernhard, William, 26 , 56 Castellanos, Angela, 197 , 202 – 3 Bicameral Committee for Gender and Diversity Caul, Miki, 225 in the Mendoza, Argentina, 52 see also Kittilson Bicameral Women’s Caucus, Uruguay, 198 , Chappell, Louise, 16 , 33 199 , 201 – 2 Cheibub, José Antonio, 28 – 9 bill cosponsorship Christensen, Martin K., 217 as collaboration measure 2 , 10 , 18 , 52 – 4 Clark, Jennifer H., 140 comparison between chambers, 60 Claveria, Sílvia, 108 reliability, 54 – 5 closed-list electoral systems, 14 , 16 , 37 – 9 , 122 , validity, 55 – 9 124 , 137 – 8 , 178 , 185 – 7 , 203 , 207 , 210 , coding decisions, 59 , 59n19 215 , 225 – 7 , 232 women’s issues legislation, 159 – 60 see also electoral quotas , gender quotas see also legislative collaboration Clucas, Richard A., 4n4 , 38n10 , 205 , 207 Binder, Sarah A., 2 , 29 collaboration Bird, Karen, 228 across party lines, 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 , 8 , 25 , 26 , 33 , Birkhead, Nathaniel, 140 39 , 43 , 45 – 50 , 53 , 63 , 102 , 121 , 125 , Bloemraad, Irene, 229 130 – 3 , 136 , 141 – 2 , 146 – 7 , 150 – 1 , Borgida, Eugene, 6 , 34 156 – 60 , 162 – 8 , 171 , 172 – 6 , 180 , 187 , Boulding, Carew, 60 190 , 196 , 198 , 200 – 1 , 203 , 205 , 208 , Bowler, Shaun, 29 210 , 214 , 216 , 223 Boxer, Barbara, 1 , 190 , 193 , 195 , 219 conceptualization of, 8 , 10 – 11 , 53 – 4 , 179 Brady, David, 29 costs of, 5 , 25 , 27 – 8 , 29 , 30 , 40 , 56 , 58 , 61 , Branton, Regina, 139 , 223 130 , 196 – 8 , 200 , 215 Bratton, Kathleen A., 40 , 47 , 108 , 233 incentives to, 5 – 7 , 10 , 14 , 18 – 19 , 23 , 24 , Brinks, Daniel, 4 25 – 7 , 28 – 9 , 45 , 50 , 57 , 67 Britton, Hannah, 104 , 205 – 9 , 225 measurement of, 10 – 11 , 54 – 60 Brown, Alice, 40 out of power legislators and, 2 – 3 , 4 – 5 , 6 , Brown, Nadia, 15 , 47 , 223 , 233 17 , 28 – 30 , 33 , 34 , 45 , 49 , 53 , 58 , 60 , Browne, William, 26 61 , 65 , 67 , 69 , 70 , 73 , 75 , 213 , 216 Browning, Rufus P., 230 patterns of collaboration, governor’s party Buice, Melissa, 16 and opposition parties, 61 – 5 Burchard, Stephanie, 185 , 207 – 8 patterns of collaboration, majority and Burgess, Diana, 6 , 34 minority parties, 65 – 70 Burnet, Jennie, 181 , 183 , 185 , 187 – 8 patterns of collaboration, men and women, Burrell, Barbara C., 32 70 – 5 Bush, Sarah, 213 see also bill cosponsorship , women’s Button, James, 232 legislative collaboration Collins, Susan, 1 , 190 , 219 Cain, Bruce E., 24 committee, 3 , 5 , 8 , 10 , 18 , 29 , 31 – 3 , 35 , Calvo, Ernesto, 4 – 5 , 10 – 11 , 14 , 26 – 9 , 52 , 54 , 52 , 107 – 8 59 – 61 , 65 , 84 – 5 , 117n4 appointment methods in Argentine Caminotti, Mariana, 12 Provinces, 86 – 8 Campbell, James, 26 in Argentine provinces, 90 – 1 Canon, David T., 232 assignments, 55 , 74 , 79 , 91 – 2 , 98 – 101 Carey, John M., 24 , 28 , 37 – 8 , 45 , 65 , 124 , coding committee types, 109 – 13 145 , 226 data used, 10 , 55 , 59 , 80 , 88 – 90 Carli, Linda L., 6 , 34 , 219 debates, 35 Carlson, Katie, 181 – 2 determinants of committee appointment, 97 Carrió, Elisa Maria, 11 hearings, 35 , 53 – 4 Carroll, Royce, 24 , 29 , 86 leadership, 82 , 84 – 5 , 92 – 3 , 101 – 4

