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The A/P Axis in Echinoderm Ontogeny and Evolution: Evidence from Fossils and Molecules
EVOLUTION & DEVELOPMENT 2:2, 93–101 (2000) The A/P axis in echinoderm ontogeny and evolution: evidence from fossils and molecules Kevin J. Peterson,a,b César Arenas-Mena,a,c and Eric H. Davidsona,* aDivision of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; bDivision of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; cStowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA *Author for correspondence (email: [email protected]) SUMMARY Even though echinoderms are members of the such that there is but a single plane of symmetry dividing the Bilateria, the location of their anterior/posterior axis has re- animal into left and right halves. We tentatively hypothesize mained enigmatic. Here we propose a novel solution to the that this plane of symmetry is positioned along the dorsal/ven- problem employing three lines of evidence: the expression of tral axis. These axis identifications lead to the conclusion that a posterior class Hox gene in the coeloms of the nascent the five ambulacra are not primary body axes, but instead are adult body plan within the larva; the anatomy of certain early outgrowths from the central anterior/posterior axis. These fossil echinoderms; and finally the relation between endo- identifications also shed insight into several other evolutionary skeletal plate morphology and the associated coelomic tis- mysteries of various echinoderm clades such as the indepen- sues. All three lines of evidence converge on the same answer, dent evolution of bilateral symmetry in irregular echinoids, but namely that the location of the adult mouth is anterior, and the do not elucidate the underlying mechanisms of the adult co- anterior/posterior axis runs from the mouth through the adult elomic architecture. -
Amphipholis Squamata MICHAEL P
APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Aug. 1990, p. 2436-2440 Vol. 56, No. 8 0099-2240/90/082436-05$02.00/0 Copyright C) 1990, American Society for Microbiology Description of a Novel Symbiotic Bacterium from the Brittle Star, Amphipholis squamata MICHAEL P. LESSERt* AND RICHARD P. BLAKEMORE Department of Microbiology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824 Received 8 November 1989/Accepted 3 June 1990 A gram-negative, marine, facultatively anaerobic bacterial isolate designated strain AS-1 was isolated from the subcuticular space of the brittle star, Amphipholis squamata. Its sensitivity to 0/129 and novobiocin, overall morphology, and biochemical characteristics and the moles percent guanine-plus-cytosine composition of its DNA (42.9 to 44.4) suggest that this isolate should be placed in the genus Vibrio. Strain AS-1 was not isolated from ambient seawater and is distinct from described Vibrio species. This symbiotic bacterium may assist its host as one of several mechanisms of nutrient acquisition during the brooding of developing embryos. The biology of bacterium-invertebrate symbiotic associa- isopropyl alcohol for 30 s and two rinses in sterile ASW. tions has elicited considerable interest, particularly since the Logarithmic dilutions were plated on Zobell modified 2216E discoveries during the past decade of chemoautotrophic medium (ASW, 1 g of peptone liter-1, 1 g of yeast extract symbiotic bacteria associated with several invertebrate spe- liter-' [pH 7.8 to 8.4]) (29), as were samples of ambient cies in sulfide-rich habitats (4, 5). Bacterial-invertebrate seawater from the site of collection and ASW controls. All symbioses (mutualistic) have been reported from many materials and equipment were sterilized, and all procedures invertebrate taxa, examples of which include cellulolytic were performed by aseptic techniques. -
Biology of Echinoderms
Echinoderms Branches on the Tree of Life Programs ECHINODERMS Written and photographed by David Denning and Bruce Russell Produced by BioMEDIA ASSOCIATES ©2005 - Running time 16 minutes. Order Toll Free (877) 661-5355 Order by FAX (843) 470-0237 The Phylum Echinodermata consists of about 6,000 living species, all of which are marine. This video program compares the five major classes of living echinoderms in terms of basic functional biology, evolution and ecology using living examples, animations and a few fossil species. Detailed micro- and macro- photography reveal special adaptations of echinoderms and their larval biology. (THUMBNAIL IMAGES IN THIS GUIDE ARE FROM THE VIDEO PROGRAM) Summary of the