How Women Won the Vote
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Working Mothers and the Postponement of Women's
SUK_FINAL PROOF_REDLINE.DOCX (DO NOT DELETE) 3/13/2021 4:13 AM WORKING MOTHERS AND THE POSTPONEMENT OF WOMEN’S RIGHTS FROM THE NINETEENTH AMENDMENT TO THE EQUAL RIGHTS AMENDMENT JULIE C. SUK* The Nineteenth Amendment’s ratification in 1920 spawned new initiatives to advance the status of women, including the proposal of another constitutional amendment that would guarantee women equality in all legal rights, beyond the right to vote. Both the Nineteenth Amendment and the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) grew out of the long quest to enshrine women’s equal status under the law as citizens, which began in the nineteenth century. Nearly a century later, the ERA remains unfinished business with an uncertain future. Suffragists advanced different visions and strategies for women’s empowerment after they got the constitutional right to vote. They divided over the ERA. Their disagreements, this Essay argues, productively postponed the ERA, and reshaped its meaning over time to be more responsive to the challenges women faced in exercising economic and political power because they were mothers. An understanding of how and why *Professor of Sociology, Political Science, and Liberal Studies, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, and Florence Rogatz Visiting Professor of Law (fall 2020) and Senior Research Scholar, Yale Law School. Huge thanks to Saul Cornell, Deborah Dinner, Vicki Jackson, Michael Klarman, Jill Lepore, Suzette Malveaux, Jane Manners, Sara McDougall, Paula Monopoli, Jed Shugerman, Reva Siegel, and Kirsten Swinth. Their comments and reactions to earlier iterations of this project conjured this Essay into existence. This Essay began as a presentation of disconnected chunks of research for my book, WE THE WOMEN: THE UNSTOPPABLE MOTHERS OF THE EQUAL RIGHTS AMENDMENT (2020) , but the conversations generated by law school audiences nudged me to write a separate essay to explore more thoroughly how the story of suffragists’ ERA dispute after the Nineteenth Amendment affects the future of constitutional lawmaking. -
Women's Suffrage in Tennessee
Are you Yellow or Red? Women’s Suffrage in Tennessee Lesson plans for primary sources at the Tennessee State Library & Archives Author: Whitney Joyner, Northeast Middle School Grade Level: 11th grade Date Created: May 2015 Visit www.tn.gov/tsla/educationoutreach for additional lesson plans. Introduction: The ratification of the 19th amendment was the pinnacle of the Progressive Move- ment and Tennessee played a pivotal role in gaining women the right to vote in the United States. In Au- gust 1920, Tennessee became the 36th state to ratify the 19th amendment and changed American poli- tics forever. Guiding Questions: What were the key arguments for and against women’s suffrage? Who were the key players in the fight for and against women’s suffrage? What role did Tennessee plan in the suffrage effort? Learning Objectives: In the course of the lesson, students will, explore the ideas for and against women gaining the right to vote, identify the leaders of the women’s suffrage movement , and define Tennessee’s role in the women’s suffrage movement. Curriculum Standards: US.18- Describe the movement to achieve suffrage for women, including: the significance of leaders such as Carrie Chapman Catt, Anne Dallas Dudley, and Alice Paul, the activities of suffragists, the passage of the 19th Amendment, and the role of Tennessee as the “Perfect 36”). (C, E, G, H, P) CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.11-12.1 Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of primary and secondary sources, connecting insights gained from specific details to an understanding of the text as a whole. -
Meet the Suffragists (Pdf)
Meet The Suffragists A Presentation by the 2018-2020 GFWC-SC Ad Hoc Committee to Celebrate the Centennial of the Nineteenth Amendment Meet the Suffragists Susan B. Anthony Champion of temperance, abolition, the rights of labor, and equal pay for equal work, Susan Brownell Anthony became one of the most visible leaders of the women’s suffrage movement. Born on February 15, 1820 in Adams, Massachusetts, Susan was inspired by the Quaker belief that everyone was equal under God. That idea guided her throughout her life. She had seven brothers and sisters, many of whom became activists for justice and emancipation of slaves. In 1851, Anthony met Elizabeth Cady Stanton. The two women became good friends and worked together for over 50 years fighting for women’s rights. They traveled the country and Anthony gave speeches demanding that women be given the right to vote. In 1872, Anthony was arrested for voting. She was tried and fined $100 for her crime. This made many people angry and brought national attention to the suffrage movement. In 1876, she led a protest at the 1876 Centennial of our nation’s independence. She gave a speech—“Declaration of Rights”— written by Stanton and another suffragist, Matilda Joslyn Gage. Anthony died in 1906, 14 years before women were given the right to vote with the passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920. Submitted by Janet Watkins Carrie Chapman Carrie Chapman Catt was born January 9, 1859 in Ripon, Wisconsin. She attended Iowa State University. She was married to Leo Chapman (1885-1886); George Catt (1890-1905); partner Mary Garret Hay. -
