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A Comprehensive Approach to Countering Unmanned Aircraft Systems th Joint Air Power Competence Centre A Comprehensive Approach to Countering Unmanned Aircraft Systems A Comprehensive Approach to Countering Unmanned Aircraft Systems Joint Air Power Competence Centre Cover Montage Circuit Board: © pluie_r / Shutterstock.com; Background Grid: © Copy- righted; Sentinel and Pterodactyl I: © Copyrighted; Quadcopter: © FARBAI / Shutterstock.com Disclaimer: The views expressed in this book are those of the authors. The content of this book does not represent the opinions or policies of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and is designed to provide an independent overview, analysis and food for thought re- garding possible ways ahead on the subject of having to counter unmanned aircraft systems. Copyright: This document is releasable to the public. Unless particularly stated otherwise, all content may be reproduced in whole or in part without further permission. However, if any article or parts thereof are being reproduced, the authors request a courtesy line. In case of doubt, please contact us. This book made use of other parties’ intellectual property in compliance with their terms of use, taking reasonable care to include originator source and copyright information in the appropriate credit line. The re-use of such material is guided by the originator’s terms of use. To obtain permission for the reproduction of such material, please contact the copyright owner of such material rather than the JAPCC. Authors (in alphabetical order) Maj Osman Aksu (TU AF) Lt Col Roy Milke (GE AF) Dr Christian Alwardt (GE) Christoph Müller (GE) Chief Insp Sascha Berndsen (GE) Lt Col Paul MacKenzie (CA AF) Joel Bollö (SWE) Alex Morrow (US) Capt Daniel Cochran (US N) Dr Thomas Neff (GE) Dr James Corum (US) Wg Cdr (ret.) Jez Parkinson (UK AF) Dr Ulrich Dieckert (GE) Phil Pitsky (US N) Dr Hans-Albert Eckel (GE) Lt Col Berry Pronk (NE AF) Lt Col Heiner Grest (GE AF) Dr James Rogers (UK) Lt Col André Haider (GE A) Amit Samani (UK) Dr Martin Hellmann (GE) Lt Col Andreas Schmidt (GE AF) Lt Col Henry Heren (US SF) Georg Schweizer (CH) Heleen Huijgen LLM BSc (NE) Lt Col (ret.) Panagiotis Stathopoulos (GR AF) Liisa Janssens LLM MA (NE) Lt Col Giuseppe Valentino (IT AF) Adam Jux BA (UK) Lt Col Tim Vasen (GE AF) Maj Fotios Kanellos (GR AF) Lt Col Jürgen Welsch (NE AF) David Kovar (US) Maj Andreas Wurster (GE A) First Chief Insp Jürgen Künstner (GE) Dr Dirk Zimper (GE) Editorial Team: Col Matthew Willis (US AF), Lt Col André Haider (GE A), Lt Col Daniel C. Teletin (RO AF), Lt Col Daniel Wagner (GE AF) All contributions to this publication have been peer reviewed by the appropriate subject matter experts. Where necessary, external expertise has been consulted. Published and distributed by: The Joint Air Power Competence Centre, von-Seydlitz-Kaserne, Römerstraße 140, 47546 Kalkar, Germany. Acknowledgements We would like to thank all authors and their respective organiza- tions for their contributions and expertise in helping to publish this compendium and advance this topic for discussion within NATO. V About This Book This technical manual covers all aspects of having to counter the full spectrum of unmanned aircraft and their respective system components. It should serve to bring together both civilian and military experts by initiating thought and emphasizing NATO’s ap- proach to a comprehensive solution for countering unmanned air- craft systems. We hope that you will find this book useful and a valuable addition to the academic body of work published by the JAPCC on Joint Air and Space Power. Jeffrey L. Harrigian General, US AF Commander, Allied Air Command Commander, United States Air Forces in Europe Commander, United States Air Forces Africa Director, Joint Air Power Competence Centre VII Table of Contents Acknowledgements .....................................................V Preface ......................................................................... 1 By Dr Claudio Palestini, IT North Atlantic Treaty Organization Foreword ...................................................................... 5 By Lieutenant General Klaus Habersetzer, GE AF Joint Air Power Competence Centre Part I – Overview Introduction ................................................................11 1 By Lieutenant Colonel André Haider, GE A Joint Air Power Competence Centre The Differences Between Unmanned Aircraft, 2 Drones, Cruise Missiles and Hypersonic Vehicles ... 27 By Lieutenant Colonel Andreas Schmidt, GE AF By Lieutenant Colonel André Haider, GE A Joint Air Power Competence Centre Unmanned Aircraft System Threat Vectors ............. 33 3 By Lieutenant Colonel André Haider, GE A Joint Air Power Competence Centre VIII The Vulnerabilities of 4 Unmanned Aircraft System Components ................ 