A Movement of Many Stories of Women’s Suffrage in South Dakota Liz Almlie • Pierre, South Dakota Big Picture – 1848 Convention

1848 Seneca Falls Convention for Women’s Rights

(including but not limited to suffrage) https://www.nps.gov/wori

https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/july-19/ Big Picture - NAWSA

1869 Organization of National Woman Suffrage Association 1869 Organization of American Woman Suffrage Association 1890 Merger into National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA).

Leaders: • • Susan B. Anthony • • • •

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_American_Woman_Suffrage_Association Big Picture – On the Streets

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_American_Woman_Suffrage_Association The Herald-Advance (Milbank SD), March 7, 1913 Big Picture – Success in the West

Women Suffrage Before the Amendment, August 1, 1920, Maps Etc., University of South Florida. From Ellsworth D. Foster, ed., The American Educator Vol. 8 (Chicago, IL: Ralph Durham Company, 1921) 3906, of Courtesy the private collection of Roy Winkelman, http://etc.usf.edu/maps/pages/11700/11702/11702.htm Big Picture – 19th Amendment

Congress proposed the 19th Amendment on June 4, 1919.

Ratification was completed on August 18, 1920.

The 19th Amendment became 19th Amendment part of the U.S. Constitution National Archives, via Wikimedia Commons. on August 26, 1920.

The amendment's validity was unanimously upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in Leser v. Garnett in 1922. Big Picture – NAWSA to LWV

Emma Smith DeVoe [Wittmayer p212] Shortly before the 19th Amendment was ratified, the https://www.lwvwhidbey.org/history.html NAWSA held its last convention and created the as its successor.

It was merged with the National Council of Women Voters, founded by Emma Smith DeVoe on February 14, 1920.

Maud Wood Park, former head of the NAWSA's Congressional Committee, became its president.

Maud Wood Park [American Woman Suffrage Association, Wikipedia] Suffrage in South Dakota

Names of South Dakotans who participated in the suffrage movement? South Dakota Participants