Index 267

leadership by committee type, 104 – 6 in South Africa, 16 , 207 , 209 majority party and, 65 – 7 in Uruguay, 200 minority parties and, 69 – 70 and women’s numeric representation powerful committees, 84 – 5 , 107 , 109 – 13 138n21 voting in, 65 see also district size women’s issues committees 36 , 40 , 41 , 43 , district size 44 – 6 , 48 – 50 in Argentine provinces, 37 , 123 competition, see democracy and party constraints, 37 – 9 , 120 , 122 – 4 , cooperation, see legislative collaboration 136 – 8 , 138n21 , 164 , 215 , 227 – 8 Córdova, Abby, 16 in Rwanda, 134 Corpacci, Lucia, 147n6 in South Africa, 207 Cox, Gary, 4 , 24 and women’s numeric representation 228 credit claiming, 27 – 8 , 39 , 63 , 209 see also district magnitude Crenshaw, Kimberle, 223 diverse perspectives, 23 , 47 , 56 , 166 , 179 , 198 , Crisp, Brian F., 24 , 29 , 37 , 44 , 145 , 152n7 199 , 209 , 211 Crowther, William E., 230 Dodson, Debra, 31 Cuddy, Amy J. C., 32 , 34 Dolan, Kathleen, 108 Dougherty, Thomas W., 6 , 34 – 5 Dahl, Robert, 2 Dovi, Suzanne, 47 Dalmás, Susana, 201 Downs, Anthony, 24 , 63 Danaher, Dorothy L., 34 Driscoll, Amanda, 16 Davidson, Chandler, 228 , 231 Drysdale Walsh, Shannon, 224 Davidson, Roger H., 29 , 46n12 , 194 Duarte de Perón, Eva María, 11 Deal, Jennifer J., 35 Duerst-Lahti, Georgia, 6 , 33 – 4 , 235 decision-making, 4 – 6 , 27 , 31 , 104 , 184 , Duverger, Maurice, 4 213 , 228 – 9 Defense of Reproductive Health Legislation, Eagly, Alice H., 6 , 17 , 33 – 4 , 46 , 219 Uruguay 197 Eaton, B. Curtis, 24 de Follari, Gladys Bailac, 80 electoral incentives, 18 , 42 , 45 , 50 , 131 , 172 , de Luca, Miguel, 38 185 , 215 , 235 Delvin, Claire, 181 , 187 electoral rules, 4 , 14 , 25 , 39 , 225 , 228 , de Miguel, Amando, 11 229 – 30 , 233 de Zamora, Abdala, 147n6 at-large district, 76 – 7 , 123 – 4 , 124n7 , 136 , democracy 141 , 158 , 166 , 169 – 70 collaborative theory of, 2 – 5 , 16 , 23 – 5 , 49 , closed-list electoral system, 14 , 16 , 37 – 9 , 52 , 212 – 14 , 216 , 235 122 , 124 , 137 , 138 , 178 , 185 – 7 , 200 , see also legislative collaboration 203 , 207 , 210 , 215 , 222 , 225 – 7 , 232 and competition, 2 – 6 , 23 – 5 , 29 , 34 , 49 , 52 , majority-minority districts, 228 , 231 , 233 70 , 193 , 213 , 221 , 235 multimember district, 14 , 76 , 122 , 141 , 206 , as competitive, 2 – 3 , 16 , 23 – 5 , 52 , 63 , 189 , 207 , 209 212 , 229 , 235 open-list electoral system, 37 , 124n8 , 225n7 Díaz, Mercedes Mateo, 28 , 145 single-member district, 14 , 21nb , 76 , 122 – 3 , Diekman, Amanda B., 17 , 33 – 4 124n7 discrimination, 22 , 32 , 35 , 39 – 41 , 51 , 65 , see also electoral quotas , district magnitude , 100 – 1 , 106 district size district magnitude electoral quotas, 231 – 3 in Argentine provinces, 14 , 67 – 77 , see also closed-list electoral systems , gender 122 – 3 , 226 quotas , reserved seats and development, 141 Elgie, Robert, 181 , 187 and gender quotas, 14 , 225 – 7 Elkins, Zachart, 28 and party constraints, 124 , 124n8 , 147 – 78 , El Salvador, Legislative Assembly of, 2 215 , 232 Emejulu, Akwugo, 223

