An Invertebrate Is an Animal Without a Backbone. They Have No Internal Skeleton and Normally Have Soft, Flexible Bodies

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An invertebrate is an animal without a backbone. They have no internal skeleton and normally have soft, flexible bodies. Some have a hard outer skeleton (an exoskeleton) which protects them. Here are seven of the main categories: Insects Crustaceans Echinoderms (bees, ladybirds, ants) (crabs, shrimps, lobster) (starfish, sea urchin) Insects have a hard outer casing which Crustaceans have a hard outer shell which Echinoderms only live in water and protects the soft body inside. The body of protects the soft inner body. The body is made have a hard spiny covering or skin. an insect is split into three sections: up of two parts which sometimes look like Their bodies also have radial head, thorax and abdomen. they are fused together. symmetry with five or more arms or legs. Insects have antennae and usually have 3 Crustaceans have more than 3 pairs of legs pairs of legs. They also sometimes and many will have claws at the end of the An echinoderm can grow back part have wings. first set of legs. of its body if it becomes damaged. Annelids Arachnids Molluscs Protozoa (earthworms, leeches) (spiders, scorpions) (clams, octopus, snails, slugs) Protozoa are tiny, tiny An annelid has no legs and All arachnids have eight legs and Molluscs have soft bodies which animals that we cannot no hard outer skeleton. they do not have antennae. are not segmented. see without the help of a The body of an annelid is Their bodies are made up of two microscope. They live divided into many little parts – the cephalothorax Most molluscs live on water but everywhere – on land, in segments – like rings (where the head is found) and the some live on land. water and also on other joined together. abdomen. animals or plants. Some molluscs have their own Annelids can have bristles They also have a tough shell which they can use for on their bodies. exoskeleton. protection. In your books, draw a table like the one below. Sort the invertebrates into the correct categories. Insect honey bee octopus crab Crustacean earthworm mussels grasshopper Echinoderm Annelid starfish squid prawn Arachnid black widow snail scorpion Mollusc lobster sea urchin leech.

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The A/P Axis in Echinoderm Ontogeny and Evolution: Evidence from Fossils and Molecules
EVOLUTION & DEVELOPMENT 2:2, 93–101 (2000) The A/P axis in echinoderm ontogeny and evolution: evidence from fossils and molecules Kevin J. Peterson,a,b César Arenas-Mena,a,c and Eric H. Davidsona,* aDivision of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; bDivision of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; cStowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA *Author for correspondence (email: [email protected]) SUMMARY Even though echinoderms are members of the such that there is but a single plane of symmetry dividing the Bilateria, the location of their anterior/posterior axis has re- animal into left and right halves. We tentatively hypothesize mained enigmatic. Here we propose a novel solution to the that this plane of symmetry is positioned along the dorsal/ven- problem employing three lines of evidence: the expression of tral axis. These axis identifications lead to the conclusion that a posterior class Hox gene in the coeloms of the nascent the five ambulacra are not primary body axes, but instead are adult body plan within the larva; the anatomy of certain early outgrowths from the central anterior/posterior axis. These fossil echinoderms; and finally the relation between endo- identifications also shed insight into several other evolutionary skeletal plate morphology and the associated coelomic tis- mysteries of various echinoderm clades such as the indepen- sues. All three lines of evidence converge on the same answer, dent evolution of bilateral symmetry in irregular echinoids, but namely that the location of the adult mouth is anterior, and the do not elucidate the underlying mechanisms of the adult co- anterior/posterior axis runs from the mouth through the adult elomic architecture.
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Amphipholis Squamata MICHAEL P
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