Die Einsätze Von Streitkräften Zur Bekämpfung Des Terrorismus

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Die Einsätze Von Streitkräften Zur Bekämpfung Des Terrorismus DIE EINSÄTZE VON STREITKRÄFTEN ZUR BEKÄMPFUNG DES TERRORISMUS Eine vergleichende Analyse ausgewählter europäischer Staaten MA Christoph Rüthemann Militärakademie an der ETH Zürich Dozentur Strategische Studien Forschungsarbeit ISBN: 978-3-906211-60-2 VORWORT In den vergangenen fünf Jahren hat die terroristische Bedrohung in Westeuropa markant zugenommen und stellt die politischen Entscheidungsträger heute vor bedeutende Herausforderungen. Eine erfolgreiche Bekämpfung des Terrorismus setzt eine koordinierte und funktionierende Zusammenarbeit unterschiedlicher staatlicher, privater und gesellschaftlicher Akteure voraus. Auch die Streitkräfte leisten umfangreiche Beiträge zur Bekämpfung des Terrorismus. Die vorliegende Forschungsarbeit untersucht die Terrorismusbekämpfung ausgewählter europäischer Staaten. Im Rahmen von vier Fallstudien wird eruiert, welche Massnahmen in Deutschland, Frankreich, Belgien sowie Grossbritannien gegen die terroristische Bedrohung ergriffen werden. Das Schwergewicht der vergleichenden Untersuchung liegt dabei auf den Beiträgen der Streitkräfte im Inland. Die Forschungsarbeit untersucht zwei Fragestellungen. Erstens sollen die Voraussetzungen bestimmt werden, welche zu Inlandeinsätzen von Streitkräften im Rahmen der Terrorismusbekämpfung führen. Damit verbunden ist die Frage nach den Aufträgen und Kompetenzen von militärischen Einsatzverbänden im Inland. Zweitens prüft die Forschungsarbeit, inwiefern sich die laufenden Militäreinsätze im Inland auf die Entwicklung der Streitkräfte auswirken. Konkret werden dazu die Veränderungen in den Bereichen der Organisation, Doktrin, Ausbildung und Ausrüstung erörtert. Der Aufbau der Forschungsarbeit gliedert sich in drei Teile. In einem ersten Teil werden der Forschungsgegenstand sowie das Untersuchungsdesign und die Methodik beschrieben. In einem zweiten Schritt folgen die vier Fallstudien der Untersuchungsländer. Die vergleichende Analyse und die Diskussion der Ergebnisse bilden den dritten Teil der Forschungsarbeit. Durch die vergleichende Analyse der Untersuchungsländer sollen die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen von militärischer Terrorismusbekämpfung im Inland aufgezeigt werden. Damit wird eine breite Übersicht geschaffen, welche es dem Leser erlaubt, eigene Schlüsse zu ziehen sowie Erkenntnisse und Lehren für die Schweiz abzuleiten. Mein besonderer Dank gebührt der Schweizer Armee, der Militärakademie an der ETH Zürich und dem Dozenten Strategische Studien, welche das Forschungsprojekt über einen Zeitraum von drei Jahren finanziert und ermöglicht haben. Ebenso möchte ich mich an dieser Stelle bei allen Interviewpartnern der untersuchten Streitkräfte für ihre wertvolle Mithilfe und bei der Dozentur für die tatkräftige Unterstützung bedanken. Ein grosses Dankeschön gilt allen weiteren Personen, die im persönlichen Austausch mit konstruktiven Rückmeldungen und Praxisbezug zum Gelingen der Arbeit beigetragen haben. Birmensdorf, 31.05.2019 MA Christoph Rüthemann Wissenschaftlicher Projektmitarbeiter Militärakademie an der ETH Zürich, Dozentur Strategische Studien INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Abbildungs- und Tabellenverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung ..................................................................................................................... 1 2. Forschungsgegenstand Terrorismus ......................................................................... 6 2.1. Terroristische Bedrohungslage in Westeuropa ........................................................ 9 2.2. Strategien der Terrorismusbekämpfung .................................................................12 2.3. Stand der Forschung ..............................................................................................16 2.4. Forschungsbeitrag und Ziele der Projektarbeit .......................................................18 3. Untersuchungsdesign und Methoden .......................................................................19 3.1. Forschungsmodelle ................................................................................................19 3.2. Vergleichende Fallstudie ........................................................................................21 3.3. Fallauswahl ............................................................................................................22 3.4. Datenerhebung und Auswertung ............................................................................24 4. Fallstudien: Terrorismusbekämpfung in ausgewählten Staaten Westeuropas ......25 4.1. Deutschland ...........................................................................................................28 4.1.1. Staatliche Strukturen und Sicherheitssystem ..................................................28 4.1.2. Streitkräfteorganisation ...................................................................................41 4.1.3. Terroristische Bedrohungslage ........................................................................49 4.1.4. Terrorismusbekämpfung .................................................................................54 4.1.5. Streitkräfteeinsatz ...........................................................................................63 4.1.6. Zwischenfazit ..................................................................................................74 4.2. Frankreich ..............................................................................................................75 4.2.1. Staatliche Strukturen und Sicherheitssystem ..................................................75 4.2.2. Streitkräfteorganisation ...................................................................................90 4.2.3. Terroristische Bedrohungslage ........................................................................97 4.2.4. Terrorismusbekämpfung ............................................................................... 102 4.2.5. Streitkräfteeinsatz ......................................................................................... 110 4.2.6. Zwischenfazit ................................................................................................ 122 4.3. Belgien ................................................................................................................. 123 4.3.1. Staatliche Strukturen und Sicherheitssystem ................................................ 123 4.3.2. Streitkräfteorganisation ................................................................................. 138 4.3.3. Terroristische Bedrohungslage ...................................................................... 146 4.3.4. Terrorismusbekämpfung ............................................................................... 151 4.3.5. Streitkräfteeinsatz ......................................................................................... 161 4.3.6. Zwischenfazit ................................................................................................ 174 4.4. Grossbritannien .................................................................................................... 176 4.4.1. Staatliche Strukturen und Sicherheitssystem ................................................ 176 4.4.2. Streitkräfteorganisation ................................................................................. 192 4.4.3. Terroristische Bedrohungslage ...................................................................... 200 4.4.4. Terrorismusbekämpfung ............................................................................... 205 4.4.5. Streitkräfteeinsatz ......................................................................................... 221 4.4.6. Zwischenfazit ................................................................................................ 237 5. Inlandeinsätze der Streitkräfte im Vergleich ........................................................... 239 5.1. Militärische Inlandeinsätze ................................................................................... 240 5.1.1. Einsatzprinzipien ........................................................................................... 242 5.1.2. Einsatzverlauf und Entwicklungen ................................................................. 245 5.1.3. Wirksamkeit und öffentliche Wahrnehmung .................................................. 248 5.2. Streitkräfteentwicklung ......................................................................................... 250 5.2.1. Auswirkungen der Inlandeinsätze auf die Streitkräfte .................................... 250 5.2.2. Massnahmen der Streitkräfteentwicklung ...................................................... 252 6. Schlussfazit und Ausblick ....................................................................................... 256 Literaturverzeichnis ......................................................................................................... 260 Anhang .............................................................................................................................. 287 ABBILDUNGS- UND TABELLENVERZEICHNIS Abbildungen Abbildung 1: Attentate in Westeuropa 2000 bis 2018 009 Abbildung 2: Forschungsmodell zur ersten Fragestellung 019 Abbildung 3: Forschungsmodell zur zweiten Fragestellung 021 Abbildung 4: Verfassungsorgane und Gewaltenverschränkung (DEU) 030 Abbildung 5: Aufbauorganisation bei einem Grossschadensereignis (DEU) 039 Abbildung 6: Krisenmanagement (DEU) 040 Abbildung 7: Demokratische Kontrolle der Bundeswehr (DEU) 042 Abbildung 8: Organisationsstruktur der Bundeswehr
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