268 Index

Escobar-Lemmon, Maria C., 26 , 31 , 46 , Gillibrand, Kristen, 1 , 190 , 194 139 , 159 Gilligan, Carol, 35 Escolar, Marcelo, 14 Ginsburg, Tom, 28 Estonian Parliament, 203 Ginwala, Frene, 205 Etcheverry, Sandra, 198 Glick, Peter, 32 , 34 Evans, Diana, 28 Goetz, Anne Marie, 205 , 208 – 9 , 224 – 5 experts, 8 , 11 , 35 , 51 – 4 , 57 , 86 , 178 – 9 , 181 , Gogineni, Roopa, 188 188 , 197 , 223 Gomez, Jessica, 187 – 8 expertise, 35 , 57 , 86 , 164 González, Diana, 197 governor’s party, 7 , 14 , 18 , 28 , 30 , 36 , 43 , Farrell, David M., 29 44 – 5 , 50 , 53 , 61 – 5 , 76 , 138 , 144 – 52 , Feinstein, Dianne, 193 , 195 , 219 170 , 172 , 214 Fenno, Richard F., 27 , 33 Green, Jennifer, 224 Ferejohn, John A., 24 Grey, Sandra, 31 Fernández-Anderson, Cora, 197 Grofman, Bernard, 228 , 231 fi eldwork, 8 – 9 , 55 groups Figueiredo, Argelina, 29 decision making, 4 – 6 , 27 , 31 , 104 , 184 , Fiorina, Morris P., 24 , 194 213 , 228 – 9 Fischer, Debby, 191 infl uence in, 5 , 6 , 25 , 27 , 33 – 4 Fiske, Susan, 32 , 34 infl uence of, 5 , 31 , 42 – 5 , 48 – 9 , 52 , 61 , 63 , Forbes, David, 34 70 , 73 , 159 , 213 , 216 Ford, Lynne E., 108 interests, 26 , 47 formal political power, 5 , 31 , 33 , 79 , 88 , 108 , work as a, 51 – 2 , 54 , 58 , 71 , 135 , 166 – 70 , 214 , 217 , 219 , 230 180 , 189 , 195 , 208 Forret, Monica L., 6 , 34 – 5 women’s groups, 208 Forum of Rwandan Women Parliamentarians, Gurin, Patricia, 6 , 34 180 , 183 , 187 – 9 , 215 , 219 Gurr, Ted R., 185 Fowler, James H., 26 – 7 , 59 Franceschet, Susan, 6 , 15 , 32 , 47 , 84 , 140 , 159 Hancock, Ange-Marie, 223 Frederick, Brian, 32 Harris-Perry, Melissa V., 223 Frisch, Scott A., 32 Harward, Brian M., 27 , 29 , 46 , 194 Funk, Kendall D., 35 , 108 Hassim, Shireen, 205 , 208 – 9 , 224 – 5 Hawkesworth, Mary, 232 Gallagher, Michael, 38 Haynie, Kerry Lee, 47n13 , 230 , 232 – 3 Gender Cosponsorship Score, 118 – 22 Heath, Roseanna Michelle, 5 , 29 , 31 – 2 , 40 , see also , women’s legislative collaboration 47 – 8 , 84 , 104 , 108 , 217 gender quotas, 224 – 5 , 227 – 8 , 233 Hedge, David, 232 in Argentine Provinces, 11 – 14 , 20 – 1 , 83 – 4 , Heilman, Madeline E., 6 , 33 , 219 88 , 96 – 7 , 102 , 107 , 114 – 15 , 122 , 138 , Hicken, Allen, 65 141 , 152 , 172 , 174 – 5 , 186 , 217 , 227 , Hinojosa, Magda, 32 233 Hix, Simon, 124 , 226 see also closed-list electoral systems , Holman, Mirya R., 6 , 15 , 32 , 35 , 40 , 47 , 219 , gender quotas 222 , 234 gender stereotypes, 6 , 17 , 32 – 4 , 35n8 , 83 , Holmsten, Stephanie S., 233 100 – 1 , 219 Htun, Mala, 31 , 47 , 49 , 159 , 209 , 221 , 223 – 5 , gendered cosponsorship patterns, 70 – 6 228 – 30 , 232 between-chamber variation, 36 , 50 , 122 – 5 , Huddy, Leonie, 32 127 – 30 , 132 – 41 , 214 – 15 Hughes, Melanie M., 14 , 183 , 213 , 223 – 4 , within-chamber variation, 43 – 4 , 50 , 229 , 233 145 – 50 , 154 – 8 , 164 – 70 , 214 – 15 Huntington, Samuel, 23 gendered institutions, 16 , 216 , 235 Hutchison, Kay Bailey, 1 , 190 – 1 Gillard, Julia, 218 Hwang, Wonjae, 29 , 38 , 65 , 140 – 1

