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Bernal Diaz the True History of the Conquest of New Spain. Document 2
Document 1: Bernal Diaz The True History of the Conquest of New Spain. Let us state how most of the Indian natives have successfully learned all the Spanish trades…There are gold and silversmiths…and carvers also do the most beautiful work with iron tools…Many sons of chieftains know how to read and write, and to compose books…Now they breed cattle of all sorts, and break in oxen, and plough the land, and sow wheat, and thresh harvest, and sell it, and make bread, and they have planted their lands with all the trees and fruits, such as apples and pears which they hold in higher regard than their native plants, which we have brought from Spain. To what extent does this passage portray the concept of cultural diffusion? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ What was the effect of European conquest on native populations? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Document 2: Hernán Cortés Excerpt of Letter to Charles V They have a custom, horrible, and abominable, and deserving punishment…Whenever they ask anything of their gods, in order for their request to be fulfilled, they take many boys, girls, men, and women, and in the presence of the statues of their gods they cut open their chests. While they are still alive they take out their hearts and entrails. Then they burn the organs, offering the smoke as a sacrifice to their gods…No year passes in which they do not kill and sacrifice 50 souls at each temple in their kingdom… I did everything I could to steer them away from their false gods and to draw them to our Lord God. -
Trading with the Enemy: Opening the Door to U.S. Investment in Cuba
ARTICLES TRADING WITH THE ENEMY: OPENING THE DOOR TO U.S. INVESTMENT IN CUBA KEVIN J. FANDL* ABSTRACT U.S. economic sanctions on Cuba have been in place for nearly seven deca- des. The stated intent of those sanctionsÐto restore democracy and freedom to CubaÐis still used as a justi®cation for maintaining harsh restrictions, despite the fact that the Castro regime remains in power with widespread Cuban public support. Starving the Cuban people of economic opportunities under the shadow of sanctions has signi®cantly limited entrepreneurship and economic development on the island, despite a highly educated and motivated popula- tion. The would-be political reformers and leaders on the island emigrate, thanks to generous U.S. immigration policies toward Cubans, leaving behind the Castro regime and its ardent supporters. Real change on the island will come only if the United States allows Cuba to restart its economic engine and reengage with global markets. Though not a guarantee of political reform, eco- nomic development is correlated with demand for political change, giving the economic development approach more potential than failed economic sanctions. In this short paper, I argue that Cuba has survived in spite of the U.S. eco- nomic embargo and that dismantling the embargo in favor of open trade poli- cies would improve the likelihood of Cuba becoming a market-friendly communist country like China. I present the avenues available today for trade with Cuba under the shadow of the economic embargo, and I argue that real po- litical change will require a leap of faith by the United States through removal of the embargo and support for Cuba's economic development. -
New Castro Same Cuba
New Castro, Same Cuba Political Prisoners in the Post-Fidel Era Copyright © 2009 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 1-56432-562-8 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch 350 Fifth Avenue, 34th floor New York, NY 10118-3299 USA Tel: +1 212 290 4700, Fax: +1 212 736 1300 [email protected] Poststraße 4-5 10178 Berlin, Germany Tel: +49 30 2593 06-10, Fax: +49 30 2593 0629 [email protected] Avenue des Gaulois, 7 1040 Brussels, Belgium Tel: + 32 (2) 732 2009, Fax: + 32 (2) 732 0471 [email protected] 64-66 Rue de Lausanne 1202 Geneva, Switzerland Tel: +41 22 738 0481, Fax: +41 22 738 1791 [email protected] 2-12 Pentonville Road, 2nd Floor London N1 9HF, UK Tel: +44 20 7713 1995, Fax: +44 20 7713 1800 [email protected] 27 Rue de Lisbonne 75008 Paris, France Tel: +33 (1)43 59 55 35, Fax: +33 (1) 43 59 55 22 [email protected] 1630 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 500 Washington, DC 20009 USA Tel: +1 202 612 4321, Fax: +1 202 612 4333 [email protected] Web Site Address: http://www.hrw.org November 2009 1-56432-562-8 New Castro, Same Cuba Political Prisoners in the Post-Fidel Era I. Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................... 1 Recommendations ....................................................................................................................... 7 II. Illustrative Cases ......................................................................................................................... 11 Ramón Velásquez -
Cuba 2017: El Fin De Una Era