Mrs. C.S. Acker (Leola) - Irene G. Adams (Webster) - Laura Alderman (Hurley) – Clara Anderson (Chamberlain) - Hon. C.J. Bach (Hurley) - W.F. Bailey (Faulkton)- Judge A.W. Bangs (Rapid City) - Rev. M. Barker (Huron) - Helen M. Barker (Huron) - Mamie E. Batterbury (Sisseton) – Ida Barnhart (Aurora) - L.F. Baum (Aberdeen) - General W.H.H. Beadle (Madison) - Ellen Chapman Beadle (Madison) - Harriet Bennett (Yankton) - Julius Berkley (Yankton) - Nettie L. Berry (Tyndall) - Rev. H.R. Best (Sioux Falls?) - Hanna V. Best (Miner) - Harriet Bickelhaupt (Aberdeen) - Mae Billinghurst (Pierre) - Mr. Bindford (Jerauld Co.) - Susie Bird (Belle Fourche) - Mary Bird (Clear Lake) - LoElla H. Blank (Wessington Springs) - Marietta M. Bones (Webster) - S.D. Bonsey (Faulkton) - Mary Bonham - Rose Bower (Hot Springs/Rapid City) - Etta Estey Boyce (Sioux Falls) - Jane R. Breeden (Hughes Co.) - Hon. A.R. Brown (Canton) - Rev. J.M. Brown - Emma Brown (Aberdeen) - E.A. Bruce (Yankton) - Martha Bullock - Lizzie Burr (Selby) - Frank M. Byrne - Clarence M. Caldwell - Rev. A.E. Carhart (Hurley) - Mrs. Dell Carter (Sisseton) - W.C. Cavanagh (Yankton) - Joan Clark (Hayti) - Lucy Colman (Lemmon) - Anna G. Conklin (Brookings) - Mrs. Elmer Cook (Huron) - Mrs. C.N. Cooper (Lemmon) - Mary E. Cowlson - S.H. Cranmer (Aberdeen) - Emma A. Crammer (Aberdeen) - G.L. Crisp (Yankton) - May Crosback (Watertown) - Stella Crosley - Rev. J.M. Crown (Sioux Falls) - Nellie Cummings (Aberdeen) - Alice Lorraine Daly (Madison) - Emma Smith DeVoe (Huron) - J.H. DeVoe (Huron) - C.H. Dillon (Yankton) - William F. Doolittle (Sioux Falls) - R.E. Dowdell - Mrs. C.H. Dye (Madison) - Alonzo J. Edgerton (Sioux Falls) - Adolph Ewert (Pierre) - Carrie Ewert (Pierre) - Dr. Mary Noyes Farr (Pierre) - Gov. Faulk - Sarah Fewins (Aberdeen) - Edith Medbury Fitch (Hurley) - G.W. Fitch (Yankton) - Rev. William Fielder - Dema Flavin (Sturgis) - Mary Fitts (Madison) - Clara Freeland (Jerauld Co.) - Helen Gage (Aberdeen) - Harry L. Gandy - Josephine Gerber (Worthing) - Jenny Gifford (Canton) - Mr. Goodfellow (Brookings) - Harriet Grant (Huron) - Mamie Gunderson (Vermillion) - Father Robert Haire (Aberdeen) - Nettie C. Hall, M.D. (Wessington Springs) - Rebecca Hager (Madison/Aberdeen) - Rev. C.E. Hager (Madison/Aberdeen) - H.M. Hammond (Yankton) - Sophia M. Harden (Huron) - Anna Harden (Flandreau) - T.A. Harmon (Yankton) - Jeanette Herreid (Aberdeen) - Mary Herrick (Ipswich) - Luella Hill (DeSmet) - Emma Hill (Parker) - T.J. Hill (Hurley) - Mrs. W.J. Hill (Gann Valley) - Ruth B. Hipple (Pierre) - Clara Hoffman - J.A. Hohf (Yankton) - Rev G.M. House - C.H. Howard (Sully Co.) - Gus Howard (Sully Co.) - Lulu Howard (Sully Co.) - Mrs. Howells - Cassie R. Hoyt (Hughes Co.) - Lillie Hubbell (Madison) - Mrs. S.W. Huntington (Lemmon) - Mrs. C.C. King - Rev. Abi Huntley (Wessington Springs) - O.P. Hull (Crow Twp) - Irene Ide (Webster) - Ruby Jackson (Ipswich) - Florence Jeffries (Fort Pierre) - E.S. Johnson (Yankton) - Philena Everett Johnson (Highmore) - Lydia B. Johnson (Ft. Pierre) - Ida