This is a self-archived version of an original article. This version may differ from the original in pagination and typographic details. Author(s): Nykänen, Panu Title: Research and Development in the Finnish Wood Processing and Paper Industry, c. 1850- 1990 Year: 2018 Version: Accepted version (Final draft) Copyright: © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2018 Rights: In Copyright Rights url: http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en Please cite the original version: Nykänen, P. (2018). Research and Development in the Finnish Wood Processing and Paper Industry, c. 1850-1990. In T. Särkkä, M. Gutiérrez-Poch, & M. Kuhlberg (Eds.), Technological Transformation in the Global Pulp and Paper Industry 1800-2018 : Comparative Perspectives (pp. 35-64). Springer. World Forests, 23. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94962-8_3 Chapter 3 Research and Development in the Finnish Wood Processing and Paper Industry, c. 1850-1990 Panu Nykänen Department of History and Ethnology, University of Jyvaskyla, Finland
[email protected] Abstract This chapter describes the general history of research and development work in the Finnish pulp and paper industry from the mid-nineteenth century until roughly 1990, a period that witnessed it undergo drastic changes because of the altered political environment in Europe and general globalization. In addressing its subject, this chapter is mainly concerned with the operation of paper mills, but it also addresses the related subjects of technical research, formal higher education and work-related, practical learning. In addition, it briefly discusses the challenges inherent in researching the development of technology because of its research traditions. Keywords History of Technology; Research and Development; Finland 3.1 Two Cumulative Masses of Knowledge The tradition of research and development in the paper industry is divided into two separate branches.