Program: Introduction - Characteristics of the Class Echinoidea phylum. spine adaptations, pedicellaria, Aristotle‘s lantern, sand dollars, urchin development, Class Asteroidea gastrulation, settlement skeleton, water vascular system, tube feet function, feeding, digestion, Class Holuthuroidea spawning, larval development, diversity symmetry, water vascular system, ossicles, defensive mechanisms, diversity, ecology Class Ophiuroidea regeneration, feeding, diversity Class Crinoidea – Topics ecology, diversity, fossil echinoderms © BioMEDIA ASSOCIATES (1 of 7) Echinoderms ... ... The characteristics that distinguish Phylum Echinodermata are: radial symmetry, internal skeleton, and water-vascular system. Echinoderms appear to be quite different than other ‘advanced’ animal phyla, having radial (spokes of a wheel) symmetry as adults, rather than bilateral (worm-like) symmetry as in other triploblastic (three cell-layer) animals. Viewers of this program will observe that echinoderm radial symmetry is secondary; echinoderms begin as bilateral free-swimming larvae and become radial at the time of metamorphosis. Also, in one echinoderm group, the sea cucumbers, partial bilateral symmetry is retained in the adult stages -- sea cucumbers are somewhat worm–like. -
An Invertebrate Is an Animal Without a Backbone. They Have No Internal Skeleton and Normally Have Soft, Flexible Bodies
An invertebrate is an animal without a backbone. They have no internal skeleton and normally have soft, flexible bodies. Some have a hard outer skeleton (an exoskeleton) which protects them. Here are seven of the main categories: Insects Crustaceans Echinoderms (bees, ladybirds, ants) (crabs, shrimps, lobster) (starfish, sea urchin) Insects have a hard outer casing which Crustaceans have a hard outer shell which Echinoderms only live in water and protects the soft body inside. The body of protects the soft inner body. The body is made have a hard spiny covering or skin. an insect is split into three sections: up of two parts which sometimes look like Their bodies also have radial head, thorax and abdomen. they are fused together. symmetry with five or more arms or legs. Insects have antennae and usually have 3 Crustaceans have more than 3 pairs of legs pairs of legs. They also sometimes and many will have claws at the end of the An echinoderm can grow back part have wings. first set of legs. of its body if it becomes damaged. Annelids Arachnids Molluscs Protozoa (earthworms, leeches) (spiders, scorpions) (clams, octopus, snails, slugs) Protozoa are tiny, tiny An annelid has no legs and All arachnids have eight legs and Molluscs have soft bodies which animals that we cannot no hard outer skeleton. they do not have antennae. are not segmented. see without the help of a The body of an annelid is Their bodies are made up of two microscope. They live divided into many little parts – the cephalothorax Most molluscs live on water but everywhere – on land, in segments – like rings (where the head is found) and the some live on land. -
Six3 Demarcates the Anterior-Most Developing Brain Region In
Steinmetz et al. EvoDevo 2010, 1:14 http://www.evodevojournal.com/content/1/1/14 RESEARCH Open Access Six3 demarcates the anterior-most developing brain region in bilaterian animals Patrick RH Steinmetz1,6†, Rolf Urbach2†, Nico Posnien3,7, Joakim Eriksson4,8, Roman P Kostyuchenko5, Carlo Brena4, Keren Guy1, Michael Akam4*, Gregor Bucher3*, Detlev Arendt1* Abstract Background: The heads of annelids (earthworms, polychaetes, and others) and arthropods (insects, myriapods, spiders, and others) and the arthropod-related onychophorans (velvet worms) show similar brain architecture and for this reason have long been considered homologous. However, this view is challenged by the ‘new phylogeny’ placing arthropods and annelids into distinct superphyla, Ecdysozoa and Lophotrochozoa, together with many other phyla lacking elaborate heads or brains. To compare the organisation of annelid and arthropod heads and brains at the molecular level, we investigated head regionalisation genes in various groups. Regionalisation genes subdivide developing animals into molecular regions and can be used to align head regions between remote animal phyla. Results: We find that in the marine annelid Platynereis dumerilii, expression of the homeobox gene six3 defines the apical region of the larval body, peripherally overlapping the equatorial otx+ expression. The six3+ and otx+ regions thus define the developing head in anterior-to-posterior sequence. In another annelid, the earthworm Pristina, as well as in the onychophoran Euperipatoides, the centipede Strigamia and the insects Tribolium and Drosophila,asix3/optix+ region likewise demarcates the tip of the developing animal, followed by a more posterior otx/otd+ region. Identification of six3+ head neuroectoderm in Drosophila reveals that this region gives rise to median neurosecretory brain parts, as is also the case in annelids. -
