Georg Calixtus and the Humanist Tradition

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Georg Calixtus and the Humanist Tradition Georg Calixtus and the Humanist Tradition Christian Thorsten Callisen Diploma of Financial Services (Financial Planning) Finsia Postgraduate Certificate in Business USQ Research Students Centre Division of Research & Commercialisation Queensland University of Technology Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (Research) 2010 i Keywords Georg Calixtus (1586–1656); Isaac Casaubon (1559–1614); humanism; ars historica; consensus antiquitatis; calixtine theology; irenicism; Renaissance; history of ideas; early modern Europe ii Abstract Georg Calixtus (1586–1656) was a Lutheran theologian, prominent in the German lands during the first half of the seventeenth century. Existing research focuses on Calixtus‘ contributions to religious and theological debates, particularly in regard to his role in the Syncretistic Controversy of the latter half of the seventeenth century, and in regard to his unique position as a Lutheran who aspired to reunion between the different Christian confessions. This thesis problematises this focus on Calixtus by theologians and ecclesiastical historians, and argues that the genesis and transmission of his ideas cannot be fully appreciated without considering his relationship with the broader intellectual milieu of early modern Europe. It does this by exploring Calixtus‘ interaction with the humanist tradition, in particular by reconsidering his relationship with Isaac Casaubon (1559–1614), and by exploring his work in light of intellectual movements that were taking place outside the Christian church. In so doing, this thesis argues that Calixtus made contributions to early modern thought that have been overlooked in the existing literature. It also becomes apparent that much research remains to be done to gain a more accurate picture of his place in the early modern intellectual landscape, and of his legacy to later generations of scholars. iii Table of Contents Keywords ..................................................................................................................... i Abstract ....................................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents ...................................................................................................... iii List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................ iv Statement of Original Authorship ............................................................................ v Acknowledgements.................................................................................................... vi 1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Impetus / Research Question ......................................................................... 5 1.2. A Note on Sources, Catholicity, and Creeds ................................................. 8 1.3. Summary—Introduction .............................................................................. 14 2. Context—Background and Biography .................................................... 16 2.1. The Confessionalization Thesis ................................................................... 17 2.2. The Early Years / University ....................................................................... 21 2.3. The Scholars ................................................................................................ 27 2.3.1. Jan Gruter ............................................................................................. 27 2.3.2. Cornelius Martini ................................................................................. 28 2.3.3. Philipp Melanchthon ............................................................................ 29 2.3.4. Balthasar Mentzer ................................................................................ 31 2.3.5. David Pareus ........................................................................................ 33 2.3.6. Summary—The Scholars ..................................................................... 35 2.4. The Controversies ........................................................................................ 36 2.5. The Calixtine Legacy to Lower Saxony ...................................................... 43 2.6. Summary—Background and Biography ..................................................... 45 3. Calixtus and Humanism: A Partial View? .............................................. 47 3.1. The Genesis of a Calixtine consensus antiquitatis ...................................... 48 3.2. Humanism, Calixtus, and History ............................................................... 52 3.2.1. Merkt and Schüssler ............................................................................. 55 3.3. Summary—Calixtus and Humanism ........................................................... 59 4. Isaac Casaubon and the Consensus of Antiquity ................................... 61 4.1. The consensus antiquitatis of Cassander, Dominis, and Calixtus ............... 62 4.2. Isaac Casaubon ............................................................................................ 68 4.3. Casaubon in Calixtus ................................................................................... 73 4.4. Summary—Isaac Casaubon and the Consensus of Antiquity ..................... 81 5. On the Study of History ............................................................................ 83 5.1. The ars historica ......................................................................................... 