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Hezbollah's Syrian Quagmire
Hezbollah’s Syrian Quagmire BY MATTHEW LEVITT ezbollah – Lebanon’s Party of God – is many things. It is one of the dominant political parties in Lebanon, as well as a social and religious movement catering first and fore- Hmost (though not exclusively) to Lebanon’s Shi’a community. Hezbollah is also Lebanon’s largest militia, the only one to maintain its weapons and rebrand its armed elements as an “Islamic resistance” in response to the terms of the Taif Accord, which ended Lebanon’s civil war and called for all militias to disarm.1 While the various wings of the group are intended to complement one another, the reality is often messier. In part, that has to do with compartmen- talization of the group’s covert activities. But it is also a factor of the group’s multiple identities – Lebanese, pan-Shi’a, pro-Iranian – and the group’s multiple and sometimes competing goals tied to these different identities. Hezbollah insists that it is Lebanese first, but in fact, it is an organization that always acts out of its self-interests above its purported Lebanese interests. According to the U.S. Treasury Department, Hezbollah also has an “expansive global network” that “is sending money and operatives to carry out terrorist attacks around the world.”2 Over the past few years, a series of events has exposed some of Hezbollah’s covert and militant enterprises in the region and around the world, challenging the group’s standing at home and abroad. Hezbollah operatives have been indicted for the murder of former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafiq Hariri by the UN Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL) in The Hague,3 arrested on charges of plotting attacks in Nigeria,4 and convicted on similar charges in Thailand and Cyprus.5 Hezbollah’s criminal enterprises, including drug running and money laundering from South America to Africa to the Middle East, have been targeted by law enforcement and regulatory agen- cies. -
Avoiding Another War Between Israel and Hezbollah
COUNTING THE COST Avoiding Another War between Israel and Hezbollah By Nicholas Blanford and Assaf Orion “He who wishes to fight must first count the cost.” Sun Tzu, The Art of War ABOUT THE SCOWCROFT MIDDLE EAST SECURITY INITIATIVE The Atlantic Council’s Scowcroft Middle East Security Initiative honors the legacy of Brent Scowcroft and his tireless efforts to build a new security architecture for the region. Our work in this area addresses the full range of security threats and challenges including the danger of interstate warfare, the role of terrorist groups and other nonstate actors, and the underlying security threats facing countries in the region. Through all of the Council’s Middle East programming, we work with allies and partners in Europe and the wider Middle East to protect US interests, build peace and security, and unlock the human potential of the region. You can read more about our programs at www.atlanticcouncil.org/ programs/middle-east-programs/. May 2020 ISBN-13: 978-1-61977-099-7 This report is written and published in accordance with the Atlantic Council Policy on Intellectual Independence. The authors are solely responsible for its analysis and recommendations. The Atlantic Council and its donors do not determine, nor do they necessarily endorse or advocate for, any of this report’s conclusions. This report is made possible by general support to the Atlantic Council’s Middle East Programs. COUNTING THE COST Avoiding Another War between Israel and Hezbollah CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................2 -
Why They Died Civilian Casualties in Lebanon During the 2006 War
September 2007 Volume 19, No. 5(E) Why They Died Civilian Casualties in Lebanon during the 2006 War Map: Administrative Divisions of Lebanon .............................................................................1 Map: Southern Lebanon ....................................................................................................... 2 Map: Northern Lebanon ........................................................................................................ 3 I. Executive Summary ........................................................................................................... 4 Israeli Policies Contributing to the Civilian Death Toll ....................................................... 6 Hezbollah Conduct During the War .................................................................................. 14 Summary of Methodology and Errors Corrected ............................................................... 17 II. Recommendations........................................................................................................ 20 III. Methodology................................................................................................................ 23 IV. Legal Standards Applicable to the Conflict......................................................................31 A. Applicable International Law ....................................................................................... 31 B. Protections for Civilians and Civilian Objects ...............................................................33 -