Clustered Brachiopod Hox Genes Are Not Expressed Collinearly and Are
Clustered brachiopod Hox genes are not expressed PNAS PLUS collinearly and are associated with lophotrochozoan novelties Sabrina M. Schiemanna,1, José M. Martín-Durána,1, Aina Børvea, Bruno C. Vellutinia, Yale J. Passamaneckb, and Andreas Hejnol1,a,2 aSars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen 5006, Norway and bKewalo Marine Laboratory, Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822 Edited by Sean B. Carroll, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, and approved January 19, 2017 (received for review August 30, 2016) Temporal collinearity is often considered the main force preserving viding spatial information (29). They also are involved in Hox gene clusters in animal genomes. Studies that combine patterning different tissues (30), and often have been recruited genomic and gene expression data are scarce, however, particularly for the evolution and development of novel morphological traits, in invertebrates like the Lophotrochozoa. As a result, the temporal such as vertebrate limbs (31, 32), cephalopod funnels and arms collinearity hypothesis is currently built on poorly supported foun- (28), and beetle horns (33). dations. Here we characterize the complement, cluster, and expres- Thus, it is not surprising that Hox genes show diverse ar- sion of Hox genes in two brachiopod species, Terebratalia transversa rangements regarding their genomic organization and expression and Novocrania anomala. T. transversa has a split cluster with 10 profiles in the Spiralia (34), a major animal clade that includes lab pb Hox3 Dfd Scr Lox5 Antp Lox4 Post2 Post1 genes ( , , , , , , , , ,and ), highly disparate developmental strategies and body organizations N. anomala Post1 whereas has 9 genes (apparently missing ). -
Upper Ordovician) at Wequiock Creek, Eastern Wisconsin
~rnooij~~~mij~rnoo~ ~oorn~rn~rn~~ rnoo~~rnrn~rn~~ Number 35 September, 1980 Stratigraphy and Paleontology of the Maquoketa Group (Upper Ordovician) at Wequiock Creek, Eastern Wisconsin Paul A. Sivon Department of Geology University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois REVIEW COMMITTEE FOR THIS CONTRIBUTION: T.N. Bayer, Winona State College University, Winona Minnesota M.E. Ostrom, Wisconsin Geological Survey, Madison, Wisconsin Peter Sheehan, Milwaukee Public Museum· ISBN :0-89326-016-4 Milwaukee Public Museum Press Published by the Order of the Board of Trustees Milwaukee Public Museum Accepted for publication July, 1980 Stratigraphy and Paleontology of the Maquoketa Group (Upper Ordovician) at Wequiock Creek, Eastern Wisconsin Paul A. Sivon Department of Geology University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois Abstract: The Maquoketa Group (Upper Ordovician) is poorly exposed in eastern Wisconsin. The most extensive exposure is found along Wequiock Creek, about 10 kilometers north of Green Bay. There the selection includes a small part of the upper Scales Shale and good exposures of the Fort Atkinson Limestone and Brainard Shale. The exposed Scales Shale is 2.4 m of clay, uniform in appearance and containing no apparent fossils. Limestone and dolomite dominate the 3.9 m thick Fort Atkinson Limestone. The carbonate beds alternate with layers of dolomitic shale that contain little to no fauna. The shales represent times of peak terrigenous clastic deposition in a quiet water environment. The car- bonates are predominantly biogenic dolomite and biomicrite. Biotic succession within single carbonate beds includes replacement of a strophomenid-Lepidocyclus dominated bottom community by a trep- ostome bryozoan-Plaesiomys-Lepidocyclus dominated community. Transported echinoderm and cryptostome bryozoan biocalcarenites are common. -
Alvinella Pompejana (Annelida)