83 5.2. ―De studio historiarum oratio‖ .................................................................... 87 5.3. Summary—On the Study of History ........................................................... 97 6. Conclusion ................................................................................................ 101 Bibliography ........................................................................................................... 105 1. Primary Sources ........................................................................................... 105 2. Secondary Sources ....................................................................................... 109 iv List of Abbreviations ADB = Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, 55 vols. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, 1875–1912, http://www.deutsche-biographie.de (accessed March 23, 2009). ―De historia‖ = Calixtus, Georg. ―De studio historiarum oratio: 1629.‖ In Werke, 1:419–33. HAB = Herzog August Bibliothek, Wolfenbüttel. NDB = Neue deutsche Biographie, 23 vols to date. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1953– , http://www.deutsche-biographie.de (accessed March 23, 2009). Werke = Calixtus, Georg. Werke in Auswahl, 4 vols. Edited by Inge Mager. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1970–82. v Statement of Original Authorship The work contained in this thesis has not been previously submitted to meet requirements for an award at this or any other higher education institution. To the best of my knowledge and belief, the thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made. Christian Thorsten Callisen / /2010 vi Acknowledgements The seeds for this thesis were sown in 2008, when my grandma sent me an email telling me that one of my ancestors had been friends with Philipp Melanchthon and Martin Luther. Although the material facts turned out to be a little different, her email piqued my interest, and my tenth great-uncle remains the subject of this study. Without that message from my grandma, Rosemarie Callisen, this thesis would not exist, and it is to her that it is dedicated. Of course, over the last year and a half many debts have been incurred, and I cannot acknowledge them all here. However, there are several individuals whom I would like to make note of. First, I would like to thank my family—Mum, Thorkil, Caroline, and Nicholas—and my dearest friends, Bob and Andrew, for standing by me, even if they watched with incredulity as I made the leap from bank manager to intellectual historian. I would also like to thank my partner‘s family, especially Graham, Cheryl, Chris, and Auntie Bev, for welcoming me with open arms and for helping to make the transition in my private life over the last couple of years even easier than the transition in my professional life. To my supervisors, Associate Professor Gary Ianziti and Professor Gavin Kendall, I would like to express my sincere thanks and admiration. Gary‘s keen eye and firm editorial hand, and Gavin‘s incisive questioning, have helped to shape this thesis from the beginning, and their enthusiasm and support have made the whole journey entirely enjoyable. My thanks are also due various other scholars who took the time to answer questions and offer useful advice to an anonymous student from the other side of the world: Professor Dr Christoph Böttigheimer, Dr William Kelly, Rev. Dr Benjamin Mayes, and Rev. Dr Quentin Stewart; and especially Professor Constantin Fasolt, Professor Dr Inge Mager, and Dr Dirk van Miert for suggesting sources that I might otherwise have overlooked. I must also offer my gratitude for the incisive and constructive criticism of two anonymous reviewers from the Journal of the History of Ideas, whose feedback has helped to make chapter four much stronger than it might otherwise be. Others have contributed to this project in ways they may
Recommended publications
  • MIDDLEMARCH Adam Roberts Epigraphs and Mirrors A
    MIDDLEMARCH AdAm RobeRts Epigraphs and Mirrors A AdAm RobeRts d A m Using epigraphs as a lens to open up new vistas, this study explores a wide range R of connectons. Moving freely between epigraphs and the main text, Roberts obe succeeds in throwing fresh light on the manifold ‘middleness’ of Middlemarch and the richness and sophistcaton of George Eliot’s realism. R ts John Rignall In Middlemarch, George Eliot draws a character passionately absorbed by abstruse allusion and obscure epigraphs. Casaubon’s obsession is a cautonary tale, but Adam Roberts nonetheless sees in him an invitaton to take Eliot’s use of epigraphy and allusion seriously, and this book is an atempt to do just that. Roberts considers the epigraph as a mirror that refracts the meaning of a text, and that thus carries important resonances for the way Eliot’s novels generate their meanings. In this lively and provoking study, he tracks down those allusions and quotatons that have hitherto gone unidentfed by scholars, examining their MIDDLEMARCH relatonship to the text in which they sit to unfurl a broader argument about the novel – both this novel, and the novel form itself. Middlemarch: Epigraphs and Mirrors is both a study of George Eliot and a meditaton on the textuality of fcton. It is essental reading for specialists and students of George Eliot, the nineteenth century novel, and intertextuality. It will also richly reward anyone who has ever taken pleasure in Middlemarch. This is the author-approved editon of this Open Access ttle. As with all Open Book publicatons, this entre book is available to read for free on the publisher’s website.