REVISTA DE CIENCIA POLÍTICA / VOLUMEN 38 / N° 2 / 2018 / 259-279 CUBA 2017: THE END OF AN ERA Cuba 2017: el fin de una era TERESA GARCÍA CASTRO Washington Office on Latin America, USA PHILIP BRENNER American University, USA ABSTRACT In 2017, Cuba prepared itself for a momentous change that was coming in 2018: the first time in 59 years that a Castro would not be leading the government. No one expects Miguel Díaz-Canel Bermúdez, whom the National Assembly elected as Cuba’s president in April 2018, to chart a course dramatically different from the one President Raúl Castro had established. However, given the economic, demo- graphic, and international political challenges Cuba faced in 2017, the year had to be viewed as the end of an era. Change is inevitable in order to sustain the Cuban Revolution. Keywords: Cuba, Castro, Díaz-Canel, U.S.-Cuba, elections RESUMEN En 2017, Cuba se preparó para un cambio trascendental que venía en 2018: la primera vez en 59 años que un Castro no lideraría el gobierno. Nadie espera que Miguel Díaz-Canel Bermúdez, a quien la Asamblea Nacional eligió como presidente de Cuba en abril de 2018, trace una ruta radicalmente diferente a la que había establecido el presidente Raúl Castro. Pero dados los desafíos económicos, demográficos e internacionales que enfrentó Cuba en 2017, el año tiene que ser visto como el final de una era. El cambio es inevitable para sostener la Revolución Cubana. Palabras clave: Cuba, Castro, Díaz-Canel, Estados Unidos-Cuba, elecciones TERESA GARCÍA CASTRO • PHILIP BRENNER I. INTRODUCTION A visitor to Cuba at the beginning of 2018 would have experienced a far different country than when Raúl Castro became president ten years earlier—more open, vibrant, and bustling. -
Primer Aviso
ÚLTIMO AVISO SOBRE CANTIDADES NO RECLAMADAS DE BANCO POPULAR DE PUERTO RICO Y POPULAR INC. Las personas cuyos nombres aparecen a continuación, tienen derecho a reclamar de Banco Popular de Puerto Rico y Popular Inc., las cantidades correspondientes a fondos no reclamados o abandonados por más de cinco (5) años. Los nombres que aparecen en este aviso son únicamente aquellos de titulares de cuentas con balances de cien ($100) dólares o más. Se ha enviado a la Oficina del Comisionado de Instituciones Financieras (la “Oficina del Comisionado”) un informe para Banco Popular de Puerto Rico y Popular Inc. de acuerdo con las leyes aplicables, sobre cantidades no reclamadas hasta el 30 de junio de 2021. Dicho informe incluye cantidades con balances menores de ($100) dólares no publicados en este aviso. Copia del informe completo estará disponible para inspección pública en todas las sucursales de Banco Popular de Puerto Rico y también en nuestro portal cibernético www.popular.com. Los gastos incurridos en la publicación de este aviso serán cargados proporcionalmente contra la cantidad reclamada. Los fondos no reclamados, correspondientes, serán pagaderos por Banco Popular de Puerto Rico y Popular Inc. hasta el 30 de noviembre próximo a las personas con derecho a cobrarlos. El 10 de diciembre de 2021 se remesarán los fondos no reclamados a la Oficina del Comisionado y a partir de la fecha de entrega cesará toda responsabilidad de Banco Popular de Puerto Rico y Popular Inc. en relación a dichos fondos. Cualquier reclamación luego del 30 de noviembre deberá ser dirigida directamente a la Oficina del Comisionado. -
El Gran Caribe: Historia, Cultura Y Política
EL GRAN CARIBE: HISTORIA, CULTURA Y POLÍTICA SERIE PRETEXTOS N.º 29 EL GRAN CARIBE: HISTORIA, CULTURA Y POLÍTICA MARTA ARDILA COMPILADORA Bogotá, junio de 2005 Prohibida la reproducción o cita impresa o electrónica, total o parcial, de esta obra, sin autorización expresa y por escrito del Departamento de Publicaciones de la Universidad Externado de Colombia. ISBN 958-616-947-2 © MARTA ARDILA (Compiladora), 2005 © UNIVERSIDAD EXTERNADO DE COLOMBIA, 2005 Derechos exclusivos de publicación y distribución de la obra Calle 12 n.º 1-17 este, Bogotá - Colombia. Fax 342 4948 [www.librosuexternado.com] Primera edición: junio de 2005 Diseño de cubierta: Departamento de Publicaciones, Universidad Externado de Colombia Composición: Proyectos Editoriales Curcio Penen Impresión y encuadernación: Departamento de Publicaciones, con un tiraje de 1.000 ejemplares. Impreso en Colombia Printed in Colombia CONTENIDO PRESENTACIÓN 9 INTRODUCCIÓN 11 PRIMERA PARTE ECONOMÍA POLÍTICA Y SOCIEDAD EN EL CARIBE LA CONQUISTA DEL CARIBE EN EL SIGLO XVI. HISTORIA LOCAL DISEÑO GLOBAL Aneta Ikonómova 25 EL IMAGINARIO AFRICANO DEL CARIBE Madeleine Alingué 51 GEOGRAFÍA, POLÍTICA Y CULTURA DEL CARIBE María Teresa Aya 63 LOS DESASTRES, LAS POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS Y EL MODELO DE DESARROLLO: DESAFÍOS DEL CARIBE EN EL SIGLO XXI Jorge Iván Cuervo 85 SEGUNDA PARTE EL CARIBE Y SU MUNDO EXTERNO LA RELEVANCIA INSTITUCIONAL EN LOS PROCESOS DE INTEGRACIÓN DEL CARIBE Eric Tremolada 103 7 EL CARIBE Y COLOMBIA: HETEROGENEIDAD, SEGURIDAD E INSERCIÓN Martha Ardila 129 LA UNIÓN EUROPEA Y EL GRAN CARIBE Rosa Duro 159 EL PAPEL DE ASIA-PACÍFICO Y EL CARIBE EN EL ACTUAL ORDENAMIENTO ESTRATÉGICO Pío García 209 TERCERA PARTE CANADA AND THE CARIBBEAN Graeme S. -
Redalyc.Myths About Cuba