MARINE ECOLOGY - PROGRESS SERIES Vol. 34: 267-274, 1986 Published December 19 Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. Tubes of deep sea hydrothermal vent worms Riftia pachyptila (Vestimentif era) and Alvinella pompejana (Annelida) ' CNRS Centre de Biologie Cellulaire, 67 Rue Maurice Gunsbourg, 94200 Ivry sur Seine, France Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lancaster, Bailrigg. Lancaster LA1 4YQ. England ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to compare the structure and chemistry of the dwelling tubes of 2 invertebrate species living close to deep sea hydrothermal vents at 12"48'N, 103'56'W and 2600 m depth and collected during April 1984. The Riftia pachyptila tube is formed of a chitin proteoglycan/ protein complex whereas the Alvinella pompejana tube is made from an unusually stable glycoprotein matrix containing a high level of elemental sulfur. The A. pompejana tube is physically and chemically more stable and encloses bacteria within the tube wall material. INTRODUCTION the submersible Cyana in April 1984 during the Biocy- arise cruise (12"48'N, 103O56'W). Tubes were pre- The Pompeii worm Alvinella pompejana, a poly- served in alcohol, or fixed in formol-saline, or simply chaetous annelid, and Riftia pachyptila, previously rinsed and air-dried. considered as pogonophoran but now placed in the Some pieces of tubes were post-fixed with osmium putative phylum Vestimentifera (Jones 1985), are tetroxide (1 O/O final concentration) and embedded in found at a depth of 2600 m around deep sea hydrother- Durcupan. Thin sections were stained with aqueous mal vents. R. pachyptila lives where the vent water uranyl acetate and lead citrate and examined using a (anoxic, rich in hydrogen sulphide, temperatures up to Phillips EM 201 TEM at the Centre de Biologie 15°C) mixes with surrounding seawater (oxygenated, Cellulaire, CNRS, Ivry (France). -
THE ECHINODERM NEWSLETTER Number 22. 1997 Editor: Cynthia Ahearn Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History Room
•...~ ..~ THE ECHINODERM NEWSLETTER Number 22. 1997 Editor: Cynthia Ahearn Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History Room W-31S, Mail Stop 163 Washington D.C. 20560, U.S.A. NEW E-MAIL: [email protected] Distributed by: David Pawson Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History Room W-321, Mail Stop 163 Washington D.C. 20560, U.S.A. The newsletter contains information concerning meetings and conferences, publications of interest to echinoderm biologists, titles of theses on echinoderms, and research interests, and addresses of echinoderm biologists. Individuals who desire to receive the newsletter should send their name, address and research interests to the editor. The newsletter is not intended to be a part of the scientific literature and should not be cited, abstracted, or reprinted as a published document. A. Agassiz, 1872-73 ., TABLE OF CONTENTS Echinoderm Specialists Addresses Phone (p-) ; Fax (f-) ; e-mail numbers . ........................ .1 Current Research ........•... .34 Information Requests .. .55 Announcements, Suggestions .. • .56 Items of Interest 'Creeping Comatulid' by William Allison .. .57 Obituary - Franklin Boone Hartsock .. • .58 Echinoderms in Literature. 59 Theses and Dissertations ... 60 Recent Echinoderm Publications and Papers in Press. ...................... • .66 New Book Announcements Life and Death of Coral Reefs ......•....... .84 Before the Backbone . ........................ .84 Illustrated Encyclopedia of Fauna & Flora of Korea . • •• 84 Echinoderms: San Francisco. Proceedings of the Ninth IEC. • .85 Papers Presented at Meetings (by country or region) Africa. • .96 Asia . ....96 Austral ia .. ...96 Canada..... • .97 Caribbean •. .97 Europe. .... .97 Guam ••• .98 Israel. 99 Japan .. • •.••. 99 Mexico. .99 Philippines .• . .•.•.• 99 South America .. .99 united States .•. .100 Papers Presented at Meetings (by conference) Fourth Temperate Reef Symposium................................•...... -
Paleontological Resource Inventory at Chickasaw National Recreation Area, Oklahoma
Sullivan, R.M. and Lucas, S.G., eds., 2016, Fossil Record 5. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 74. 