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(Bakalářská Práce, Maurer, Bozo-Ks 2014 JIHO ČESKÁ UNIVERZITA V ČESKÝCH BUD ĚJOVICÍCH ZEM ĚDĚLSKÁ FAKULTA Studijní program: B4106 Zem ědělská specializace Studijní obor: Biologie a ochrana zájmových organism ů Katedra: Katedra biologických disciplín Vedoucí katedry: doc. RNDr. Ing. Josef Rajchard, Ph.D. Bakalá řská práce Obchod s motýly pod ochranou CITES Vedoucí bakalá řské práce: RNDr. Josef Navrátil, Ph.D. Autor bakalá řské práce: Jan Maurer České Bud ějovice 2014 Prohlašuji, že v souladu s § 47b zákona č. 111/1998 Sb. v platném zn ění souhlasím se zve řejn ěním své bakalá řské práce, a to – v nezkrácené podob ě – v úprav ě vzniklé vypušt ěním vyzna čených částí archivovaných Zem ědělskou fakultou – elektronickou cestou ve ve řejn ě p řístupné části databáze STAG provozované Jiho českou univerzitou v Českých Bud ějovicích na jejích internetových stránkách, a to se zachováním mého autorského práva k odevzdanému textu této kvalifika ční práce. Souhlasím dále s tím, aby toutéž elektronickou cestou byly v souladu s uvedeným ustanovením zákona č. 111/1998 Sb. zve řejn ěny posudky školitele a oponent ů práce i záznam o pr ůběhu a výsledku obhajoby kvalifika ční práce. Rovn ěž souhlasím s porovnáním textu mé kvalifika ční práce s databází kvalifika čních prací Theses.cz provozovanou Národním registrem vysokoškolských kvalifika čních prací a systémem na odhalování plagiát ů. Datum 11. 4. 2014 Děkuji p ředevším mému školiteli RNDr. Josefu Navrátilovi, Ph.D. za vedení bakalá řské práce a paní doc. RNDr. Iv ě Dostálkové, Ph.D. za pomoc se zpracováním graf ů a statistiky. Taktéž d ěkuji všem ostatním, kte ří mi poskytli užite čné rady pro vypracování této práce. Souhrn Tato práce se zabývá mezinárodním obchodem s druhy motýl ů za řazených v přílohách úmluvy CITES. Obchod jsem zpracoval za období od roku 1978 do roku 2012, k čemuž jsem jako hlavní zdroj využil databáze CITES. Základem vyhodnocení je rozd ělení obchodu na dovoz a vývoz. V rámci t ěchto dvou kategorií jsou dále zpracovány početní charakteristiky obchodovaných exemplá řů . Na základ ě analýzy obchodu s motýly jsou také identifikovány hlavní zem ě dovozu a vývozu, hlavní komodity, se kterými je obchodováno, zdroj a d ůvod dovozu a vývozu exemplá řů . Dále je provedena statistika, zda se liší obchod v pr ůběhu let. Bylo zjišt ěno, že obchod s motýly stoupal nejvíce v letech 2007 a 2008. Klí čová slova : mezinárodní obchod, CITES, ohrožené druhy motýli, dovoz, vývoz, komodit. Abstract This thesis deals with international trade in species of butterfly covered by CITES convention. The trade has been done for 1978 – 2012, CITES Trade Database was used as a basic source. Import and export data has been assessed separately. Numbers of traded specimens have been evaluated for both of these two categories. Main countries of import and export, main terms, source and purpose of trade were also identified. Subsequently, trends have been statisticaly analysed that there is diference in different trade over the years. It was found, that the trend was increasing between 1978 -2012. Key words: international trade, CITES, endangered species, butterfly, import, export, terms. - 1 - Obsah 1. ÚVOD ...................................................................................................................................... - 8 - 2. LITERÁRNÍ P ŘEHLED ........................................................................................................ - 9 - 2.1 Úvod do problematiky .......................................................................................................... - 9 - 2.2 CITES .................................................................................................................................... - 9 - 2.2.1 CITES ve Sv ětě ................................................................................................................. - 10 - 2.2.2 CITES v EU ...................................................................................................................... - 14 - 2.2.3 CITES v ČR ..................................................................................................................... - 20 - 2.2.4 Monitoring obchodu ......................................................................................................... - 25 - 2.3 Motýli (Lepidoptera) ........................................................................................................... - 26 - 2.3.1 Morfologie dosp ělých motýl ů ........................................................................................... - 27 - 2.3.2 Anatomie dosp ělých lepidopter ........................................................................................ - 37 - 2.3.3 Rozmnožování a vývoj jedinců ............................................................................................ - 39 - 2.3.4 Etologie motýl ů ................................................................................................................... - 40 - 2.3.5 Ekologie motýl ů .................................................................................................................. - 42 - 3. METODIKA ......................................................................................................................... - 45 - 4. VÝSLEDKY .............................................................................................................................. 47 4.1 Obchod se všemi exemplá ři CITES motýl ů ............................................................................ 47 4.2 Obchod podle p ůvodu exemplá ře a podle d ůvodu obchodu ................................................... 48 4.3 Importé ři a exporté ři s motýly ................................................................................................ 50 4.4 Komodity ................................................................................................................................. 56 4.5 Analýzy pro vybrané druhy .................................................................................................... 58 4.5.1 Ornithoptera priamus ............................................................................................................. 58 4.5.2 Ornithoptera goliath ............................................................................................................... 61 4.5.3 Ornithoptera croesus .............................................................................................................. 63 5. DISKUSE .................................................................................................................................. 67 5.1 Obchod se všemi druhy motýlů .................................................................................................. 67 - 7 - 5.2 Exportéři ..................................................................................................................................... 68 5.3 Importéři .................................................................................................................................... 69 6. ZÁV ĚR...................................................................................................................................... 70 7. SEZNAM POUŽITÝCH ZDROJ Ů .......................................................................................... 72 8. P řílohy ....................................................................................................................................... 77 - 8 - 1. ÚVOD Sou časné využívání životního prost ředí člov ěkem a jeho technologiemi vede k ni čení p řirozeného prost ředí mnoha živo čich ů, což má za následek snižování biodiverzity na Zemi. K tomuto faktu se nadále p řidává ješt ě nelegální obchod s organismy, který je ve Sv ětovém m ěř ítku svým objemem na t řetím míst ě. Nejedná se zde pouze o obchod se samotnými živo čichy, ale velmi často také o obchod s částmi jejich t ěl, nap říklad sloní kly, nebo rohy nosorožce jsou velmi žádanou trofejí. Ve vý čtu nesmíme také zapomenout na nejr ůzn ější výrobky vyrobené ze vzácn ě se vyskytujících nebo ohrožených živo čich ů. Tyto alarmující skute čnosti a samotné zákony trhu, poptávka a spot řeba, zten čují zásoby p řírodních zdroj ů na znepokojující míru, p řičemž tyto zdroje jsou biologickou základnou, na které je lidstvo bezpodmíne čně závislé. O nutnosti regulace exportu, tranzitu a importu vzácných nebo ohrožených voln ě žijících druh ů, se za čalo mluvit po čátkem 60. let 20. století na p ůdě mezinárodního spole čenství v čele s IUCN a OSN. Tyto rozhovory m ěli za následek sepsání jedné z nejd ůležit ějších mezinárodních úmluv a to Úmluvy o mezinárodním obchodu ohroženými druhy voln ě žijících živo čich ů a plan ě rostoucích rostlin známé pod anglickou zkratkou CITES. Cílem této práce je zodpov ědět n ěkolik následujících otázek: • Jaké jsou trendy v mezinárodním obchodu s motýly? • Jaké jsou hlavní zem ě dovozu a vývozu? • Za jakým ú čelem se s danými druhy obchoduje? • Jaké jsou nejžádan ější druhy? • Objevují se v obchodu vzácné exemplá ře? - 8 - 2. LITERÁRNÍ P ŘEHLED 2.1 Úvod do problematiky Využívání voln ě žijících živo čich ů za ú čelem dosažení zisku není novým jevem a mezinárodní obchod s voln ě žijícími živo čichy byl rozší řen po mnoho staletí. V d řív ějších dobách i tento obchod zp ůsobil pokles populací ur čitých druh ů, ale nebylo to tak časté jako v tomto století a ani obavy nebyly tak velké. Kritickými faktory se staly nár ůst lidské populace a rychlý rozvoj moderních zp ůsob ů p řepravy a komunikace (Hutton, 2000a). Každý rok se obchoduje s miliardami živo čich
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