Il Regime Sanzionatorio Contro L'iran. Una Valutazione Dell'impatto A

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Il Regime Sanzionatorio Contro L'iran. Una Valutazione Dell'impatto A CENTROCENTRO ALTI ALTI STUDI STUDI CENTRO MILITARE PERPER LA LA DIFESA DIFESA DI STUDI STRATEGICI Michele Brunelli Michele Brunelli IlIl regiregimeme sanzionatoriosanzionatorio controcontro l’Iran.l’Iran. Una valutazioneUna valutazione dell’impatto dell’impatto a livello a livello politico, politico,economico economico e sociale e sociale e un’analisi e un’analisi sui nuovisui nuoviscenari scenari e sulle e potenzialità sulle potenzialità strutturali strutturalinel periodo nel periodo post-embargo post-embargo ((CodiceCodice AL AL--RR--04)04) Il Centro Militare di Studi Strategici (CeMiSS) è un organismo istituito nel 1987 che gestisce, nell’ambito e per conto della Difesa, la ricerca su temi di carattere strategico. Tale attività permette di accedere, valorizzandoli, a strumenti di conoscenza ed a metodologie di analisi indispensabili per dominare la complessità degli attuali scenari e necessari per il raggiungimento degli obiettivi che le Forze Armate, e più in generale la collettività nazionale, si pongono in tema di sicurezza e difesa. La mission del Centro, infatti, nasce dalla ineludibile necessità del Ministero della Difesa di svolgere un ruolo di soggetto attivo all’interno del mondo della cultura e della conoscenza scientifica interagendo efficacemente con tale realtà, contribuendo quindi a plasmare un contesto culturale favorevole, agevolando la conoscenza e la comprensione delle problematiche di difesa e sicurezza, sia presso il vasto pubblico che verso opinion leader di riferimento. Più in dettaglio, il Centro: ● effettua studi e ricerche di carattere strategico politico-militare; ● sviluppa la collaborazione tra le Forze Armate e le Università, centri di ricerca italiani, stranieri ed Amministrazioni Pubbliche; ● forma ricercatori scientifici militari; ● promuove la specializzazione dei giovani nel settore della ricerca; ● pubblica e diffonde gli studi di maggiore interesse. Le attività di studio e di ricerca sono prioritariamente orientate al soddisfacimento delle esigenze conoscitive e decisionali dei Vertici istituzionali della Difesa, riferendosi principalmente a situazioni il cui sviluppo può determinare significative conseguenze anche nella sfera della sicurezza e difesa. Il CeMiSS svolge la propria opera avvalendosi di esperti civili e militari, italiani e stranieri, che sono lasciati liberi di esprimere il proprio pensiero sugli argomenti trattati. CENTRO MILITARE CENTRO ALTI STUDI DI STUDI STRATEGICI PER LA DIFESA Michele Brunelli Il regime sanzionatorio contro l’Iran. Una valutazione dell’impatto a livello politico, economico e sociale e un’analisi sui nuovi scenari e sulle potenzialità strutturali nel periodo post-embargo (Codice AL-R-04) Il regime sanzionatorio contro l’Iran. Una valutazione dell’impatto a livello politico, economico e sociale e un’analisi sui nuovi scenari e sulle potenzialità strutturali nel periodo post-embargo NOTA DI SALVAGUARDIA Quanto contenuto in questo volume riflette esclusivamente il pensiero dell’autore, e non quello del Ministero della Difesa né delle eventuali Istituzioni militari e/o civili alle quali l’autore stesso appartiene. NOTE Le analisi sono sviluppate utilizzando informazioni disponibili su fonti aperte. Questo volume è stato curato dal Centro Militare di Studi Strategici Direttore Amm. Div. Mario Caruso Vice Direttore - Capo Dipartimento Relazioni Internazionali Col. A.a.r.n.n. Pil. Marco Francesco D’Asta Progetto grafico Massimo Bilotta - Roberto Bagnato Autori Michele Brunelli – Annalisa Cristini – Federica Origo – Fabio Indeo – Laura Rachele Galeotti Stampato dalla tipografia del Centro Alti Studi per la Difesa Centro Militare di Studi Strategici Dipartimento Relazioni Internazionali Palazzo Salviati Piazza della Rovere, 83 - 00165 – Roma tel. 06 4691 3204 - fax 06 6879779 e-mail [email protected] Chiusa a novembre 2017 ISBN 978-88-99468-57-6 INDICE SOMMARIO ......................................................................................................................... 7 1. Capitolo 1. La strategia dell’embargo: dall’appoggio storico alle conseguenze politiche .................................................................................................................................... 10 2. Capitolo 2. Le sanzioni nel quadro del diritto internazionale ........................................ 26 2.1 La responsabilità internazionale degli Stati ......................................................... 26 2.2 Gli elementi costitutivi dell’illecito internazionale ................................................. 27 2.3 Le contromisure come reazione all’illecito ........................................................... 