    [Show full text]
  • Historians in Recent Histories of Historiography
    The Historical Journal, , (), pp. – © Cambridge University Press doi:./SX REPUBLICANS OF LETTERS, MEMORY POLITICIANS, GLOBAL COLONIALISTS: HISTORIANS IN RECENT HISTORIES OF HISTORIOGRAPHY CASPAR HIRSCHI Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, Zürich ABSTRACT. Writing the history of historiography is a tricky business. There is no unbiased way of doing it, and it can serve different goals that at best complement and at worst contradict each other. The genre can seem both suitable to promote one’s own academic agenda and to reflect upon one’s own ideological constraints, epistemological presumptions, and social aspirations. This article analyses the motivations and methods of recent authors in the field, and it does so principally by focusing on the roles they attribute to historians past and present. To enable comparisons, the article includes works with a national, European and global framework, on early modern and late modern historiography, by intellectual, cultural and post-colonialist historians. A general conclusion will be that while most publications use the genre to pursue academic interests with epistemic arguments, only few try to exploit its potential for critical self-reflexion. As a consequence, they tend to be of limited credibility and originality when it comes to describing historiography’s functions and historians’ roles. This article does not treat their lack of critical commitment as an isolated phenomenon in a historiographical sub-field, but as a symptom of a larger problem within academic scholarship today. There are, however, exceptions to the rule, and this article will also try to work out their particular strengths. In the early days of book reviewing, critics were busy looking for a solution to a problem that the new genre brought with it: how to expose published errors without soiling their authors’ name.
    [Show full text]
  • Georg Mancelius Teoloogina Juhendatud Disputatsioonide Põhjal
    Tartu Ülikool Usuteaduskond MERLE KAND GEORG MANCELIUS TEOLOOGINA JUHENDATUD DISPUTATSIOONIDE PÕHJAL magistritöö juhendaja MARJU LEPAJÕE, MA Tartu 2010 Sisukord SISSEJUHATUS .................................................................................................... 4 TÄNU ..................................................................................................................... 9 I. LUTERLIK ORTODOKSIA............................................................................. 10 1.1. Ajastu üldiseloomustus .............................................................................. 10 1.1.1. Ajalooline ülevaade ............................................................................ 10 1.1.2. Ortodoksia tekkepõhjused................................................................... 13 1.2. Luterlik ortodoksia..................................................................................... 14 1.2.1. Periodiseering, tähtsamad esindajad ning koolkonnad....................... 14 1.2.2. Luterliku ortodoksia teoloogilised põhijooned ................................... 17 1.2.2.1. Pühakiri........................................................................................ 17 1.2.2.2. Õpetus Jumalast ........................................................................... 19 1.2.2.3. Loomisest ja inimese pattulangemisest........................................ 22 1.2.2.4. Ettehooldest ja ettemääratusest.................................................... 23 1.2.2.5. Vabast tahtest..............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Cahiers-Papers 48-2 Final Proof.Indd
    320 Papers of the Bibliographical Society of Canada 48/2 des documents précieux à cause d’une panne de serveur ou d’un virus informatique ? Ne se limitant pas au présent, l’auteur jette un regard curieux et inquiet vers l’avenir rapproché... De plus, le livre est riche, d’une chronologie sélective, d’une riche bibliographie et de l’index. Si vous cherchez une encyclopédie des bibliothèques détruites, ce livre est pour vous. Cette encyclopédie n’est cependant complète, d’abord parce que ces bibliothèques sont trop nombreuses, ensuite parce que chaque année leur liste augmente. EUGÈNE LAKINSKY Bibliothécaire Graham Rees and Maria Wakely. Publishing, Politics, & Culture: The King’s Printers in the Reign of James I and VI. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. 280 pp.; £ 55.00 ISBN 9780199576319 “No one who was there will forget his inspiring inaugural lecture, in which he held a room spellbound as he explicated, with wit and energy, the intricate dances of the skeleton formes used to print Francis Bacon’s Novum Organum.” The explication remembered by David Colclough in the Times Higher Education obituary of Graham Rees now forms a part of this splendid monographic study of the Jacobean King’s Printers, the joint achievement of Rees, who died shortly before its publication, and Maria Wakely. The King’s Printing House had a monopoly on the printing of the Bible and the Book of Common Prayer in England, and was also responsible for many other publications, from proclamations to the 1606 English translation of the atlas of Ortelius and the 1620 Instauratio magna – the latter work making a bridge between this book and Rees and Wakely’s contributions (including the editing of the Instauratio magna) to the Oxford Francis Bacon, of which Rees was the director.