The Iranian Drone Threat
.’[-p;u65egyuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuiop[;’]\ The Iranian Drone Threat Updated: April 2021 0 Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 1 History and Capabilities of Iran’s Combat Drone Program ........................................................................ 4 Mohajer .............................................................................................................................................. 4 Ababil .................................................................................................................................................. 6 Karrar .................................................................................................................................................. 8 Shahed-129 ......................................................................................................................................... 9 Saeqeh .............................................................................................................................................. 10 Yasir .................................................................................................................................................. 12 Recent Drone Developments ............................................................................................................. 13 Iran’s Malign Drone Usage .................................................................................................................... -
Should Hezbollah Be Next? Daniel Byman
november / d ecember 2oo3 Should Hezbollah Be Next? Daniel Byman Volume 82 • Number 6 The contents of Foreign Affairs are copyrighted.©2003 Council on Foreign Relations, Inc. All rights reserved. Should Hezbollah Be Next? Daniel Byman the a team On September 20, 2001, in a historic speech to a joint session of Congress, President George W. Bush famously declared, “Our war on terror begins with al Qaeda, but it does not end there. It will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped, and defeated.” Few terrorist organizations meet this standard, but Hezbollah is definitely one of them. The Lebanon-based group has cells on every continent, and its highly skilled operatives have committed horrifying attacks as far away as Argentina. Before Sep- tember 11, 2001, it was responsible for more American deaths than any other terrorist organization. Hassan Nasrallah, the group’s secretary- general, recently proclaimed, “Death to America was, is, and will stay our slogan.” Since the outbreak of the second Palestinian intifada in September 2000, Hezbollah has armed and trained Palestinian terrorists, further fraying the already tattered peace process. Hezbollah operatives have reportedly traveled to postwar Iraq to rekindle historic ties with Iraqi Shi‘ites. It is hardly surprising, therefore, that many in the United States have argued that Hezbollah should be the next target in the war on terror. Shortly after September 11, a group of leading scholars, pundits, and former government o⁄cials, including William Kristol and Richard Perle, declared in an open letter to President Bush that “any war on terrorism must target Hezbollah” and urged that military action be considered against the movement’s state sponsors, Syria and Iran. -
Syria the Price of Dissent
July 1995 Vol. 7, No. 4 SYRIA THE PRICE OF DISSENT PREFACE..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 8 1. THE SUPREME STATE SECURITY COURT: OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 12 Legal Authority and Procedures............................................................................................................................................................................................................. -
Ashura - Misrepresentations and Distortions Part 2
Published on Books on Islam and Muslims | Al-Islam.org (https://www.al-islam.org) Home > 'Ashura - Misrepresentations and Distortions part 2 'Ashura - Misrepresentations and Distortions part 2 Authors(s): Ayatullah Murtadha Mutahhari [1] Publisher(s): al-Tawhid Islamic Journal [4] Translator(s): Ali Quli Qara'i [5] Category: Imam al-Husayn and Karbala [6] Journal: Vol.13, No.4 [7] This is the second part of a translation of a series of four sermons delivered by the author during the month of Muharram of 1389 H. (March 1969) on the topic of the meaning and significance of 'Ashura and the martyrdom of Imam Husayn (a) at Karbala. The Persian appeared under the title Hamaseh-ye Husayni (Tehran: Intisharat-e Sadra, 2nd impression, 1362 H). First part, sermons one and two: http://beta.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol13-no3/ashura-misrepresentations-d... [8] Topic Tags: Ashura [9] Karbala [10] Muharram [11] Misrepresentations [12] Distortions [13] Third Sermon 'Ashura - Misrepresentations and Distortions In the Name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful All Praise belongs to Allah, the Lord of the worlds and the Maker of all creation, and may Peace and benedictions be upon His servant and messenger, His beloved and elect, our master, our prophet, and our sire, Abu al-Qasim Muhammad, may Allah bless him and his pure, immaculate, and infallible Progeny. I seek the refuge of Allah from the accursed Satan: “So for their breaking their compact We cursed them and made their hearts hard; they would pervert the words from their meanings, and they forgot a portion of what they were reminded of.” (5:13) We stated earlier that the history of an event of such greatness as Karbala' has been subject to distortion at our hands both in respect of its external details as well as its meaning. -
