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Veronica J Lawrence Phd Thesis <2/ 530/ ,6. ?93<361; 70 93-2,9. ?23<079. >DOMLHB@ 4" 5@TODLBD , <GDPHP ;RAKHQQDC EMO QGD .DFODD ME 8G. @Q QGD =LHSDOPHQV ME ;Q" ,LCODTP %)(( 0RJJ KDQ@C@Q@ EMO QGHP HQDK HP @S@HJ@AJD HL 9DPD@OBG+;Q,LCODTP*0RJJ<DUQ @Q* GQQN*##ODPD@OBG!ODNMPHQMOV"PQ!@LCODTP"@B"RI# 8JD@PD RPD QGHP HCDLQHEHDO QM BHQD MO JHLI QM QGHP HQDK* GQQN*##GCJ"G@LCJD"LDQ#%$$&'#&)'& <GHP HQDK HP NOMQDBQDC AV MOHFHL@J BMNVOHFGQ THE_LIFE AND WRITINGS 0 RICHARD WHITFORD 19aß V. J. Lawrence Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of St. Andrews. lot ti Abstract This study examines the writings of Richard Whitford, early sixteenth-century English Bridgettine Father and author of devotional literature. Since a canon of his writings has not yet been satisfactorily established, the study begins by examining all works attributed to Whitford and their claim to a place in the corpus of his writings. The appearance of Whitfordts name as self-acknowledged author within the text of a work and/or reference to the work in another work known for the above reason to be his are considered indisputable evidence of his authorship. Chapters 2 and 3 examine the salient characteristics of all works falling into this category. Chapter 4 looks at all other works attributed to Whitford and, based on the evidence provided by chapters 2 and 3, accepts or discounts his authorship of the works. Chapter 5 provides a physical description of most early printed editions of Whitford's writings and traces their history as printed books. A comparison of different editions of Whitford's works reveals that his thought remained conservative throughout his life but that he was constantly considering ways in which he might best convey his message to his audience. Chapter 6 is a detailed study of sources, such as contemporary writings, the Bible, the writings of the Church Fathers and the pagan writings of antiquity, used by Whitford in his works and the ways in which he used them. Chapter 7 examines Whitford's writings in the context of contemporary devotional literature. It will be seen in this chapter that they hold a peculiar place in the devotional literature of the early sixteenth century, not so much because of their content but because of their presentation. The appendix provides an edition of Syon Ms. 18, A looking glace for the religious-, quite possibly by Whitford and never previously edited. TI-esis Copyright Declaration "In submitting this thesis to the University of St. Andrews I understand that I am giving permission for it to be made available for public use in accordance with the regulations of the University Library for the time being in force, subject to any copyright vested in the work not being affected thereby. I also understand that the title and abstract will be published, and that a copy of the work may be made and supplied to any bona fide library or research worker. " September 15,1987. V Lammt I, Veronica Lawrence, hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately 80,000 words in length, has been written by me, that it is the record of work carried out by me and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. September 15,1987. V LWtJ I was admitted as a research student under Ordinance No. 12 on October 1982 and as a candidate for the degree of Ph. D on April 1983; the higher study for which this is a record was carried out in the University of St. Andrews between 1982 and 1987. I September 15,1987. V LoJ I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the resolutions and regulations appropriate for the degree of Ph. D. in the University of St. Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree. September 13,1987. ý--- --ý -,. ý, _, Acknowledgements. "... a great benefyte or gyfte is worse than loste vpon suche vnkynde persons that done not remember it, ne gyue due thanks therefore. " Richard Whitford, A werke housholders (Waylande, 1537), Giiia. I would here like to acknowledge the guidance and encouragement of my supervisor, Mr. H. Peter King, and to thank him for all his kindness to me during my time as a postgraduate. I would also like to thank Professor Donald Watt, Chairman of the Department of Medieval History, for his generous help to me at all times and Professor Donald Bullough, Director of St. John's House, for allowing me the use of its study and research facilities. In addition, I would like to thank members of staff of the University of St. Andrews Library, especially Mr. Robert Hargreaves (Keeper of Printed Books), my colleagues in St. John's House and the members of the Department of Medieval History. I am much indebted to the Lady Abbess and Sisters of Syon Abbey, South Devon, for allowing me to prepare a transcript of Syon Ms. 18, A looking glace Lox jhQ religious, and for their unstinting kindness and generosity to me on the occasion of my three visits to Syon Abbey. I am also very grateful to the Trustees