5 PALEONTOLOGICAL RESOURCE INVENTORY AT CHICKASAW NATIONAL RECREATION AREA, OKLAHOMA MADISON L. ARMSTRONG1, ALYSIA S. KORN2, VINCENT L. SANTUCCI3 and JUSTIN TWEET4 1NPS Geoscientists-in-the-Parks, 413 Cottonwood St., Ardmore, OK 73401 -email: [email protected]; 2NPS Geoscientists-in-the-Parks, 411 Magee Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111; -email: [email protected] 3National Park Service, 1201 Eye St., NW, Washington, D.C. 20005; -email: [email protected]; 4Tweet Paleo-Consulting, 9149 79th St. S., Cottage Grove, MN 55016; -email: [email protected] Abstract—Chickasaw National Recreation Area (CHIC), located in south-central Oklahoma east of the Arbuckle Mountains, is best known for its wildlife and water recreation. Few visitors are aware of the important paleontological resources that occur in the park. During the summer of 2016, a comprehensive field inventory of paleontological resources within CHIC was conducted. The inventory process involved primary literature research, an extensive field survey of fossiliferous units, and inventories of collections and repositories. The field survey yielded eight new fossiliferous localities, and eight previously undocumented taxa within CHIC. This is the first discovery of fossils in the Deese Group and Sycamore Limestone within the recreation area. During the 2016 inventory, fossils were documented at all previously known localities within CHIC, except for those localities now submerged under the Lake of the Arbuckles. Collections were made of the representative fauna found within CHIC, and 73 fossil specimens were accessioned into museum collections. -
Tropical Marine Invertebrates CAS BI 569 Phylum ANNELIDA by J
Tropical Marine Invertebrates CAS BI 569 Phylum ANNELIDA by J. R. Finnerty Phylum ANNELIDA Porifera Ctenophora Cnidaria Deuterostomia Ecdysozoa Lophotrochozoa Chordata Arthropoda Annelida Hemichordata Onychophora Mollusca Echinodermata Nematoda Platyhelminthes Acoelomorpha Silicispongiae Calcispongia PROTOSTOMIA “BILATERIA” (=TRIPLOBLASTICA) Bilateral symmetry (?) Mesoderm (triploblasty) Phylum ANNELIDA Porifera Ctenophora Cnidaria Deuterostomia Ecdysozoa Lophotrochozoa Chordata Arthropoda Annelida Hemichordata Onychophora Mollusca Echinodermata Nematoda Platyhelminthes Acoelomorpha Silicispongiae Calcispongia PROTOSTOMIA “COELOMATA” True coelom Coelomata gut cavity endoderm mesoderm coelom ectoderm [note: dorso-ventral inversion] Phylum ANNELIDA Porifera Ctenophora Cnidaria Deuterostomia Ecdysozoa Lophotrochozoa Chordata Arthropoda Annelida Hemichordata Onychophora Mollusca Echinodermata Nematoda Platyhelminthes Acoelomorpha Silicispongiae Calcispongia PROTOSTOMIA PROTOSTOMIA “first mouth” blastopore contributes to mouth ventral nerve cord The Blastopore ! Forms during gastrulation ectoderm blastocoel blastocoel endoderm gut blastoderm BLASTULA blastopore The Gut “internal, epithelium-lined cavity for the digestion and absorption of food sponges lack a gut simplest gut = blind sac (Cnidaria) blastopore gives rise to dual- function mouth/anus through-guts evolve later Protostome = blastopore contributes to the mouth Deuterostome = blastopore becomes the anus; mouth is a second opening Protostomy blastopore mouth anus Deuterostomy blastopore -
Field Trip: Palaeozoic Echinoderms from Northern Spain
FIELD TRIP: PALAEOZOIC ECHINODERMS FROM NORTHERN SPAIN S. Zamora & I. Rábano (eds.), Progress in Echinoderm Palaeobiology. Cuadernos del Museo Geominero, 19. Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, Madrid. ISBN: 978-84-7840-961-7 © Instituto Geológico y Minero de España 2015 FIELD TRIP: PALAEOZOIC ECHINODERMS FROM NORTHERN SPAIN Samuel Zamora 1 (coord.) José Javier Álvaro 2, Miguel Arbizu 3, Jorge Colmenar 4, Jorge Esteve 2, Esperanza Fernández-Martínez 5, Luis Pedro Fernández 3, Juan Carlos Gutiérrez-Marco 2, Juan Luis Suárez Andrés 6, Enrique Villas 4 and Johnny Waters 7 1 Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, Manuel Lasala 44 9ºB, 50006 Zaragoza, Spain. [email protected] 2 Instituto de Geociencias (CSIC-UCM), José Antonio Novais 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain. [email protected], jcgrapto@ ucm.es, [email protected] 3 Departamento de Geología, Universidad de Oviedo, Jesús Arias de Velasco s/n, 33005 Oviedo, Spain. [email protected], [email protected] 4Área de Paleontología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain. [email protected], [email protected] 5 Facultad de Biología y Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de León, Campus of Vegazana, 24071 León, Spain. [email protected] 6 Soningeo, S.L. PCTCAN, Isabel Torres, 9 P20. 39011 Santander, Cantabria, Spain. [email protected] 7 Department of Geology, Appalachian State University, ASU Box 32067, Boone, NC 28608-2067, USA. [email protected] Keywords: Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, echinoderms, environments, evolution. INTRODUCTION Samuel Zamora Spain contains some of the most extensive and fossiliferous Palaeozoic outcrops in Europe , including echinoderm faunas that are internationally significant in terms of systematics, palaeoecology and palaeobiogeography.