Jorgenson (Sisseton) - Eugene Karr (Yankton) - Sarah E. Kimball - Mrs. George W. King - Malena Kively (Sisseton) - Margaret Kreger (Watertown) - L.C. Kroh (Yankton) - Belle A. Leavitt (Sioux Falls) - Rosella Lemmon (Lemmon) - Jessie D. Lewis (Mitchell) - Vinnie Lien (Sisseton) - L.A. Lindstrom (Yankton) - Greg M. Livingston (Pierre) - Henry L. Loucks - W.C. Lusk (Yankton) - Rev. Henrietta Lyman (Pierre) - C.H. Lugg - R.M. McClure (Sully Co.) - Rev. J.J. McIntire (Hurley) - O.J. Marshall (Jerauld Co.) - F.L. Mease (Madison) - Mrs. Frank Meyer - Josephine Miller - Eva K. Mohr (Alexandria) - H.S. Monser - Gideon Moody - E.M. Morehouse (Yankton) - Mrs. Mosher (Hot Springs) - Eva C. Myers (Canistota) - Sarah A. Near (Hurley) - Rev. F.H. Newton (Hurley) - Mrs. L.C. Olson - Helen Olson (Milbank) - Mrs. Osgood - Joel W. Parker (Sioux Falls) - Mattie Parker (Sisseton) - Edna Payne (Sanborn Co.) - Pearle Penfield (Flandreau) - Nina D. Pettigrew (Belle Fourche) - Senator Richard F. Pettigrew (Sioux Falls) - Leba Peshokova - Alice M. Alt Pickler (Faulkton) - John A. Pickler (Faulkton) - Hattie Pickles (Clark) - Etta Potter (Lead) - Mrs. Powell (Hot Springs) - Rev. Katherine Powell (Custer) - Mamie I. Pyle (Huron) - Samuel A. Ramsey (Woonsocket) - Luella A. Ramsey (Woonsocket) - Arthur Reetz (Yankton) - Mable Rewman (Deadwood) - Grace Richards (Huron) – Sarah A. Richards (Pukwana)- Clara Richey - M.S. Robinson (Hurley) - Lila Robinson (Aberdeen) - Mayor H.J. Rock (Aberdeen) - Mrs. Rodenbour (Lemmon) - Frank M. Rood - Mrs. L.E. Safford (Milbank) - Marguerite Karcher Sahr (Pierre) - Alma Sasse - Mayor Saults (Belle Fourche) - Minnie E. Sheldon (Sioux Falls) - E.A. Sherman (Sioux Falls) - C.G. Sherwood - Mrs. Smart (Wessington Springs) - Senator H.P. Smith (Lake Co.) - Mrs. W.L. Smith (Madison) - Rilla Smith (Deadwood) - Anna R. Simmons (Huron) - Ida Stadie - Sen. Sterling - Mrs. R.E.H. Stevens - F.V. Stevens (Yankton) - May Stevens (Redfield) - Dr. Edward Taylor (Huron) - Dorothy Taylor (Huron) - Mrs. Taylor (Sioux Falls) - Josephine Taylor (Huron) - Mr. Teasdale (Alpena Twp) - Susan and Judge D.C. Thomas (Watertown) - Mrs. W.J. Thomas (Sisseton) - Mary Thomas (White Lake) - Mrs. Thomberg (Kidder) - Cicely J. Tinsley (Deadwood) - Tore Tiegen (Sioux Falls) - Mrs. A.D. Tinsley (Minnehaha County) - F.T. Tofflemire (Jerauld Co.) - Maud Tollefson - Alice Tollefson (Elk Point) - Eva Trow (Madison) – Agnes Turner (Sisseton) - Gov. R.S. Vessey (Wessington Springs) - John Wade (Aberdeen) - Gertrude Walker (Brule) - Mrs. O.J. Ward (Huron) - Alonzo Wardall (Huron) - Elizabeth “Libby” Wardall - Mrs. C.C. Warren (Rapid City) - Mrs. Glenn Waters (Miller)- Gertrude Watkins - Julia Welch - Sadie Weller (Mitchell) - Myra Weller (Mitchell) - Charles S. Whiting (Pierre) - Eleanor Whiting (Pierre) - Mrs. S.V. Wilson - Rev. Eliza Wilkes (Sioux Falls) - Jean Wilkinson (Faulkton) - Mrs. K.B. Williams (Howard) - William Williamson - A.L. Wyman (Yankton) - Mrs. F.G. Young (Madison) - Rev. T.H. Youngman (Woonsocket) Suffrage in Dakota Territory