Index 269

ideology, 140 , 141 , 160 , 190 Latin America, 31 , 44 , 47 , 108 , 139 , 159 , 199 , informal political power, 5 , 31 , 33 , 88 , 108 , 203 , 204 217 , 219 , 230 Laver, Michael, 24 Ingall, Rachel E., 37 leadership 3 , 5 , 6 – 8 , 17 – 18 , 22 , 29 , 31 – 3 , institutional opportunity, 18 , 42 , 50 , 172 , 35n5 , 41 , 45 – 6 , 46n12 , 49 – 50 , 211 , 215 , 235 55n5 , 70 , 74 , 78 – 83 , 107 – 8 , 116 , intersectionality, 223 , 233 191 – 2 , 200 , 207 , 214 , 217 – 18 , 219 , 225 , 230 , 232 Jackman, Molly C., 29 in committees, see committee Johannesen-Schmidt, Mary C., 46 data used, 80 Johnson, Cathy Marie, 34 women in Argentina, 77 – 88 Johnson, Joel W., 178 party leadership, 38 – 9 , 130 Johnson, Niki, 200 – 2 legislative agenda Joint Standing Committee on the Quality of Life advance, promote, 7 , 10 , 19 , 26 and Status of Women, South Africa, 208 collaboration and, 28 – 9 , 42 , 67 , 69 Jones, Mark P., 11 – 12 , 14 , 28 – 9 , 38 – 9 , 46n12 , committee agenda 85 47 , 61 , 65 , 86 – 7 , 138 , 140 – 1 , 145 , 159 , control over, 79 225 , 227 different perspectives on the, 17 Juncos, Lilian, 118 female legislators, 34 , 70 , 79 , 129 , 214 get issues on the, 5 , 26 Kang, Alice, 14 , 225 governor and, 28 , 44 – 5 , 61 , 144 – 9 , 170 Kanthak, Kristin, 24 , 48 , 187 , 233 individual’s, 7 , 207 Karau, Steven J., 17 , 33 – 4 infl uence over, 5 , 28 – 9 Karpowitz, Christopher F., 7 , 34 , 48 , 159 , 221 majority led governments and, 29 , 66 – 7 Kathlene, Lyn, 6 , 17 , 32 , 34 – 5 , 40 , 217 male legislators dominate, 7 , 34 Katz, Richard S., 29 negative agenda control, 29 Kelly, Rita Mae, 235 party’s, 7 , 10 , 28 – 9 , 61 , 187 Kelly, Sean Q., 32 party control 116 Kenny, Meryl, 16 seniority 46n12 Kerevel, Yann, 31 , 40 , 108 women’s rights agenda, 19 , 47 – 8 , 159 – 60 , Kessler, Daniel, 26 , 59 166 , 187 , 196 – 98 , 201 , 210 , 213 , Kiewiet, D. Roderick, 29 216 , 221 – 4 Kim, Henry A., 24 Leijonhufvud, Jenny, 24 King, Barbara M., 31 , 192 Leiras, Marcelo, 4n4 , 10 , 14 , 26 – 7 , 52 , King, David, 32 54 , 59 – 60 King, Gary, 55 Lépinard, Eléonore, 234 Kirkland, Justin H., 4n4 , 10 , 26 – 8 , 54 , 59 Lijphart, Arend, 4 , 11 , 24 , 229 Kittilson, Miki Caul, 5 , 16 , 31 , 47 , 139 , 222 – 3 , 225 Limongi, Fernando, 29 see also Caul Linz, Juan J., 2 , 11 Kjaer, Ulrik, 32 , 40 Lipsey, Richard G., 24 Klobuchar, Amy, 192 – 3 Llanos, Mariana, 29 Koger, Gregory, 26 – 7 , 59 López-Zafra, Esther, 33 Koppell, Carla, 187 – 8 Lopreite, Debora, 140 , 160 Krause, George A., 48 , 187 , 233 Lovenduski, Joni, 222 , 235 Krehbiel, Keith, 26 , 29 , 59 , 84 – 5 Lubertino, María José, 11 Krook, Mona Lena, 5 , 11 , 16 , 31 – 3 , 40 , 108 , Lublin, David, 231 213 , 217 , 222 , 229 , 235 Krutz, Glen, 5 , 26 MacKay, Fiona, 16 , 33 , 235 Mainwaring, Scott P., 2 , 4 , 24 , 37 , 44 , 145 Lang-Takac, Esther, 6 , 34 majority-minority districts, 228 , 231 , 233 Langston, Joy, 38 male-dominated, 5 , 16 , 31 – 2 , 35n9 , 39 , 47 , Larserud, Stina, 225 48 , 49 , 89 , 130 , 177 , 191 – 2