História: Debates e Tendências ISSN: 1517-2856 [email protected] Universidade de Passo Fundo Brasil Domínguez, Francisco Myths about Cuba História: Debates e Tendências, vol. 10, núm. 1, enero-junio, 2010, pp. 9-34 Universidade de Passo Fundo Passo Fundo, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=552456400004 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Myths about Cuba Francisco Domínguez * Abstract His article aims at deconstructing Cuba is not perfect. Blocaded and sub- this fallacious though no less powerful jected to the unrelenting harassment mythology that has been constructed and aggression by the most powerful about Cuban reality, not an easy task military machine of the history of hu- that sometimes reminds us of Thomas manity for five decades cannot avoid Carlyle biographer of Oliver Cromwell, suffering from deficiencies, shortages, who said he “had to drag out the Lord distortions, inefficiencies and other di- Protector from under a mountain of fficulties. However, since literally 1959, dead dogs, a huge load of calumny.” the Cuban revolution has been subjec- All proportions guarded, it must have ted to a defamation campaign that has been much easier for Carlyle to remo- managed to embed a demonized de- ve the mountain of dead dogs from the piction of her reality in the brains of memory of Cromwell that to undo the millions of innocent consumers of mass infinite torrent of calumnies that falls media “information”. -
Venezuela and Cuba: the Ties That Bind
Latin American Program | January 2020 A portrait of the late Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez in between the Cuban and Venezuelan flags.Credit: Chávez Fusterlandia (On the left) A silhouetted profile of Fidel Castro in his military cap says “the best friend.” Dan Lundberg, March 18, 2016 / Shutterstock Venezuela and Cuba: The Ties that Bind I. Two Nations, One Revolution: The Evolution of Contemporary Cuba-Venezuela Relations By Brian Fonseca and John Polga-Hecimovich CONTENTS “Cuba es el mar de la felicidad. Hacia allá va Venezuela.” I. Two Nations, One (“Cuba is a sea of happiness. That’s where Venezuela is going.”) Revolution: The Evolution —Hugo Chávez Frías, March 8, 2000 of Contemporary Cuba- Venezuela Relations Contemporary Cuban-Venezuelan relations blossomed in the late 1990s, due in large part By Brian Fonseca and John Polga-Hecimovich to the close mentor-pupil relationship between then-presidents Fidel Castro Ruz and Hugo Chávez Frías. Their affinity grew into an ideological and then strategic partnership. Today, these ties that bind are more relevant than ever, as Cuban security officials exercise influ- II. The Geopolitics of Cuba–Venezuela-U.S. ence in Venezuela and help maintain the Nicolás Maduro government in power. Details of the Relations: relationship, however, remain shrouded in secrecy, complicating any assessment of Cuba’s An Informal Note role in Venezuela. The Venezuelan and Cuban governments have not been transparent about By Richard E. Feinberg the size and scope of any contingent of Cuban military and security -
Environmental Law in Cuba
ENVIRONMENTAL LAW IN CUBA OLIVER A. HOUCK*1 Table of Contents Prologue .................................................................................................1 I. A View of the Problem ...................................................................3 II. Institutions and the Law..................................................................8 III. The Environmental Awakening .....................................................13 IV. The Agency, The Strategy and Law 81...........................................18 A. CITMA ..................................................................................19 B. The National Environmental Strategy .......................................21 C. Law 81, the Law of the Environment ........................................23 V. Environmental Impact Analysis .....................................................25 A. What and When......................................................................27 B. Who .......................................................................................31 C. Alternatives ............................................................................34 D. Review...................................................................................35 VI. Coastal Zone Management............................................................38 VII. Biological Diversity ......................................................................47 VIII. Implementation ............................................................................57 IX. The Economy -
State of Ambiguity: Civic Life and Culture in Cuba's First Republic