1872 Dakota had been close to full suffrage before “there were “Women professed to men enough to go round to be disappointed” fill the offices,” but lost 7 to 6. [Kingsbury, History of Dakota Territory v.1 (1915), [Yankton Press & Dakotaian (SD) November 12, 508-509] 1884]

SHSND 0389-53 Territorial Capital, Riverside Park, Yankton https://www.ndstudies.gov/content/creating-territorial-capital Suffrage in Dakota Territory

1883 NWSA sent co-founder Matilda Joslyn Gage to lecture in Dakota. [Reed (1958), 6-8.]

AVAILABLE SEPTEMBER 2018 SD Historical Society Press

http://www.sdhsf.org/ Special Projects: 100th Anniversary of Women’s Suffrage Suffrage in Dakota Territory

Marietta M. Bones represented Dakota at the 1882 NWSA convention in Omaha.

Bones started the first local suffrage association in the territory in Webster in 1885, though she stayed primarily concerned with the issue of prohibition.

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Woman_of _the_Century/Marietta_M._Bones “The wide distances between towns and the sparsely settled country make our people comparative strangers to each other. We lack organization; the country is too new.” -- Marietta Bones [Wittmayer 202] Suffrage in Dakota Territory 1885 John Pickler introduced a suffrage bill in the territorial House of Representatives in January. Both chambers passed the bill, but it was vetoed by Governor Gilbert A. Pierce.

John Pickler Wittmayer 201

“Pickler said later that he ‘introduced the bill... really without consultation with anyone, or without knowledge as to the sentiment of the members upon the question. I have had my convictions since my college days that simple justice demands that woman should have the ballot, and in this opinion I am warmly seconded by my wife, who desires to vote, as I think all sensible women should.’” [Wittmayer 200] Suffrage and Statehood

1883 & 1885 Convention In 1883, NWSA requested the Sioux Falls convention include a suffrage plank. Gage wrote an open letter to the women of South Dakota as well as to the convention delegates. Marietta M. Bones of Webster spoke at convention and brought a petition from Day County. Kingsbury v.3 Reed (1958), 7-9; Yankton Press & Dakotaian (SD), 4/11/1882 - 12/18/1884.

Quote from Gideon C. Moody at the 1885 convention Kingsbury/Smith, History of Dakota Territory 2 (1915), 1689. Suffrage and Newspapers

Editor Caldwell of the Sioux Falls Press "declared against prohibition and woman suffrage and both those objects are at present represented in Sioux Falls by powerfully constructed female lobbyists. Cal staid away from his office twenty-four hours after his edict was issued, in the hope that the enemy might leave town, but it seems that they have now gone into permanent camp. He is in great distress.”

--Yankton Press & Dakotaian 9/12/1883 Suffrage and Statehood

1889 Convention National suffrage advocate Henry B. Blackwell of Boston spoke to convention in Sioux Falls. Suffrage proponent S.A. Ramsey also served as a convention delegate from Jerauld County.

The convention adopted an article to give the Legislature authority to enact a law granting women’s suffrage if it passed a popular vote—kicking off the first big public campaign for suffrage… Henry B. Blackwell Turning Point Suffragist Memorial Kingsbury/Smith, History of Dakota Territory V.2 (1915), 1926-1929. http://suffragistmemorial.org/7-suffragist-men-and-the- importance-of-allies/ The 1890 Campaign

$5,000 spent -- 2,000 speeches -- 400 local suffrage clubs organized [Norlin 308 citing Anthony v.4] The Story of the Ankle Pincher

Susan B. Anthony

Sod church Faulkton SD #2013-09-16-302, SD Digital Archives, SDSHS The WCTU and Suffrage

“Therefore, Resolved; that we, members of the WCTU and women of South Dakota will never cease to petition, to work for, and to demand the ballot for women, till we are granted a fair share in the government of our commonwealth.” -- Resolution of WCTU convention in Madison, 1890.

Temperance workers in Miller SD Alice Pickler Harmony Friends Church #2009-12-23-001, SDSHS Digital Archives Bones v. Anthony

Anthony withheld the funds from the state ESA because they wanted to use it via the WCTU.

In Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer about Anthony: “Everyone who does not fall down and worship her aged countenance, everyone who does not hang rapturously upon the halting and inconsequent words constantly falling from her ever-open mouth, are her enemies…” [Wittmayer 213-214] Bones “remained the enemy of the movement until the day of her death in July, 1901, at Washington D.C.” [Kingsbury, v.3, p770] The 1890 Conventions

Father Robert Haire John Pickler Susan B. Anthony Anna Shaw

“Credit Or Blame The Bailey, History of South Aberdeen Priest,” Vermillion Dakota (1904). Plain Talk, February 10, 2017. The Power Couple

John and Alice Pickler

Bailey, History of South Dakota (1904). The Power Couple John and Alice Pickler The Power Couple John and Alice Pickler Suffrage and the Press F.L. Mease

Publisher of the Madison Semi-weekly Sentinel. Wife, Nora Scoggin Mease, was an officer of the WCTU. [Jennings 1975, 390-409] Women of the Press LoElla H. Blank On February 5, 1886, T. Linus and LoElla H. Blank bought the Wessington Springs Herald and ran it for 5 years. LoElla Blank wrote a column called ‘Woman's Realm’ and served as associate editor. LoElla Blank's articles often promoted women's suffrage and highlighted female entrepreneurship throughout the country.

Wessington Springs Herald overview, Chronicling America, by SD State Archives, https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn99067997/ Women of the Press Laura Alderman

Turner County Herald (Hurley, SD), September 11, 1890.

Turner County Herald (Hurley, SD), October 2, 1890. St. Paul Globe (MN), January 5, 1901. Lectures & Organizing

Emma Smith DeVoe [Wittmayer p212]

Matilda Hindman https://www.marybakereddylib rary.org/research/womens- suffrage-and-matilda-hindman/

Ida Crouch-Hazlett Wikimedia Commons

Julia B. Nelson from Red Wing MN Wikimedia - MNopedia Aberdeen Equal Suffrage Club

Saturday News (Watertown SD), November 14, 1918. Equal Suffrage Associations

Turner County April 1890 Program of first meeting included: Prayer by Rev. A.E. Carhart Debate with Rev. J.J. McIntire, Hon. C.J. Bach, M.S. Robinson, Rev. A.E. Carhart, and Mrs. Laura A. Alderman. For the purposes of the debate, Rev. McIntire took the “Anti” side. Turner County Herald (Hurley SD), April 10, 1890 Equal Suffrage Associations

Wessington Springs Herald (SD), November 29, 1889

Wessington Springs Herald (SD), December 6, 1889

Jerauld County Courthouse #2015-04-14-325, SD Digital Archives, SDSHS

1895 Legislature

302

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23

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06 -

Anna R. Simmons Pierre, State Old Capitol, https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/

46133834/anna-rebecca-simmons SDSHS Digital Archives #2015 Archives SDSHSDigital

“I went to Pierre with another woman to work against certain legislation proposed in the interest of the liquor business. I found that we might as well go out, we two women, and try to dam the Mississippi or the Missouri River with our bare hands.” -- Anna R. Simmons https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/46133834/anna-rebecca-simmons 1896-1898 Campaign

Emma Cranmer, 1894 Anna R. Simmons Peterson, C.J. (1895) The Peterson https://www.findagrave.com/memorial Magazine, 106 /46133834/anna-rebecca-simmons

SD Cultural Heritage Center #80.182.03 Breeden papers, USD, Box 1, Correspondence 1895 - 1898, 1907, RD06487 The 1900s

1901 SD Women’s Suffrage Association sent a petition for a suffrage amendment with Senator R.F. Pettigrew to the U.S. Senate. 1902 Suffragists tried to gather a petition under the new Initiative clause to put it on the 1904 ballot (but not for constitutional amendments). 1907 Suffragists brought 36 yards of petition signatures to the legislature. Suffrage passed Senate but was defeated in the House. 1909 Advocates focused on electing

legislators who would support suffrage. (IA), (IA), The Political Equality League was established under presidency of attorney Lydia B. Johnson to separate

from the temperance movement.

