Mohammed Ayoob – State Making, State Breaking, and State Failure
Lp,ISHINGTHE DocsoF'WtR CoxFLICT M,tx,tcEMENT TNADtvtDEDWonLD Edited by Cltester A. Crocker, Fen Osler Hampson, and PamelaAall UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE PRESS Washington, D.C. SrnrpMnKrNG, Srnrp BnBnKrNG, AND SrnrnEmLURE MohammedAyoob TATE BREAKING AND STATE MILURE, sources of conflict, is confirmed by the latest both unavoidable accompaniments of data presented in the ,S/PRI Yearbook 2005. the state-making process, lie at the root These data demonstrate that all nineteen ma- of most conflicts that the international system jor armed conflicts thatwere recorded rn2004 has witnessed since the end of World War II. were classified as intrastate in character. How- The veracity of this assertion is demonstrated ever, the report makes clear that "[i]n a reversal by two generally accepted facts. The first is the of the classic spill-over of conflict from intra- incontestable reality that the overwhelming to inter-state, developments in Iraq during majority of conflicts since the end ofWorld 2004 raised the prospect ofan international War II have been located in the postcolonial conflict creating a firlly fledged civil war.'z lraq, countries that constitute the Third World. The therefore, stands out as the exception that second is the equally incontrovertible fact that proves the rule. In the previous year,2003, most such conflicts either have been primarily SIPRI (the Stockholm International Peace intrastate in character or have possessed a sub- Research Institute) had identified nineteen stantial intrastate dimension, even if they ap- major armed conflicts as well, but had noted pear to the outside observer to be interstate that two of them, the conflict between India conflicts.l This means that problems of in- and Pakistan over Kashmir and the invasion ternational and domestic order have become of Iraq by the United States and the United closely intertwined during the current era and Kingdom, were interstate in character.3 While are likely to remain so well into the foresee- both Kashmir and Iraq continued to figure in able future.
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