of the Theodora Bosanquet Bursary for offering me the opportunity to stay at Crosby Hall in July, 1985, enabling me to pursue my research in London. Scholars whom I would like to thank individually are: Mrs. Marie Collins (Westfield College, University of London), Mr. Gordon DesBrisay (University of St. Andrews), Dr. Maria Dowling, Dr. Roger Ellis (University College, Cardiff), Professor Ralph Griffiths (University College of Swansea), Dr. James Hogg (University of Salzburg), Professor Ann Hutchinson (York University, Toronto), Professor Valerie Lagorio (University of Iowa), Professor David Loades (University College of North Wales, Bangor), Professor James McConica (University of Toronto), Miss Helen Miller (University College of North Wales, Bangor), Professor Domenico Pezzini (Universitä Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan), Dr. Jan Rhodes, Mrs. Angela Smith (Warburg Institute), Dr. Philippa Tudor, Professor Glanmor Williams (University College of Swansea) and Dr. Lars Wollin (University of Goteborg). I am also indebted to members of staff of the following libraries for their help to me: the British Library, Lambeth Palace Library, the Guildhall Library (London), the Bodleian Library, Cambridge University Library, the Old Library College Cambridge, the John Rylands of Magdalene , Library (Manchester), the Folger Library (Washington D. C. ) and the National Library of Scotland (Edinburgh). Finally, I would like to thank my parents and parents-in-law for all their help and encouragement. I would especially like to thank my husband Sean without whose patience and faith in me, I could never have finished this thesis. Table of Contents 1 I. Introduction ...................................... II. Authorship Whitford's Writings 13 - ................. III. Authorship - Characteristic Features in Whitford's Writings 44 ............... The Attributed Works 92 IV. Authorship - ................ V. The Early Printed Editions of Whitford's Writings 154 .......................... Whitford's Sources 193 VI. .............................. VII. Whitford and Contemporary Devotional 229 Literature ................................... Conclusions 266 VIII. ..................................... IX. Appendix -A looking glace for the Religious 273 .................................... X. Bibliography 380 .................................... Chal2ter- Introduction ,l- Little is known about the life of Richard Whitford, Bridgettine Father and writer of devotional literature. He was probably born in the 1170's in North Wales. [1] In the 11190's, he entered the University of Cambridge and, after some years, was elected Fellow of Queens' College. His name appears in the Cambridge University proctors' accounts of [1] As E. J. Klein points out in his Ph. D. thesis, The ldfc. Aid Works gf Richard Whitford (Yale, 1937), it was not unusual , for a contemporary of Whitford's to begin a course of study at Cambridge at age sixteen (Klein, p. 5). The first documentary evidence of Whitfordts time at Cambridge is a reference (see below) in 1196 to his payment of a "communa", a fee paid by students on the occasion of various acts such as admission to degree (Grace Book A, ed. S. M. Leathes, Cambridge Antiquarian Society (Cambridge, 1897), p. viii). This suggests that Whitford had arrived at Cambridge at some point prior to 1496. Assuming that he was around sixteen when he arrived at Cambridge, he would have to have been born in the 1470's. Whitford's Welsh connection is suggested by his surname: Whitford was the name of a parish in Flintshire (see Williams, G., "Two Neglected London-Welsh Clerics: Richard Whitford and Richard Gwent", Thg Transactions. QL tag Honorable Society Qymmrodorion (1961) Part I, p. 23). In addition to this, when he was at the University of Paris, Whitford enrolled himself as belonging to the diocese of St. Asaph (which included almost the whole of Flintshire), suggesting that he most likely lived there at some time and, possibly, was born there (Klein, p. 1; Erasmus, Desiderius, Obus Eoistolarum Desiderii Erasmi Roterodami, ed. P. S. and H. M. Allen (Oxford, 1906) It p. 225). Furthermore, in his work entitled A werke Lo-n housholders, Whitford mentions a number of place-names and landmarks in Flintshire as though he were familiar with them and mentions as an 'acquaintance a certain "vicar of Hallywell where saynt Wenefredes Well is, besyde the abbey, of Basingwerke in Flynt shyre in the borders of Wales (Whitford, Richard, A. werke £ housholders (Waylande, 1537), C ivb'(RSTC 25'25.5)). Finally, another individual, also by the name of Richard Whitford (possibly our Whitford's uncle) was a brother of Syon at the time of his death in 1511. His will indicated that he owned extensive lands in Flintshire (Somerset House, Prerogative Court of Canterbury, 5 Fetiplace). Page 2 1$96 where he is recorded as having paid a "communa" of seven shillings.
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