270 Index

Mansbridge, Jane, 17 , 47 , 222 Mosquera, Alfonso, 118 Māori ethnic minorities, New Zealand, 229 Müller, Wolfgang, 29 marginalization, 17 , 23 , 30 multimember district, 14 , 76 , 122 , 141 , 206 , collaboration beyond, 216 – 19 , 222 – 3 207 , 209 examples of, 23 , 70 Murillo, Victoria, 11 , 117 within governor’s party, 45 Murkowski, Lisa, 1 , 190 motivates collaboration, 6 – 7 , 33 – 6 , 70 , 73 , Mwiza, Espérance, 185 129 – 30 , 178 , 212 – 16 and other historically marginalized groups, National Assembly of Niger, 229 23 , 228 – 30 National Institute Against Discrimination and women are, 5 , 31 – 3 , 32 , see Chapter 4 Xenophobia, Argentina, 51 and women’s issues, 47 network, 31 – 2 women in Rwandan Parliament, 180 , as collaboration, 8 , 26 , 46 , 53 – 4 , 57 , 59 , 74 , 183 , 185 178 , 213 , 220 women in South African Parliament, 206 – 7 minority legislators exclusion from, 230 women in the U.S. Senate, 189 , 191 , and seniority, 8 , 43 , 46 , 157 , 171 , 179 , 193 , 195 189 , 195 women in Uruguay Congress, 196 , 198 , and women’s caucuses, 48 200 , 202 women’s exclusion from, 6 , 32 – 5 , 35n9 , women’s numeric representation and, 40 – 2 86 , 152 March, James G., 24 New Zealand Parliament, 229 Marsh, Michael, 38 Nielson, Daniel L., 45 , 145 Marshall, Monty G., 24n5 , 185 , 230 Norris, Jean M., 35 Martin, Lanny W., 24 Norris, Pippa, 225 Matland, Richard E., 14 , 32 , 225 , 227 North, Douglass C., 33 , 218 Matonyte, Irmina, 230 numeric representation, 3 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 17 – 19 , Mattei, Laura R., 235 31 – 32 , 36 , 213 Mattes, Robert B., 204 in Argentina, 12 – 15 , 214 Mayhew, David R., 24 , 26 – 7 , 29 , 33 , 194 and collaboration, 40 – 2 , 50 , 117 – 18 , 120 , McAllister, Ian, 29 122 , 124 , 127 – 9 , 132 – 4 , 136 , 138 , McClain, Paula D., 232 177 – 8 , 214 – 15 , 216 – 17 , 220 – 1 McCubbins, Mathew D., 24 , 29 , 84 – 6 conditional on party constraints 42 – 3 , 50 Meabe, Josefi na Angelica, 81 and committee appointments, 88 , 91 – 2 , 98 , Meeker, Barbara, 34 , 219 100 , 107 – 8 Meintjes, Sheila, 205 and committee leadership appointments, Melo, Marcus André, 29 93 – 4 , 104 , 107 – 8 Mendelberg, Tali, 7 , 34 , 48 , 159 , 221 and electoral systems, 12 – 15 , 224 – 8 Mendez, Jeanette, 26 and marginalization, 79 , 88 , 213 Merolla, Jennifer, 6 , 32 in Rwanda, 184 – 5 Micozzi, Juan Pablo, 25 , 159 in South Africa, 206 – 9 Mikulski, Barbara, 1 – 2 , 190 , 193 , in the United States, 191 – 2 195 , 218 – 20 in Uruguay, 197 , 199 , 200 Miller, Patrice M., 34 minority representation, 230 , 231 – 2 O’Brien, Diana Z., 5 , 15 , 29 , 31 , 108 , 140 , minority women, 233 – 4 203 , 217 , 229 Minta, Michael, 223 Okimoto, Tyler G., 6 , 33 , 219 Moffett, Kenneth W., 27 , 29 , 46 , 194 Oleszek, Walter J., 194 Morgan, Jana, 16 Olsen, Johan P., 24 Morgenstern, Scott, 29 , 86 , 197 , 200 open-list electoral system, 37 , 124n8 , 225n7 Morin, Jason, 232 Orey, Byron D’Andrá, 232 Morin, Rich, 30 Osborn, Tracy, 7 , 26 , 36 , 47n13 , 137 , 140 Moser, Robert G., 233 Ossa, Juan Pablo, 229 – 30 , 232