November 13, 1937. 13, November

Lydia B. Johnson B. Lydia The Des Moines Register Moines Des The 1910 Campaign

“Get the Vote First”

National campaign speakers Edition Digital Addams Jane Ella.” “Stewart,

Suffrage and Class: “the intelligence among South Dakota women is not cofined [sic] to the club members and one would not expect democratic measures for the benefit of the masses to be actively promoted by them. It is cause for congratulation that so many as 18 out of 38 of the delegates in spite of their social training are in favor of active suffrage work” Sisseton Weekly Standard (SD), October 28, 1910. 1910 Campaign

Suffrage and Families

“I see no way possible for me to attend a conference at Pierre for I cannot take my children and it is impossible now for me to get anyone to leave them with.”

RD06537, Breeden papers USD, correspondence 1909 Equal Suffrage Associations

“I occasionally take a ‘day off’ and canvas from home to home” – Etta Proctor (Lead)

RD06780 and RD06795, correspondence Sept-Oct 1910, Breeden papers, University of South Dakota 1913-1914 Campaign

Mamie Shields Pyle Who’s Who in South Dakota 3 (1920), 266.

Hotel Locke, Pierre Anna Simmons SDSHS Digital Collections #2015-01-05-333 https://www.findagrave.co m/memorial/46133834/ann a-rebecca-simmons

Alice Pickler Bailey, History of South Dakota (1904). The Campaign of Committee Room 2

SD SHPO 1913-1914 Campaign

Marion H. Drake Rosalie Gardiner Jones Chicago Long Island Chicago

from Portraits of Twenty-Seven Illinois Women Lawyers, by James Bradwell. Chicago: Chicago Photographed sometime between 1910 Photo by Gerhard Sisters, St. Louis. Legal News, 1900. Courtesy of the University and 1915, is being honored with a statue. Bain News Service, publisher. United of Illinois at Chicago, The University Library, Photo Credit: Library of Congress. States Library of Congress's Prints and Department of Special Collections. https://www.newsday.com/long- Photographs division under the digital ID https://www.chicagobar.org/barnone/sect9.html island/suffolk/suffragette-rosalie-gardner- cph.3a15774. Via Wikimedia Commons jones-statue-1.14987376 Parades

Downtown Huron, SD, Beadle County, #2015-07-10-303, SDSHS Digital Archives

A parade of sixteen horsemen and fifty-three cars of suffragists went in procession through Huron for the visit of Wisconsin activist Fola LaFollette to speak at the Chautauqua. The procession included the mayor of Huron, Mamie Pyle, Alva E. Taylor, and Grace Richards. [Sisseton Weekly Standard (SD), July 17, 1914] The Messenger, 1913-1914

Karcher-Sahr House, SDSHS

John and Ruth Hipple House, SDSHS Easton, p211 Rose Bower (1876-1965)

http://www.keystonehistory.com/index.php/cultural-innovators/bower-family-band Rose Bower (1876-1965)

Rose Bower, 1910 census, Rapid City

Sisseton Weekly Standard (SD), September 25, 1914.

The Mitchell Capital (SD), July 22, 1915. Hot Springs Weekly Star (SD), May 10, 1907. Suffrage and Race/Immigration

Editorial cartoon, Hot Springs Weekly Star (SD), October 30, 1914. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn96090259/1914-10-30/ed-1/seq-9.pdf 1915-1916 Campaign

“To meet the task before her, Pyle decided to abandon the previous organizational tactic of using district organizers, and she developed a plan to use county leaders instead. These county leaders would then find township workers. By this method, every household in South Dakota would be contacted by someone who was committed to suffrage.” [Easton 216] St. Charles Hotel, Pierre. SDSHS Digital Archives #2013-11-14-329 Suffrage received 48% of the vote. Equal Suffrage Associations

Roberts County Courthouse #2015-04-09, SD Digital Archives, SDSHS Sisseton Weekly Standard (SD), September 1, 1916 Equal Suffrage Associations

Esmond Township Hall (Kingsbury Co.) The local Equal Suffrage Club was one of the organizations that met in the hall. Equal Suffrage Associations

