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a 8.90 D 14974 E D European & Security ES & Defence 2/2020 International Security and Defence Journal COUNTRY FOCUS: FINLAND ISSN 1617-7983 • Mortar Developments www.euro-sd.com • • Polish Technical Modernisation Plan • Small Arms Ammunition • Naval Warfare: The US View • Aircraft Protection • Sniper / Spotter Optics • India’s Defence Investment February 2020 • Urban Assault Technology • Russia’s Strategic Game in Africa Politics · Armed Forces · Procurement · Technology Editorial European Hubris – Ecologically Packaged With Brexit the European Union has lost a voice of reason which in recent years was able to prevent the worst from happening by speaking up whenever state intervention was promoted over the market economy, and centralism over the diversity of European identities and concepts of order. Those in Europe who rejoice at the warning that the UK sends Brussels with its departure will soon be longing for the good old days. "If only they had stuck with it", they will say. Perhaps the chance of driving the essentially intransigent European Union to reform would have been far greater. Now things are turning out the way they should not. Europeans had a first taste of what to expect as soon as the new European Commission – established amidst the usual birth pangs – took office. No one will rule out the possibility that a rapidly growing world population, with its current economic systems, will have an impact on the climate. Nobody will deny that it is the task of responsible politicians to address this issue without joining in the doomsday campaigns of radical anti-capitalists. However, the so-called "Green Deal", of which the new EU Commission, under its President Ursula von der Leyen, has championed the cause, does not fulfil its remit. Spin doctors were at work here, with the intention of achieving a PR coup, but neitherclimate experts nor even bu- reaucrats, with all their expertise in keeping such a complex construct as the EU afloat. Above all, however, and this is something of which the President of the Commission is particularly guilty, an idée fixe of German domestic policy, which can only be understood in a few other Member States, has been elevated to a European paradigm. At the end of the Merkel era, the prevailing view in Berlin is that, soon, a socially acceptable and ma- jority-capable government alliance will only be possible between the once-conservative Christian Democrats and the once left-wing Greens. A common basis for this is being investigated right now in Berlin. But in most EU countries there are neither effective Christian Democrat nor relevant Green parties: those nations still focus on the classic issues of how to combat youth unemployment, maintain standards of living and avoid poverty in old age. There are many countries that are concerned about internal security, and some, particularly in the East of the continent, even external security. Almost every- where people would like to have an answer to the question of manageable, humanitar- ian migration. Were the "Green Deal" merely an otherwise inconsequential German imposition on an ultimately uninterested public, or perhaps even an honest attempt to redirect the econ- omy ecologically, without collateral damage to third parties, it could be ignored, or even accepted. However, the fanatical determination with which the new EU Commission seems to want to make over-arching European history through the Green Deal does not allow easy acceptance.In EU countries, the economic and innovative strength of which has been flagging for decades, and which remain mired in a financial crisis that has yet to be overcome, it could spark further massive upheavals. Even though every state and every alliance of states has the indubitable right to weaken itself economically if other goals are valued more highly, and if others are not affected, from the outset the Green Deal is revolutionary. Once again, Europeans know better, have finally discovered a new global political mission, and those who will not listen will be made to suffer. At the World Economic Forum in Davos, von der Leyen put forward the idea that CO2 duties might be levied on imports from companies – beyond the reach of EU regula- tions – that undermine European climate policy. Perhaps it would be better in Brussels to consider where and how existing trade barriers that still hamper prosperity might be removed instead of threatening new, ideologically motivated obstacles. If the EU does not put a stop to the euphoric, navel-gazing hubris of its Commission, it will not only increase its disintegration, but it will continue to lose its global relevance. Peter Bossdorf 2/2020 · European Security & Defence 1 Contents Photo: FLIR SECURITY POLICY ARMAMENT & TECHNOLOGY 10 Russia’s Strategic Game in Africa 59 Mortars – Accuracy through Munitions, Stephen Blank Fire Control and Aiming Tim Guest 16 China’s Submarine Fleet in the Arctic Debalina Ghoshal 66 Dual Use Military Equipment and Techniques Transferred 