STATE OF AMBIGUITY STATE OF AMBIGUITY CiviC Life and CuLture in Cuba’s first repubLiC STEVEN PALMER, JOSÉ ANTONIO PIQUERAS, and AMPARO SÁNCHEZ COBOS, editors Duke university press 2014 © 2014 Duke University Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid-f ree paper ♾ Designed by Heather Hensley Typeset in Minion Pro by Tseng Information Systems, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data State of ambiguity : civic life and culture in Cuba’s first republic / Steven Palmer, José Antonio Piqueras, and Amparo Sánchez Cobos, editors. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-0-8223-5630-1 (cloth : alk. paper) isbn 978-0-8223-5638-7 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Cuba—History—19th century. 2. Cuba—History—20th century. 3. Cuba—Politics and government—19th century. 4. Cuba—Politics and government—20th century. 5. Cuba— Civilization—19th century. 6. Cuba—Civilization—20th century. i. Palmer, Steven Paul. ii. Piqueras Arenas, José A. (José Antonio). iii. Sánchez Cobos, Amparo. f1784.s73 2014 972.91′05—dc23 2013048700 CONTENTS Introduction: Revisiting Cuba’s First Republic | 1 Steven Palmer, José Antonio Piqueras, and Amparo Sánchez Cobos 1. A Sunken Ship, a Bronze Eagle, and the Politics of Memory: The “Social Life” of the USS Maine in Cuba (1898–1961) | 22 Marial Iglesias Utset 2. Shifting Sands of Cuban Science, 1875–1933 | 54 Steven Palmer 3. Race, Labor, and Citizenship in Cuba: A View from the Sugar District of Cienfuegos, 1886–1909 | 82 Rebecca J. Scott 4. Slaughterhouses and Milk Consumption in the “Sick Republic”: Socio- Environmental Change and Sanitary Technology in Havana, 1890–1925 | 121 Reinaldo Funes Monzote 5. -
Surnames: a New Source for the History of Social Mobility
Surnames: a New Source for the History of Social Mobility Gregory Clark, Neil Cummins, Yu Hao, Dan Diaz Vidal1 This paper explains how surname distributions can be used as a way to measure rates of social mobility in contemporary and historical societies. This allows for estimates of social mobility rates for any population for which the distribution of surnames overall is known as well as the distribution of surnames among some elite or underclass. Such information exists, for example, for England back to 1300, and for Sweden back to 1700. However surname distributions reveal a different, more fundamental type of mobility than that conventionally estimated. Thus surname estimates also allow for measuring a different aspect of social mobility, but the aspect that matters for mobility of social groups, and for families in the long run. KEYWORDS: Social Mobility, intergenerational correlation, status inheritance Introduction: Social Mobility Concepts We assume social status can be measured by a cardinal number y which measures some aspect of social status such as income, wealth, occupational status, longevity or height. Conventionally social mobility rates have been estimated by economists from the estimated value of β in the equation = + + (1) 푦푡 훼 훽푦푡−1 푢푡 where y is the measure of social status, t indexes the generation, and ut is a random shock. β will typically lie between 0 and 1, with lower values of β implying more social mobility. β is thus the persistence rate for status, and 1- β the social mobility rate. Also if the variance of status on this measure is constant across generations then β is also the intergenerational correlation of status. -
Cuba: Travel Regulations and Civil and Political Rights, August 2017
BEREICH | EVENTL. ABTEILUNG | WWW.ROTESKREUZ.AT ACCORD - Austrian Centre for Country of Origin & Asylum Research and Documentation Cuba: Travel Regulations and Civil and Political Rights COI Compilation August 2017 This report serves the specific purpose of collating legally relevant information on conditions in countries of origin pertinent to the assessment of claims for asylum. It is not intended to be a general report on human rights conditions. The report is prepared within a specified time frame on the basis of publicly available documents as well as information provided by experts. All sources are cited and fully referenced. This report is not, and does not purport to be, either exhaustive with regard to conditions in the country surveyed, or conclusive as to the merits of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. Every effort has been made to compile information from reliable sources; users should refer to the full text of documents cited and assess the credibility, relevance and timeliness of source material with reference to the specific research concerns arising from individual applications. © Austrian Red Cross/ACCORD An electronic version of this report is available on www.ecoi.net. Austrian Red Cross/ACCORD Wiedner Hauptstraße 32 A- 1040 Vienna, Austria Phone: +43 1 58 900 – 582 E-Mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.redcross.at/accord TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Travel regulations .................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Implications of the change in political relations with the United States and migratory patterns ........................................................................................................................................ 4 1.1.1 Consequences of the abolition of the “Wet foot-Dry foot” policy ............................ 4 1.1.2 Government control measures towards the population ........................................