Index 271

Osterweil, Zahava, 6 , 34 Retamero-Garcia, Rocio, 33 Oyarzún, Marcela Lilian, 83 Rickne, Johanne, 108 Ridgeway, Cecilia L., 6 , 33 – 5 , 219 Pachón, Mónica, 24 Riigikogu, Estonian Parliament, 230 Painter, Matthew, 14 Riker, William H., 24 Palmer, Barbara, 140 Rios, Fabiana, 147n6 Pansardi, Pamela, 31 , 108 Rocca, Michael S., 232 Parliament of Lebanon, 229 Rodriguez, Ruben Angle, 80 Parliamentary Women’s Group, South Africa Rodriguez, Victoria E., 31 205 , 208 – 9 Rondán, Glenda, 197 , 201 party discipline, 16 , 29 , 39 , 43 , 45 – 6 , 53 , Rosenthal, Cindy Simon, 6 , 32 , 34 – 5 , 65 – 6 , 87 , 116 – 17 , 122 , 130 , 132 , 136 , 219 , 235 170 – 1 , 178 , 189 , 194 , 196 , 203 , 205 , Rosenthal, Howard, 140 208 – 10 , 214 , 222 , 224 , 235 Ross, Karen, 48 party leader, 7 , 10 , 16 , 18 , 26 – 7 , 29 , 36 – 9 , Rwanda, (Parliament of) 2 , 15 – 16 , 178 – 80 , 43 , 45 , 66 , 86 – 7 , 116 – 17 , 122 , 124 , 215 – 16 , 223 129 – 30 , 136 – 7 , 144 , 160 , 177 – 80 , 185 , Forum of Rwandan Women 191 , 194 , 196 , 198 , 200 , 203 , 205 – 16 , Parliamentarians, 187 – 8 , 202 , 219 222 – 23 , 231 – 32 “Draft Law on Prevention, Protection Patty, John W., 104 and Punishment of Any Gender-Based Paxton, Pamela, 14 , 213 , 224 Violence,” 180 – 2 Payne, Mark, 28 , 44 , 145 reserved seats and women-only elections, Pearson, Elizabeth, 60 , 180 – 2 , 185 – 8 185 – 7 , 189 , 231 Pelletier, Réjean, 31 women’s representation in, 183 – 5 Percovich, Margarita, 2 , 197 , 201 Pérez-Liñán, Anibal, 4 , 24 , 44 Sagarzazu, Iñaki, 29 , 65 , 85 Pereira, Carlos, 29 sample, sample selection, sample Phillips, Anne, 47 , 222 – 3 characteristics, 11 , 55 , 55n5 , 65 , 75 – 7 , Phillips, Katherine W., 7 , 17 , 32 , 34 , 48 88 – 90 , 122 , 122n7 , 138n21 , 139 , 145 , Piscopo, Jennifer M., 6 , 15 , 26 , 31 – 2 , 47 – 8 , 147 , 147n6 , 153 , 162 84 , 140 , 159 – 60 , 202n29 Samules, David, 24 – 5 , 37 – 8 Poguntke, Thomas, 29 Sanchez, Gabriel, 232 Poole, Keith T., 140 Sanguinetti, Pablo, 29 , 86 Portman, Rob, 191 Sapiro, Virginia, 235 Power, Timothy J., 31 Schibber, Constanza F., 28 – 9 , 31 , 40 , 108 Powley, Elizabeth, 180 – 1 , 183 – 4 , 186 Schneider, Monica C., 33 – 4 Preuhs, Robert R., 230 , 232 Schumpeter, Joseph, 2 , 4 , 23 Propp, Kathleen, 7 , 17 , 31 – 2 , 34 , 48 Schwartz, Helle, 185 – 7 Protsyk, Oleh, 229 , 233 Schwindt-Bayer, Leslie, 5 – 7 , 14 , 16 , 29 , 31 – 2 , 36 , 39 – 40 , 46 – 7 , 84 , 106 , 108 , 137 , Randell, Shirley, 181 – 2 159 – 60 , 217 , 225 Reingold, Beth, 31 , 47 , 234 seniority, 3 , 5 , 31 reelection, 52 , 152 , 194 , 198 , 201 , in Argentina, 14 , 153 207 , 221 – 2 and collaboration, 3 , 7 , 18 , 36 , 43 – 4 , 46 , representation 46n12 , 138 , 139 , 144 , 152 – 8 , 171 , 177 , descriptive and substantive, 17 , 31 – 3 , 214 , 215 140 , 224 – 5 in the U.S. Senate 189 , 191 , 194 – 5 , 220 minority, see minority representation and committee/leadership appointments, 87 , reserved seats 95 , 97 , 102 , 107 for minorities, 228 , 229 , 231 , 233 – 4 Shackelford, Susan, 6 , 34 , 219 for women, 15 , 178 , 180 , 180n1 , 183 – 7 , Shepsle, Kenneth A., 24 , 29 , 84 189 , 215 , 222n5 , 231 Shomer, Yael, 203