55 By Lieutenant Colonel André Haider, GE A Joint Air Power Competence Centre A Methodology for Countering 5 Unmanned Aircraft Systems .................................... 75 By Lieutenant Colonel André Haider, GE A Joint Air Power Competence Centre Part II – Military Perspectives Joint Intelligence, Surveillance, 6 and Reconnaissance .................................................. 87 By Major Giuseppe Valentino, IT AF By Major Andreas Wurster, GE A Joint Air Power Competence Centre Defensive Counter-Air Operations ......................... 103 7 By Lieutenant Colonel Andreas Schmidt, GE AF By Lieutenant Colonel Berry Pronk, NE AF Joint Air Power Competence Centre Offensive Counter-Air Operations ......................... 129 8 By Major Osman Aksu, TU AF Joint Air Power Competence Centre IX Targeting .................................................................. 147 9 By Adam Jux, UK Civilian Targeting Consultant Electromagnetic Operations .................................... 167 10 By Lieutenant Colonel (ret.) Panagiotis Stathopoulos, GR AF Joint Air Power Competence Centre Cyberspace Operations ............................................ 183 11 By Lieutenant Colonel Paul MacKenzie, CA AF By Major Fotios Kanellos, GR AF Joint Air Power Competence Centre Space Operations ..................................................... 209 12 By Lieutenant Colonel Heiner Grest, GE AF By Lieutenant Colonel Henry Heren, US SF By Lieutenant Colonel Tim Vasen, GE AF Joint Air Power Competence Centre Force Protection Considerations ............................. 227 13 By Wing Commander (ret.) Jez Parkinson, UK AF Joint Air Power Competence Centre Command and Control ............................................ 257 14 By Lieutenant Colonel Andreas Schmidt, GE AF By Lieutenant Colonel Jürgen Welsch, NE AF Joint Air Power Competence Centre X Education and Training .......................................... 269 15 By Lieutenant Colonel André Haider, GE A By Lieutenant Colonel Roy Milke, GE AF Joint Air Power Competence Centre Strategic Communications ...................................... 283 16 By James S. Corum PhD, Lieutenant Colonel (ret.), US A University of Salford Part III – Civil Perspectives Protection of Critical Infrastructure ........................ 303 17 By Alex Morrow, US By Phil Pitsky, US N (vet.) By Amit Samani, UK Dedrone By Lieutenant Colonel André Haider, GE A Joint Air Power Competence Centre Law Enforcement .................................................... 319 18 By Senior Chief Inspector Jürgen Künstner, GE By Chief Inspector Sascha Berndsen, GE German State Police of North Rhine-Westphalia By Lieutenant Colonel André Haider, GE A Joint Air Power Competence Centre XI Drone Forensics ....................................................... 337 19 By David Kovar, US Unmanned & Robotics Systems Analysis By Joel Bollö, SWE Micro Systemation AB Cloud-based Command and Control 20 for Security and Drone Defence Applications ....... 351 By Georg Schweizer, CH Securiton GmbH, Germany Part IV – Legal Perspectives Regulatory Frameworks 21 in Support of Counter-UAS .................................... 375 By Dr iur. Ulrich Dieckert, GE Dieckert Recht und Steuern GbR The Juridical Landscape of 22 Countering Unmanned Aircraft Systems ............... 395 By Heleen Huijgen LLM BSc, NE By Liisa Janssens LLM MA, NE The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) XII Arms Control of Unmanned Weapons Systems: 23 Facing the Challenges ............................................. 415 By Dr Christian Alwardt, GE Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg Part V – Future Perspectives Research, Development, and Acquisition 24 of Counter-UAS Technologies ................................ 437 By Christoph Müller, GE By Dr Martin Hellmann, GE By Dr Hans-Albert Eckel, GE By Dr Thomas Neff, GE By Dr Dirk Zimper, GE German Aerospace Center (DLR) Employing Friendly UAS for 25 Counter-UAS Operations ........................................ 467 By Captain Dan Cochran, US N By Lieutenant Colonel Andreas Schmidt, GE AF Joint Air Power Competence Centre Future Threats: Military UAS, Terrorist Drones, 26 and the Dangers of the Second Drone Age ........... 481 By Dr James Rogers, UK Centre for War Studies at the University of Southern Denmark XIII Part VI – Annexes NATO UAS Classification Table .............................. 509 A Military UAS Fact Sheets ....................................... 513 B Russia ..............................................................................515 China .............................................................................. 539 Iran ................................................................................
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