    [Show full text]
  • Concordia Theological Quarterly
    Concordia Theological Quarterly Volume 76:1-2 Januaryj April 2012 Table of Contents What Would Bach Do Today? Paul J. Grilne ........................................................................................... 3 Standing on the Brink of the J01'dan: Eschatological Intention in Deute1'onomy Geoffrey R. Boyle .................................................................................. 19 Ch1'ist's Coming and the ChUl'ch's Mission in 1 Thessalonians Charles A. Gieschen ............................................................................. 37 Luke and the Foundations of the Chu1'ch Pete1' J. Scaer .......................................................................................... 57 The Refonnation and the Invention of History Korey D. Maas ...................................................................................... 73 The Divine Game: Faith and the Reconciliation of Opposites in Luthe1"s Lectures on Genesis S.J. Munson ............................................................................................ 89 Fides Heroica? Luthe1" s P1'aye1' fo1' Melanchthon's Recovery f1'om Illness in 1540 Albert B. Collver III ............................................................................ 117 The Quest fo1' Luthe1'an Identity in the Russian Empire Darius Petkiinas .................................................................................. 129 The Theology of Stanley Hauerwas Joel D. Lehenbauer ............................................................................. 157 Theological Observer
    [Show full text]
  • Concordia Theological Quarterly
    Concordia Theological Quarterly Volume 76:1-2 Januaryj April 2012 Table of Contents What Would Bach Do Today? Paul J. Grilne ........................................................................................... 3 Standing on the Brink of the J01'dan: Eschatological Intention in Deute1'onomy Geoffrey R. Boyle .................................................................................. 19 Ch1'ist's Coming and the ChUl'ch's Mission in 1 Thessalonians Charles A. Gieschen ............................................................................. 37 Luke and the Foundations of the Chu1'ch Pete1' J. Scaer .......................................................................................... 57 The Refonnation and the Invention of History Korey D. Maas ...................................................................................... 73 The Divine Game: Faith and the Reconciliation of Opposites in Luthe1"s Lectures on Genesis S.J. Munson ............................................................................................ 89 Fides Heroica? Luthe1" s P1'aye1' fo1' Melanchthon's Recovery f1'om Illness in 1540 Albert B. Collver III ............................................................................ 117 The Quest fo1' Luthe1'an Identity in the Russian Empire Darius Petkiinas .................................................................................. 129 The Theology of Stanley Hauerwas Joel D. Lehenbauer ............................................................................. 157 Theological Observer
    [Show full text]
  • 2010 Unesco Jahr Von Marko Antun De Dominis
    IDSTEIN 29.09.2010 Idsteiner Mittwochsgesellscaft Ausländerbeirat der Stadt Idstein Kroatische Kulturgemeinschaft Wiesbaden e. V. 2010 UNESCO JAHR VON MARKO ANTUN DE DOMINIS 450-Jahrestag der Geburt von Marko Antun de Dominis, Philosoph und Wissenschaftler (ܐ1560 -†1624) Marko Antun de Dominis spielte in der intellektuellen Welt an der Wende vom 16. Jh. zum 17. Jh. eine wichtige Rolle auf dem Gebiet der Naturwissenschaften und Theologie. Er war Bischof von Senj und später Erzbischof von Split. Sein Amt bestimmte der Konflikt zwischen zwei Interpretationen des Christentums und der Lehre von Christus, was mit der Frage der Kirchenorganisation und nicht seltenen dem Missbrauch der Kirchenherrschaft und eben der Päpste verbunden war. Er versuchte einen Weg zu finden, um die zukünftige europäische Religionstrennung und Konflikte wie z.B. den Dreißigjährigen Krieg zu verhindern. Wenn man nur diesen Aspekt in Betracht zieht, kommt man zur Erkenntnis der Größe einer solchen Persönlichkeit. Marko Antun de Dominis (1560 -1624) war auch ein der Pioniere in der Physikforschungen, auf dem Gebiet der Optik und der Lichtbrechung. Auf diesem Gebiet veröffentlichte er im Jahr 1611 unter dem Titel: “Tractatus de radiis visus et lucis, perspectivis et iride” eine epochale Wissenschaftsarbeit, die einen großen Einfluss auf die zukünftige Forschungen der Optik hatte. Diese Wissenschaftsarbeit wurde später von Isaac Newton gepriesen und auch zitiert. Aber uns interessieren die historischen und theologischen Fragen im Rahmen des Dialogs zwischen Katholizismus und Protestantismus, denn die Hauptcharakteristik Europas an der Wende vom 16. zum 17. Jh. war die Religionstrennung zwischen dem europäischen katholischen Süden und dem protestantischen Norden. Marco Antonio de Dominis alias Jesuitenseminar in Padua ging Marco jedoch auf seiner Arbeit in Padua.