272 Index

Shugart, Matthew Soberg, 2 , 24 , 28 , 37 – 8 , Uruguayan Congress, 2 , 16 , 178 – 9 , 196 , 44 – 5 , 124 , 145 , 226 216 , 222 Silveira, Silvana, 196 Bicameral Women’s Caucus, 201 – 3 Simien, Evelyn M., 223 sub-party lists, 200 – 1 Simon, Dennis, 140 women’s issues legislation, 196 – 8 single-member district, 14 , 21nb , 76 , women’s representation in, 198 – 200 122 – 3 , 124n7 United States Senate, 1 – 2 , 16 , 32 , 140 , Slosar, Mary C., 233 178 – 9 , 189 – 90 , 215 , 217 , Smooth, Wendy, 47 , 159 222 , 232 Snowe, Olympia, 1 , 190 election methods, 194 Snyder, Richard, 11 seniority, 194 – 5 South Africa (Parliament of), 16 , 178 , 203 – 5 , women’s representation in, 191 – 3 208 – 9 , 215 – 16 party constraints, 207 – 8 , 222 , 224 Valenzuela, Arturo, 2 women’s representation in, 206 – 7 Valdini, Melody Ellis, 4n4 , 38 , 124 , 205 , Special Prosecution Unit for Crimes 207 , 225 – 6 of Gender, Mendoza, Argentina, 51 Vanberg, Georg, 24 Steinhauer, Jennier, 190 , 193 van Engen, Marloes L., 46 Stevenson, Maura A., 35 Vercesi, Michelangelo, 31 , 108 Stevenson, Randolph T., 24 Vickers, Jill, 15 Stoll, Heather, 65 Vincent, Louise, 31 , 225 Streb, Matthew J., 32 violence against women legislation, 2 , 10 , 15 , Strolovitch, Dara Z., 223 51 – 2 , 56 , 100 , 166 , 170 , 179 – 83 , 188 , Suarez, Linda, 78 – 9 , 218 196 , 200 , 210 , 222 , 223 Sulkin, Tracy, 26 , 56 objections to, 181 – 2 , 210 Suominen, Kati, 38 , 226 Volden, Craig, 17 , 29 Swers, Michele L., 26 , 47 , 58 – 9 , 108 , 190 , Vos, Suzanne, 207 192 , 202 Wallack, Jessica S., 178 Tabb, David H., 230 Wängnerud, Lena, 47 Tam Cho, 26 , 59 Wawro, Gregory, 26 , 59 Tan, Netina, 228 Weaver, R. Kent, 27 Taphorn, Rita, 225 Webb, Paul D., 29 Taylor-Robinson, Michelle M., 5 , 26 , Weingast, Barry R., 24 , 29 , 84 – 5 29 , 31 , 37 , 46 – 7 , 84 , 108 , 139 , Weitzel-O’Neill, Patricia A., 34 , 219 159 , 217 Weldon, Laurel S., 47 , 209 , 221 – 4 Tchintian, Carolina, 14 , 227 Welzel, Christian, 24n5 , 33 Terkildsen, Nayda, 32 Wilber, Roxane, 60 , 180 , 183 , 187 Thames, Frank C., 225 Wilde, Amanda B., 33 Theriault, Sean, 25 Williams, Lucas R., 26 Thomas-Hunt, Melissa C., 7 , 17 , 32 , Williams, Margaret S., 225 34 , 48 Williams, Melissa S., 222 Tilly, Louise A., 6 , 34 Wilson, Rick K., 5 , 26 Timberlake, Sharon, 6 , 34 – 5 Winckler, Edwin A., 38 Tommasi, Mariano, 29 , 86 winning majority, 2 , 4 , 25 , 213 Tourné, Daisy, 201 – 2 Wiseman, Alan, 17 Towns, Ann, 31 , 108 Wittmer, Dana, 17 Tremblay, Manon, 31 women’s caucus Tripp, Aili, 14 , 205 , 225 in Argentina, 144n4 , 219 Tuareg national minorities, and collaboration, 3 , 8 , 36 , 43 , 48 – 50 , Niger, 229 144n4 , 187 , 210 , 214 , 215 – 16 , 219 Tula, María Inés, 12 , 38 in Latin America, 204