Payame Mehr Moharam.Pmd
PAYAM-E MEHR PAYAM-E PAYAM-E MEHR 1 Message of Cordiality A Scientific - Promotional Quarterly VOL. 2, N0. 6 SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 2011 (MEHR – ABAN 1390) PAYAM-E MEHR PAYAM-E PAYAM-E MEHR PAYAM-E 22 Editor in Chief: Hossein Divsalar Payam-e Mehr Book Title: March 2012 Assistant Editor: Zainab Javier Date of Publication:Cultural Section Embassy Content Editor: Publisher: Jafar Tolabi of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Manila, Philippines2094-2508 Contributors: ISSN: Al-Tawhid Editors Dr. M. Ayoub Martyr Ayatollah Murtada Mutahhari Mulla Bashir Rahim Islamic Wisdom Editors Interested parties may contact the Cultural Section at: No. 16 Sta. Potenciana St., Urdaneta Village, Makati City Tel. nos. 812 5696 / 812 5697 Fax no. 812 2796 Email: [email protected] [email protected] PAYAM-E MEHR PAYAM-E PAYAM-E MEHR PAYAM-E A Scientific – Promotional Quarterly 3 VOL. 2, N0. 6 SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 2011 3 (MEHR – ABAN 1390) PAYAM-E MEHR PAYAM-E PAYAM-E MEHR PAYAM-E 4 4 PAYAM-E-MEHR A Scientific – Promotional Quarterly VOL. 2, N0. 6 SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 2011 (MEHR – ABAN 1390) Payam-e-Mehr: is a scientific- promotional quarterly aimed to create links, dialogues and exchanges between academicians and readers of varied persuasions through comparative and in- depth studies from different perspectives covering a broad spectrum of subjects like religion, literature, culture and art, philosophy, women issues, Islamic sciences, history, and international relations. The views expressed in this journal reflect the opinions of the authors and may not be regarded as espousing the official stance of the Cultural Section of the Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Iran here in Manila, Philippines. -
Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List
OFFICE OF FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL CHANGES TO THE Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List SINCE JANUARY 1, 2021 This publication of Treasury's Office of Foreign HAFEZ DARYA ARYA SHIPPING COMPANY LINES; f.k.a. HAFIZ DARYA SHIPPING Assets Control ("OFAC") is designed as a (a.k.a. HAFEZ DARYA ARYA SHIPPING LINE; COMPANY; f.k.a. HAFIZ-E-DARYA SHIPPING reference tool providing actual notice of actions by a.k.a. HAFEZ-E DARYAY-E ARIA SHIPPING LINES; a.k.a. HDAS CO.; f.k.a. HDAS LINES; OFAC with respect to Specially Designated LINES; f.k.a. HAFIZ DARYA SHIPPING a.k.a. HDASCO; a.k.a. HDASCO SHIPPING Nationals and other entities whose property is COMPANY; f.k.a. HAFIZ-E-DARYA SHIPPING COMPANY; f.k.a. HDS LINES; f.k.a. HDSL; f.k.a. blocked, to assist the p ublic in complying with the LINES; a.k.a. HDAS CO.; f.k.a. HDAS LINES; HDSLINES CO.), Asseman Tower, Pasdaran various sanctions programs administered by a.k.a. HDASCO; a.k.a. HDASCO SHIPPING Street, Tehran, Iran; No 60, Pasdaran Avenue, OFAC. The latest changes may appear here prior COMPANY; f.k.a. HDS LINES; f.k.a. HDSL; f.k.a. 7th Neyestan Street, Ehteshamiyeh Square, to their publication in the Federal Register, and it HDSLINES CO.), Asseman Tower, Pasdaran Tehran, Iran; Website www.hdasco.com; is intended that users rely on changes indicated in Street, Tehran, Iran; No 60, Pasdaran Avenue, Additional Sanctions Information - Subject to this document that post -date the most recent 7th Neyestan Street, Ehteshamiyeh Square, Secondary Sanctions; Registration Number Federal Register publication with respect to a Tehran, Iran; Website www.hdasco.com; 341417 (Iran) [IRAN]. -
Il Regime Sanzionatorio Contro L'iran. Una Valutazione Dell'impatto A