    [Show full text]
  • 4. Ars Historica Como Arte Da Prudência
    4. Ars historica como arte da prudência. Quando eu considero a quantidade e a variedade dos acidentes, das enfermidades, do acaso e da violência a que a vida do homem é submetida e quantas coisas devem concorrer no ano para que a colheita seja boa, não há nada que me espante mais que ver um homem velho, um ano fértil (Francesco Guicciardini. Ricordi, máxima 161). 4.1 Uma construção de fatos e palavras. Tucídides: sobre a distinção entre logos e ergon e o procedimento da autópsia. O princípio da utilidade: Tucídides e Políbio. O tratamento latino para a tensão entre res e verba. Os preceitos da ars historica no De Oratore. A história como monumento da virtus: Salústio e Tito Lívio. Embora a história – entendida como prática de inquirição sobre as grandes e memoráveis obras dos homens calcada numa "atitude crítica com relação ao registro de acontecimentos”,1 cujo propósito central seria o de salvar os feitos humanos do esquecimento –2 tenha não apenas surgido na Grécia do V século como alcançado, com Heródoto e Tucídides, sua maior expressividade no mundo antigo, a discussão acerca da concepção retórica de história predominante na Antiguidade deve dar atenção especial às reflexões de Cícero no livro II do diálogo De Oratore, isto porque os gregos jamais chegaram a definir a história como um gênero retórico-poético. Porém, antes de discutir os preceitos ciceronianos sobre a escrita da história, dedicarei algumas páginas à análise da tensão entre logos e ergon na História da Guerra do Peloponeso de Tucídides, assim como ao exame da concepção de autópsia e do privilégio do testemunho ocular sobre os relatos orais predominantes entre os historiadores gregos, como 1 MOMIGLIANO, Arnaldo.
    [Show full text]
  • The Historic Episcopate
    THE HISTORIC EPISCOPATE By ROBERT ELLIS THOMPSON, M.A., S.T. D., LL.D. of THE PRESBYTERY of PHILADELPHIA PHILADELPHIA tEfce Wtstminmx pre** 1910 "3^70 Copyright, 1910, by The Trustees of The Presbyterian Board of Publication and Sabbath School Work Published May, 1910 <§;G!.A265282 IN ACCORDANCE WITH ACADEMIC USAGE THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED TO THE PRESIDENT, FACULTY AND TRUSTEES OF MUHLENBERG COLLEGE IN GRATEFUL RECOGNITION OF HONORS CONFERRED PREFACE The subject of this book has engaged its author's attention at intervals for nearly half a century. The present time seems propitious for publishing it, in the hope of an irenic rather than a polemic effect. Our Lord seems to be pressing on the minds of his people the duty of reconciliation with each other as brethren, and to be bringing about a harmony of feeling and of action, which is beyond our hopes. He is beating down high pretensions and sectarian prejudices, which have stood in the way of Christian reunion. It is in the belief that the claims made for what is called "the Historic Episcopate" have been, as Dr. Liddon admits, a chief obstacle to Christian unity, that I have undertaken to present the results of a long study of its history, in the hope that this will promote, not dissension, but harmony. If in any place I have spoken in what seems a polemic tone, let this be set down to the stress of discussion, and not to any lack of charity or respect for what was for centuries the church of my fathers, as it still is that of most of my kindred.
    [Show full text]
  • Perkins Satellite Course of Study Sept. 23, Oct. 21, and Nov. 11 2017
    COS 322: THEOLOGICAL HERITAGE III: MEDIEVAL & REFORMATION Perkins Satellite Course of Study Sept. 23, Oct. 21, and Nov. 11 2017 Dr. Bryan A. Stewart [email protected] Professor of Religion 325-793-3899 McMurry University Abilene, TX 79697 Course Description: This course provides an historically informed study of Medieval and Reformation Christian theology for students seeking to serve in ministerial capacities. As such, it covers major movements and events beginning with the split between the Eastern and Western church, and continues through the Protestant Reformation. Using primary sources, students will reflect on individuals, decisive events, and theological developments in the history of Medieval and Reformation Christianity. Course Objectives: 1. Understand major theological developments in medieval Christianity leading up to the Protestant Reformation. 2. Distinguish the theological characteristics of Luther, Zwingli, the Anabaptists, Calvin, the English Reformation, and the Puritans. 3. Understand and articulate Reformation-era debates concerning justification, sanctification, the sacraments, and church unity. 4. Appreciation and appropriation of the relevance of historical theology for pastoral ministry Required Texts: David Bagchi and David C. Steinmetz, eds., The Cambridge Companion to Reformation Theology (Cambridge: Cambridge U.P., 2004). ISBN: 978-0521776622. Henry Bettenson and Chris Maunder, Documents of the Christian Church, 4th ed. (Oxford: Oxford U.P., 2011). ISBN: 978-0199568987. Justo Gonzalez, The Story of Christianity, Vol. 1: The Early Church to the Dawn of the Reformation, 2nd ed. (San Francisco: HarperOne, 2010). ISBN: 978-0061855887. -------------, The Story of Christianity, Vol. 2: The Reformation to the Present Day, 2nd ed. (San Francisco: HarperOne, 2010). ISBN: 978-0061855894. Recommended Resources (but not required): Cross & Livingston, eds., The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd ed.
