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Université Du Québec À Montréal UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL GENRE ET SUPER POUVOIRS: UNE ANALYSE DES REPRÉSENTATIONS DE L'AGENTIVITÉ DES FEMMES MUTANTES DANS LES COMICS X-MEN MÉMOIRE PRÉSENTÉ COMME EXIGENCE PARTIELLE MAÎTRISE DE SEXOLOGIE (M.A.) CHEMINEMENT RECHERCHE ET INTERVENTION PAR JULIEN CADEAU NOVEMBRE 2019 UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL Service des bibliothèques Avertissement La diffusion de ce mémoire se fait dans le respect des droits de son auteur, qui a signé le formulaire Autorisation de reproduire et de diffuser un travail de recherche de cycles supérieurs (SDU-522 – Rév.10-2015). Cette autorisation stipule que «conformément à l’article 11 du Règlement no 8 des études de cycles supérieurs, [l’auteur] concède à l’Université du Québec à Montréal une licence non exclusive d’utilisation et de publication de la totalité ou d’une partie importante de [son] travail de recherche pour des fins pédagogiques et non commerciales. Plus précisément, [l’auteur] autorise l’Université du Québec à Montréal à reproduire, diffuser, prêter, distribuer ou vendre des copies de [son] travail de recherche à des fins non commerciales sur quelque support que ce soit, y compris l’Internet. Cette licence et cette autorisation n’entraînent pas une renonciation de [la] part [de l’auteur] à [ses] droits moraux ni à [ses] droits de propriété intellectuelle. Sauf entente contraire, [l’auteur] conserve la liberté de diffuser et de commercialiser ou non ce travail dont [il] possède un exemplaire.» REMERCIEMENTS Merci à Julie Lavigne de m'avoir accompagné dans cette aventure et de m'avoir guidé chaque fois que je perdais mon chemin. Merci à mes autres professeurs pour leurs conseils de faisabilité et d'écriture. Merci à Flavien de m'avoir supporté dans tous les sens possibles du terme durant l'élaboration de ce travail et le long de mes sessions d'études de maîtrise. Merci à ma mère d'avoir perçu et soutenu ma consommation de comics depuis l'enfance et d'y avoir reconnu un intérêt légitime DÉDICACE À mes familles de cœur et de sang A V ANT-PROPOS Charles: And, by the way, Laura' s foot claws are the obvious result a of her gender, you know. Logan : Is that a fact ? Charles: In a pride of lions, the female is both hunter and caregiver. Logan : Good to know. Charles: She uses her front claws for hunting and the back claws defensively. Logan : Oh yeah ? Charles: Thus, ensuring their survival. Logan, film de James Mangold, 2017 Mutants possess so much power (Uncanny X-men#242) TABLE DES MATIÈRES AVANT-PROPOS ....................................................................................................... iv LISTE DES FIGURES ............................................................................................... viii LISTE DES TABLEAUX ............................................................................................ ix RÉSUMÉ .................................................................................................................... xii INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1 CHAPITRE I PROBLÉMATIQUE ............................................................................ 3 1.1 Le succés grandissant des Comics ....................................................................... 3 1.2 Les genres: différenciation et inégalité .............................................................. .4 1.3 Le média comme outil d'analyse des genres ....................................................... 5 1.4 L'agentivité et la sexualité dans les Comics ........................................................ 6 CHAPITRE II ÉTAT DES CONNAISSANCES ........................................................ 9 2.1 Les comics, questions de terminologie ................................................................ 9 2.2 Sexualité et censure dans les comics ................................................................. 10 2.3 Les comics en tant que médias ........................................................................... 11 2.4 Normes de genre dans les comics ...................................................................... 13 2.4.1 Diffusion des normes de genre .................................................................... 13 2.4.2 La différenciation des genres dans les comics ............................................ 17 2.5 Les mutantes et la question des (super) pouvoirs .............................................. 25 2.6 L'agentivité dans les comics .............................................................................. 31 CHAPITRE III CADRE CONCEPTUEL. ................................................................ 34 3.1 Le genre ............................................................................................................. 34 3.2 L'agentivité ............................................................................................._ ........... 38 3.3 L'agentivité sexuelle ................................ -.......................................................... 44 CHAPITRE IV MÉTHODOLOGIE ......................................................................... 47 4.1 Méthode ............................................................................................................. 47 4.1.1 Portrait statistique de la parité dans les comics ...................................... .48 4.1.2 L'étude des portraits de l'agentivité ........................................................ 52 4.2 Enjeux éthiques .................................................................................................. 56 CHAPITRE V RÉSULTATS .................................................................................... 57 4.3 Profil des mutantes ............................................................................................ 57 4.3.1 Nombre et fréquence d'apparition des mutants ...................................... 57 4.3.2 Profils des mutantes de notre échantillon (corpus) ..................................... 61 4.4 L'agentivité ........................................................................................................ 69 4.4.1 L' agentivité sociale ................................................................................. 69 4.4.2 L'agentivité d'indépendance ................................................................... 73 4.4.3 L'agentivité de pouvoir ............................. ;............................................. 78 4.4.4 L'agentivité sexuelle ............................................................................... 82 4.5 Interprétation des résultats ................................................................................. 90 4.5.1 Discussion des résultats par périodes ...................................................... 90 4.5.2 Points communs à toutes les périodes ..................................................... 99 4.6 Limites ............................................................................................................. 108 4.7 Ouverture et application .................................................................................. 112 CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................... 114 ANNEXE A QUELQUES INFORMATIONS SUPPLÉMENTAIRES SUR LES COM/CS .................................................................................................................... 116 ANNEXE B GLOSSAIRE ...................................................................................... 118 ANNEXE C DÉFINITION DES POUVOIRS ....................................................... 121 ANNEXE D GRAPHIQUES COMPLÉMENTAIRES .......................................... 123 BIBLIOGRAPHIE ............................................................................... .-.................... 126 LISTE DES FIGURES Figure Page 2.4 Figure 1 : Psylocke représentée en brokeback pose par Jim Lee sur un scénario de Chris Claremont dans X-men #1 publié en octobre 1991 ........ 21 4.4 Graphique 1 : Capacité d'agir sexuellement des mutantes dans les comics X-men.......................................................................................................... 82 4.4 Graphique 2 : Réduction de l'agentivité sexuelle des mutantes dans les comics X-men.............................................................................................. 85 _.-/" LISTE DES TABLEAUX Tableau Page 4.1.1 Tableau 1 : Organisation des périodes de publications des X-men entre 1963 et 2015 .............................................................................................. 50 5.1 Tableau 2: Répartition du nombre de mutants introduits dans la série X- men entre 1963 et 2015 selon le genre........................................................ 58 5.1 Tableau 3: Répartition de création et d'apparition des mutants dans la série X-men selon le genre et la période de publication............................... 59 5 .1 Tableau 4 : Fréquences d'apparition des mutants et proportion des fréquences d'apparition des mutantes dans la série X-men selon le genre et la période de publicati_on ............................................................................. 60 5.1 Tableau 5: Caractéristiques des mutantes de l'échantillon (orientation sexuelle, partenariat, groupe ethnoculturel d'appartenance)....................... 62 5.1 Tableau 6: Autres caractéristiques des mutantes de l'échantillon (pouvoirs et rôles)........................................................................................................ 64
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