Index 273

in Rwanda, 180 , 183 , 187 , 189 , 215 , 219 and women’s numeric representation, 40 – 2 , in South Africa, 205 , 208 – 9 , 210 , 216 116 – 17 in the United States, 220 see also bill cosponsorship , closed-list in Uruguay, 2 , 16 , 178 , 196 , electoral systems , collaboration , 198 – 9 , 201 – 3 gendered cosponsorship patterns , worldwide, 119 – 220 democracy , electoral quotas , gender Women’s Charter, South Africa, 205 quotas , women’s marginalization women’s issues committees women’s marginalization appointments to, 91 – 2 , 97 – 100 , across committee and other leadership 107 – 8 , 114 posts, 3 , 49 , 70 , 84 – 6 , 88 – 94 and collaboration, 3 , 8 , 36 , 43 , 48 – 50 , in chamber-wide leadership posts, 144n4 , 187 , 210 , 214 , 215 – 16 , 219 79 – 84 , 107 committee coding, 109 – 13 in committee leadership posts, leadership on, 104 – 6 , 107 – 8 93 – 4 , 101 – 8 women’s issues legislation effect on collaboration, 18 – 19 , 23 , 33 – 6 , and collaboration, 46 – 8 , 158 – 70 49 – 50 , 73 , 79 , 108 , 129 – 30 , 178 , 180 , defi nition, 46 – 8 , 159 183 , 185 , 189 , 193 , 195 – 6 , 198 , 200 , effective promotion of, 221 – 3 207 , 212 , 214 , 216 – 17 gender cosponsorship score 159 – 64 effect of increased numeric representation women’s legislative collaboration, 1 – 3 on, 40 , 42 augmentation through electoral system formal and informal exclusion, 5 – 7 , 31 – 2 , design, 224 – 8 213 – 14 and coordination, 4 and leftist parties, 139 – 40 costs of, 27 – 8 , 203 in powerful committees, 94 – 5 , 98 – 101 determinants of, 7 – 8 , 10 , 16 – 19 , 28 – 30 , see also collaboration 125 – 7 , 130 – 2 women’s movements, 183 , 209 , 221 , 224 forms of, 8 , 10 , 178 – 9 #NiUnaMa, Argentina, 52 gendered understandings of, 16 , 33 , 130 , Women’s National Coalition, South Africa, 216 , 235 205 , 207 , 208 in governor’s and opposition parties, 61 – 5 , women’s rights, 19 , 22 , 46 , 47 , 53 , 100 , 135 , 144 – 5 , 150 – 2 , 170 – 1 136 , 143 , 159 – 60 , 167 – 9 institutionalization of, 217 – 21 abortion, 188 , 197 , 201 in majority and minor parties, 65 – 70 the advancement of, 221 – 4 and other minority groups, 30 , 228 – 34 Defense of Reproductive Health Legislation, party constraints on, 42 – 3 , 116 – 17 , 189 , Uruguay 197 195 , 209 – 11 , 225 , 230 – 1 gender quotas, 11 – 12 , 179 – 80 , 184 , 186 , effect of district magnitude in 186n6 , 199 , 201 closed-list systems, 37 – 9 , 122 , in Rwanda, 180 – 90 124 , 137 – 8 , 178 , 186 , 203 , 207 , in South Africa, 205 , 208 – 9 210 , 215 , 226 – 8 , 232 Special Prosecution Unit for Crimes of and seniority, 46 , 139 , 152 – 4 , 171 , 215 Gender, Mendoza, Argentina, 51 and socialization, 3 , 6 – 7 , 16 – 17 , 30 , 33 – 4 , in Uruguay, 196 – 8 , 200 – 3 36 , 42 women in combat, 190 and women’s issues committees or women’s women’s health, 190 caucuses, 48 – 9 , 143 – 4 see also violence against women and women’s issues legislation, 46 – 8 , Wood, Windy, 6 , 17 , 34 , 219 158 – 64 , 171 – 2 , 215 Worchel, Stephen, 6 , 34 , 219 women’s motivations, 5 – 7 , 18 – 19 , 22 – 3 , Wright, Gerald C., 140 25 – 7 , 30 – 1 , 33 – 6 , 42 , 49 – 50 , 52 , 73 , Wylie, Kristin N., 35 , 140 , 225 79 , 108 , 129 – 30 , 177 – 8 , 180 , 183 , 185 , 189 , 193 , 195 – 6 , 198 , 200 , 207 , Xavier, Monica, 202 212 – 14 , 216 – 17 Xydias, Christina, 224

274 Index

“The Year of the Woman,” 191 Zarcos, Elsa Ines, 83 Yoder, Janice D., 6 , 34 Zechmeister, Elizabeth, 6 , 32 Young, Cheryl D., 5 , 26 Zetterberg, Pär, 104 , 108 Young, Iris Marion, 17 , 222 Zovatto, Daniel, 28 , 145