    [Show full text]
  • 500Th Anniversary of the Lutheran Reformation
    500TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE LUTHERAN REFORMATION L LU ICA TH EL ER G A N N A S V Y E N E O H D T LUTHERAN SYNOD QUARTERLY VOLUME 57 • NUMBERS 2 & 3 JUNE & SEPTEMBER 2017 The journal of Bethany Lutheran Theological Seminary ISSN: 0360-9685 LUTHERAN SYNOD QUARTERLY VOLUME 57 • NUMBERS 2 & 3 JUNE & SEPTEMBER 2017 The journal of Bethany Lutheran Theological Seminary LUTHERAN SYNOD QUARTERLY EDITOR-IN-CHIEF........................................................... Gaylin R. Schmeling BOOK REVIEW EDITOR ......................................................... Michael K. Smith LAYOUT EDITOR ................................................................. Daniel J. Hartwig PRINTER ......................................................... Books of the Way of the Lord The Lutheran Synod Quarterly (ISSN: 0360-9685) is edited by the faculty of Bethany Lutheran Theological Seminary 6 Browns Court Mankato, Minnesota 56001 The Lutheran Synod Quarterly is a continuation of the Clergy Bulletin (1941–1960). The purpose of the Lutheran Synod Quarterly, as was the purpose of the Clergy Bulletin, is to provide a testimony of the theological position of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod and also to promote the academic growth of her clergy roster by providing scholarly articles, rooted in the inerrancy of the Holy Scriptures and the Confessions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. The Lutheran Synod Quarterly is published in March and December with a combined June and September issue. Subscription rates are $25.00 U.S. per year for domestic subscriptions and $35.00 U.S. per year for international subscriptions. All subscriptions and editorial correspondence should be sent to the following address: Bethany Lutheran Theological Seminary Attn: Lutheran Synod Quarterly 6 Browns Ct Mankato MN 56001 Back issues of the Lutheran Synod Quarterly from the past two years are available at a cost of $10.00 per issue.
    [Show full text]
  • Universalist Aspirations of the Utraquist Church
    194 Zdeněk V. David Universalist Aspirations of the Utraquist Church Zdeněk V. David (Washington, D.C.) An important legacy of Utraquism to the subsequent Czech political culture was its universalist outlook. This conclusion may appear paradoxical consider - ing that the national accent seemed so strong in the Bohemian Reformation and especially during the Bohemian religious wars. Such an assumption of national exclusivity led to the mistaken view that the Bohemians might be sat - isfied with an exceptional ecclesiastical status, as Rome saw it at the Council of Basel in 1434-1436 and in the issuance of a special privilege of the lay chalice for the Bohemians by Pope Pius IV in 1564. These tactics of appeasement, however, failed. They ignored the basic fact that the Bohemians’ goal was to reform the (Western) Church as a whole. In the eyes of the Utraquists, the purpose of the Czech nation was not to assert a peculiar set of ethnically grounded beliefs, but to serve as a vehicle for the realisation of a universal purpose. Subsequently, this outlook harmonised with the cosmopolitan character of the Enlighten - ment and eventually with that of political liberalism. In an earlier article, I discussed the Utraquist legacy of liberal ecclesiology. 1 In this paper the Utraquists’ universalism is treated in terms of their contin - ued, albeit qualified, attachment to the Roman Church, as well as their rela - tionship to other groups that sought to reform the entire scope of Western Christendom along the lines of liberal Catholicism. 2 This essay also seeks to answer the charges that the Utraquists’ ambition to reform the Church of Rome revealed signs of sycophancy, quixotic idiosyncrasy, and megalomania in their actions.
    [Show full text]