CENTROCENTRO ALTI ALTI STUDI STUDI CENTRO MILITARE PERPER LA LA DIFESA DIFESA DI STUDI STRATEGICI Michele Brunelli Michele Brunelli IlIl regiregimeme sanzionatoriosanzionatorio controcontro l’Iran.l’Iran. Una valutazioneUna valutazione dell’impatto dell’impatto a livello a livello politico, politico,economico economico e sociale e sociale e un’analisi e un’analisi sui nuovisui nuoviscenari scenari e sulle e potenzialità sulle potenzialità strutturali strutturalinel periodo nel periodo post-embargo post-embargo ((CodiceCodice AL AL--RR--04)04) Il Centro Militare di Studi Strategici (CeMiSS) è un organismo istituito nel 1987 che gestisce, nell’ambito e per conto della Difesa, la ricerca su temi di carattere strategico. Tale attività permette di accedere, valorizzandoli, a strumenti di conoscenza ed a metodologie di analisi indispensabili per dominare la complessità degli attuali scenari e necessari per il raggiungimento degli obiettivi che le Forze Armate, e più in generale la collettività nazionale, si pongono in tema di sicurezza e difesa. La mission del Centro, infatti, nasce dalla ineludibile necessità del Ministero della Difesa di svolgere un ruolo di soggetto attivo all’interno del mondo della cultura e della conoscenza scientifica interagendo efficacemente con tale realtà, contribuendo quindi a plasmare un contesto culturale favorevole, agevolando la conoscenza e la comprensione delle problematiche di difesa e sicurezza, sia presso il vasto pubblico che verso opinion leader di riferimento. Più in dettaglio, il Centro: ● effettua studi e ricerche di carattere strategico politico-militare; ● sviluppa la collaborazione tra le Forze Armate e le Università, centri di ricerca italiani, stranieri ed Amministrazioni Pubbliche; ● forma ricercatori scientifici militari; ● promuove la specializzazione dei giovani nel settore della ricerca; ● pubblica e diffonde gli studi di maggiore interesse. -
The World of Persian Literary Humanism
THE WORLD OF PERSIAN LITERARY HUMANISM THE WORLD OF PERSIAN LITERARYq HUMANISM HAMID DABASHI HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, Massachusetts London, En gland 2012 For the memories of my mother’s lullabies, and the whispers of the woman I love: For Golbarg. For Good. Copyright © 2012 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Dabashi, Hamid, 1951– The world of Persian literary humanism / Hamid Dabashi. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978- 0-674- 06671-7 1. Persian literature—History and criticism. 2. Humanism in literature. I. Title. PK6412.H86D33 2012 891'.5509—dc23 2012022225 q Contents Preface vii Introduction The Making of a Literary Humanism 1 1 The Dawn of an Irani an World in an Islamic Universe The Rise of Persian Language and Literature (632– 750) 42 2 The Persian Presence in the Early Islamic Empires Resisting Arabic Literary Imperialism (750– 1258) 70 3 The Prose and Poetry of the World The Rise of Literary Humanism in the Seljuqid Empire (1038–1194) 98 4 The Triumph of the Word The Perils and Promises of the Mongol Empire (1256– 1353) 131 5 The Lure and Lyrics of a Literature The Center and Periphery of the Timurid Empire (1370– 1506) 165 vi Contents 6 The Contours of a Literary Cosmopolitanism Treading over Multiple Empires (1501– 1732) 191 7 The Dawn of New Empires Literary Humanism in Search of Itself (1736– 1924) 224 8 The Final Frontiers New Persian Literary Humanism (1906 to the Present) 263 Conclusion Literary Humanism as an Alternative Theory to Modernity 301 Notes 329 Ac know ledg ments 359 Index 361 q Preface The Karun River runs through the Khuzestan province in southern Iran, where I was born and raised, like an immortal serpent whose head and tail are lost in the subterranean sinews of the earth or else deleted from the terrain of history. -
A Short History of the Iranian Drone Program
A Short History of the Iranian Drone Program MICHAEL RUBIN AUGUST 2020 AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE Executive Summary he 1980–88 Iran-Iraq War was a formative The third is the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) Tevent for the Islamic Republic of Iran. The sur- fleet, the focus of this report. While Iranian UAVs prise Iraqi invasion caught Iran’s revolutionary have been, until recently at least, among the least pub- regime unprepared. In the last decade of his rule, the licized Iranian asymmetric tools, they are among the ousted shah centered the Iranian military around Islamic Republic’s oldest, in service now for 35 years. big ticket items such as F-14 Tomcats, M60 tanks, The Iranian military utilizes its UAV fleet for two and AH-1 SuperCobra helicopters. At the time of the main purposes: surveillance and attack. Over the revolution, however, not only did many Iranian pilots last decade, Iranian UAV platforms for both pur- choose not to return to their homeland from training poses have expanded tremendously with not only ranges abroad but some of the equipment purchased the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps but also the by Iran also got stuck overseas. The Islamic Republic’s regular Iranian military and civil authorities gaining inability to purchase spare parts from Western sup- access to Iranian-made drones tailored for their spe- pliers further undercut its ability to defend itself over cific needs and mission sets. Whereas once, Iran did subsequent years. little more than attach cameras or grenades to rudi- As a result, both during and after the Iran-Iraq mentary drones that were limited both by weather War, Iranian authorities doubled down on indige- and line of sight to their controllers, today Iranian nous military industry so as not to become reliant on controllers can pilot drones for hours at a time over any overseas power and asymmetric technologies to hundreds of miles utilizing GPS coordinates.