20 Russia’s Strategic Response to the Euro-Atlantic to the Law Enforcement Environment Security Framework Beka Kiria David Saw Taking The Long View 22 EU Counter-Terrorism Strategy 70 Andreea Stoian Karadeli Day and Night Optics for the Sniper Team David Saw 75 Israeli Spotting and Sniping Optics COUNTRY FOCUS: FINLAND Arie Egozi 27 Monitoring Finland’s Air Space 78 Enhanced Urban Assault Technology Alan Warnes Sidney E. Dean 30 The Finnish Navy – ‘Leaner and Meaner’ 83 Small Arms Ammunition Developments Guy Toremans Sidney E. Dean 36 “We are under no illusions about the current 87 The Art of Protecting Flight Crews security challenges in the Baltic region.” Aircraft Self-Protection Systems Interview with Rear Admiral Jori Harju, Georg Mader Commander of the Finnish Navy 92 Simulation and Training 38 The Finnish Defence Industry in the Gulf Region A Different Approach to Supporting Defence Capabilities Joris Verbeurgt Tuija Karanko ARMED FORCES INDUSTRY AND MARKETS 39 Polish Armed Forces to set new Modernisation Goals 95 WALRUS SSK Replacement Michał Jarocki Takes Centre Stage The NIDV Defence and Security Exhibition in Rotterdam 48 India’s Defence Modernisation Programmes Suman Sharma Pieter Bastiaans 53 “Naval warfare is undergoing a rapid transition” 100 “A better system at a much better price” Interview with Admiral Michael ‘Mike’ Gilday, Interview with Christophe Fontaine, Chief of Naval Operations (CNO), US Navy Director Strategic Development for Europe, General Atomics Aeronautical Systems Inc. 56 Czech Air Force Modernisation Alan Warnes 2 European Security & Defence · 2/2020 THE BRUSSELS BACKDROP 98 The New European Commission Joris Verbeurgt Photo: Audun Rikardsen VIEWPOINT FROM … 14 Yerevan IMU TACTICAL GRADE Gayane Novikova 20 Tbilisi Beka Kiria 26 Copenhagen NEW J. Bo Leimand PRODUCT 46 Vienna Georg Mader COLUMNS 1 Editorial 1:1 scale 4 Periscope 34 Masthead STIM318 – the latest Sensonor tactical 102 Firms & Faces grade Inertial Measurement Unit, IMU. Increased performance for demanding 104 Preview Issue 3/2020 guidance and navigation applications. • ITAR free Index of Advertisers • Small size, low weight, power and cost • Insensitive to magnetic fi elds ACS Armoured Car Systems 69 • Low gyro bias instability (0.3°/h) CRISTANINI 2nd cover • Low gyro noise (0.15°/√h) DEFEA 79 • Low accelerometer bias instability (0.003 mg) DSA 5 • Low accelerometer noise (0.015m/s/√h) EDEX 45 • User programmable BIAS Offset EW Europe 13 • 3 inclinometers for accurate leveling FIDAE 3rd cover • Weight 57 grams, volume <2cu.in, power 5V, 1.8 W Future Indirect Fires 63 ITEC 81 STIM318 is a design that is fi eld proven in Military Land JUNGHANS Defence 61 navigators, Missile systems, Target acquisition systems, KADEX 19 Airborne surveillance, DIRCM, Remote Weapon Lockheed Martin 4th cover Systems, Launch vehicles and Satellites. Meggitt Training Systems 67 Qualifi ed according to high-performance aircraft vibration Mittler Books 31 standard. SAHA Expo 85 Sensonor 3 UDT 103 UMEX/SIMTEX 17 When size, performance and robustness matter VECTED 73 ZASTAVA ARMS 9 [email protected] • sensonor.com 2/2020 · European Security & Defence 3 Periscope New UAVs for the Spanish around 80% of the total net investment Elbit Systems Awarded Armed Forces as added value in Germany. The same ap- US$144M Contract for Small (ck) Alpha Security and Defense (AS&D) has plies to the electronic systems that are to Calibre Ammunition delivered two ALPHA 800 rotary UAV sys- be supplied by Thales Nederland. Around (ck) Elbit Systems has been awarded a tems to the Spanish MoD’s Materiel Direc- 70% of the services will be provided by contract by the Production and Procure- torate (DGAM). The DGAM will have the the German subsidiary of Thales and by ment Directorate of the Israeli Ministry of two UAVs tested by the UME responder other German subcontractors. The MKS 180 project contributes to securing the export power of both Dutch and German naval construction in the longer term. The Photo: Elbit Photo: Alpha project also opens perspectives for the requested European (defence equipment) cooperation. The Kiel-based German Na- val Yards shipyard will take legal action against this procurement decision. Mexican POLA Class Sea Trials unit (Unidad Militar de Emergencia). Clas- Completed Defense (IMOD) valued at approximately sified as small drones (<25Kg) the UME has (ck) The Mexican Navy, the Damen Ship- US$144M (approximately €130M) for the already undergone training and is flying the yards Group and its subcontractors have supply of small calibre ammunition to the Alpha 800s in preparation for emergency completed the successful sea trials of the Israeli Defense Forces. This five-year con- and disaster relief missions. Mexican Navy’s POLA Class frigate ARM tract, work on which will commence in A complete ALPHA 800 System includes: REFORMADOR. The trial programme 2021, will be a continuation of the existing • Two gasoline-powered rotary UAVs was comprehensive, including testing of multi-year contract with the IMOD.