29 2.4 Le sanzioni e la loro efficacia .............................................................................. 32 2.5 Casi che videro l’Iran coinvolto in questioni concernenti la responsabilità internazionale, la forza maggiore e l’estremo pericolo ........................................ 34 3. Capitolo 3. Il Caso Iran: le cause delle sanzioni .......................................................... 36 3.1 La Dinastia Pahlavi e lo scoppio della Rivoluzione iraniana................................ 36 3.2 La nascita della Repubblica Islamica dell’Iran e il cambiamento politologico portato dagli Ayatollah ..................................................................................................... 45 3.3 Lo stravolgimento degli assetti regionali e la politica di contenimento messa in atto da Washington: dalla crisi degli ostaggi fino all’Iran-Libya Sanctions Act ........... 51 3.4 La questione del nucleare iraniano e la risposta internazionale durante le trattative per una soluzione pacifica ................................................................................... 56 3.5 Il piano d’azione congiunto (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action) e la firma dell’accordo ......................................................................................................... 69 4. Capitolo 4. L’impatto sociale e politico delle sanzioni e la risposta di Teheran ............ 72 4.1 Le contromisure iraniane ..................................................................................... 82 4.2 Il livello della politica estera. Nuove alleanze strategiche: Paesi non allineati, Russia, Cina, Corea del Nord ............................................................................. 89 4.3 Dall’Asse del Male al Triangolo dei Vincenti: Mosca-Teheran-Ankara ................ 91 4.4 Cui prodest? ...................................................................................................... 100 5. Capitolo 5. La fine delle sanzioni e i primi cambiamenti ............................................ 109 5.1 Il nuovo corso di Hassan Rohani e i cambiamenti portati dall’Implementation Day .......................................................................................................................... 109 5.2 Le potenzialità del mercato iraniano ................................................................. 113 5.3 Le possibili sinergie economiche tra Iran e Italia ............................................... 115 5 6. Capitolo 6. L’impatto economico delle sanzioni sull’Iran ............................................ 117 6.1 Le sanzioni economiche e finanziarie all’Iran .................................................... 117 6.1.1 Un breve excursus cronologico ...................................................................... 117 6.2 Il quadro macroeconomico dell’Iran nel periodo delle sanzioni ......................... 119 6.3 Come quantificare l’impatto economico delle sanzioni ...................................... 126 6.4 L’impatto economico delle sanzioni: una breve rassegna degli studi esistenti .. 129 6.5 La fine delle sanzioni economiche e finanziarie ................................................ 131 6.5.1 Le sanzioni rimosse e quelle che rimangono: i settori interessati ............... 132 6.6 L’effetto delle sanzioni economiche e le prospettive a seguito della loro rimozione .......................................................................................................................... 133 6.6.1 Le esportazioni italiane in Iran: un’analisi settoriale ..................................... 135 6.7 Conclusioni ....................................................................................................... 139 7. Capitolo 7. Iran: la dimensione energetica ................................................................ 141 7.1 Il potenziale produttivo iraniano ........................................................................ 141 7.2 Le sanzioni occidentali ...................................................................................... 144 7.3 La fine delle sanzioni e il ritorno dell'Iran sullo scenario energetico globale: potenzialità e debolezze .................................................................................... 147 7.4 Alla ricerca di nuove rotte d'esportazione e di nuovi mercati ............................ 149 7.5 Conclusioni ....................................................................................................... 153 8. Capitolo 8. La dimensione militare ............................................................................ 155 8.1 Il governo Rohani .............................................................................................. 158 8.2 L’industria bellica: dalla dipendenza all’autosufficienza .................................... 162 9. Capitolo 9. Gli Stati Uniti e la vittoria di Rohani
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