SD Cultural Heritage Center exhibit Amendment E & Citizenship

Dakota Territory had let “It will not mean ... that we can immigrants vote on first lessen our activity. No campaign will citizenship papers in order carry on its own momentum. We to attract settlers. must work earnestly and persistently, upheld by the knowledge that we are In March 1918, Governor serving our State and our country, as Peter Norbeck called a well as gaining our own political special legislative session freedom, when we cooperate with to limit “alien voting.” our men to add to the vote a large body of loyal, intelligent citizens and eliminate, at the same time, those who are unnaturalized.” -- Mamie Shields Pyle SD Cultural Heritage Center exhibit [Easton 224] Parades

Women's Suffrage March, Armour SD, Douglas County #2009-06-09-005, SD Digital Archives, SDSHS Parades

Suffrage Wagons, Margaret Hanson collection #2012-12-15-315, SD Digital Archives, SDSHS Suffrage and WWI

Suffrage Parade, Erwin SD, Kingsbury County, 1918 #2013-02-19-315, SD Digital Archives, SDSHS The 1918 campaign

Kampeska Hotel, Watertown, c1913 Wikimedia Commons The 1918 campaign

“plate material” (I think) The Herald-Advance (Milbank SD), August 23, 1918 The Poll Police

Deadwood https://www.deadwood.com/history/ Elsie L. Benedict https://ochf.wordpress.com/ 2012/05/14/elsie-l- vandegrift-benedict-2004- inductee-2/ The 1918 campaign

Suffrage passed in November 1918 with 64% of the vote. South Dakota was the 17th state to approve full suffrage for women.

Saturday News (Watertown SD), November 7, 1918.

SD Cultural Heritage Center exhibit “The first time…”

In January 1919, two women were sworn in as proof-reader and bill clerk in the S.D. State House of Representatives. “…nearly the whole body applauded. The first time in history of the state for women to apply for such places; I could not help but wonder if they realized who made it possible for them to attain those places. As I glanced around at the older suffrage women looking on I imagined I could see in their faces happiness and then sadness and a far away look that told of the long struggle.” -- May Billinghurst (Pierre)

Reed, The Woman Suffrage Movement in South Dakota (1958), 112-113. Ratification at Midnight

The South Dakota legislature ratified the 19th amendment at 12:44 a.m. on December 4, 1919. [Easton, 226]

The Citizen-Republican (Scotland SD), December 4, 1919. Mamie Shields Pyle, Huron

“State women will perhaps never realize how much they owe to Mrs. John L. Pyle, president, who gave herself absolutely to the winning of their political freedom…. The best there was in her she gave to the cause and she has the gratitude of those for whom and with whom she worked.”

-- Susan B. Anthony, The History of Who’s Who in South Dakota 3 (1920), 266. Women’s Suffrage Mamie Shields Pyle, Huron Book Highlights

Winning the West for Women: The Life of Suffragist Emma Smith DeVoe JENNIFER M. ROSS-NAZZAL South Dakota History University of Washington Press, 2015. SD State Historical Society

The Woman Suffrage Movement in South Dakota DORINDA RIESSEN-REED SD Commission on the Status of Women, 1975.

The History of Dakota Territory, v.1-5 (1915) G.W. KINGSBURY & GEORGE M. SMITH

Woman Suffrage and Citizenship in the Midwest, 1870–1920 SARA EGGE https://www.sdhspress.com/journal

University of Iowa Press, 2018. https://history.sd.gov/Membership.aspx Suffrage in Dakota Territory

http://www.sdhsf.org/ Special Projects: 100th Anniversary of Women’s Suffrage

AVAILABLE SEPTEMBER 2018 SD Historical Society Press Commemoration

National Votes for Women Trail The trail will feature the buildings, sites, historical markers, and monuments where women's suffrage activity took place in the United States before August 26, 1920.

http://ncwhs.org/index.php/projects/trails/293-votes-for-women-trail