Caroline Katzenstein Papers
Am .8996 Caroline Katzenstein Papers ca. 1850-1965 (bulk 1909-1965) 3 boxes, 1 vol., 0.9 lin. feet Contact: The Historical Society of Pennsylvania 1300 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107 Phone: (215) 732-6200 FAX: (215) 732-2680 http://www.hsp.org Processed by: Heather Willever-Farr Processing Completed: November 2008 Sponsor: Processing made possible by a generous donation from Dorothy Del Bueno Restrictions: None Related Collections at None HSP: © 2008 The Historical Society of Pennsylvania. All rights reserved. Caroline Katzenstein Papers Am .8996 Caroline Katzenstein Papers, ca. 1850-1965 (bulk 1909-1965) 3 boxes, 1 vol., 0.9 lin. feet Am .8996 Abstract Caroline Katzenstein (1888-1968) was a leader in the Pennsylvania suffrage movement. She served in official positions for the Equal Franchise Society of Philadelphia, the National American Woman Suffrage Association, and the National Woman’s Party. After women won the vote in 1920, Katzenstein continued to fight for women’s rights and lobbied tirelessly for the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment for over twenty years. In 1919, Katzenstein used her expertise in publicity to aid the Women Teachers Organization of Philadelphia in their efforts to increase salary for women teachers. Additionally, Katzenstein was a successful insurance agent for the Equitable Life Insurance Society of New York, the Massachusetts Bonding and Insurance Company (Philadelphia Branch), and the Philadelphia Life Insurance Company. The Caroline Katzenstein papers document Katzenstein’s participation in the suffrage movement from 1909 to 1921, her efforts to help women obtain equal pay for equal work in the 1920s, her tireless promotion of the Equal Rights Amendment from 1923 to 1965, and her career as an insurance agent (1909-ca. -
Catharine Beecher, Domestic Economy, and Social Reform
Constructing the Past Volume 7 Issue 1 Article 5 2006 Architecture of the Millennium: Catharine Beecher, Domestic Economy, and Social Reform Erie M. Roberts Illinois Wesleyan University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/constructing Recommended Citation Roberts, Erie M. (2006) "Architecture of the Millennium: Catharine Beecher, Domestic Economy, and Social Reform," Constructing the Past: Vol. 7 : Iss. 1 , Article 5. Available at: https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/constructing/vol7/iss1/5 This Article is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Commons @ IWU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this material in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This material has been accepted for inclusion by editorial board of the Undergraduate Economic Review and the Economics Department at Illinois Wesleyan University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ©Copyright is owned by the author of this document. Architecture of the Millennium: Catharine Beecher, Domestic Economy, and Social Reform Abstract This article discusses Catherine Beecher's ideas about how women, as the Christian moral center and teachers, could reform American society. She put homemakers at a center of power, since she believed that they would be able to not only teach children to become true Christian citizens, but reform men as well. -
Harriet Beecher Stowe Papers in the HBSC Collection
Harriet Beecher Stowe Papers in the Harriet Beecher Stowe Center’s Collections Finding Aid To schedule a research appointment, please call the Collections Manager at 860.522.9258 ext. 313 or email [email protected] Harriet Beecher Stowe Papers in the Stowe Center's Collection Note: See end of document for manuscript type definitions. Manuscript type & Recipient Title Date Place length Collection Summary Other Information [Stowe's first known letter] Ten year-old Harriet Beecher writes to her older brother Edward attending Yale. She would like to see "my little sister Isabella". Foote family news. Talks of spending the Nutplains summer at Nutplains. Asks him to write back. Loose signatures of Beecher, Edward (1803-1895) 1822 March 14 [Guilford, CT] ALS, 1 pp. Acquisitions Lyman Beecher and HBS. Album which belonged to HBS; marbelized paper with red leather spine. First written page inscribed: Your Affectionate Father Lyman At end, 1 1/2-page mss of a 28 verse, seven Beecher Sufficient to the day is the evil thereof. Hartford Aug 24, stanza poem, composed by Mrs. Stowe, 1840". Pages 2 and 3 include a poem. There follow 65 mss entitled " Who shall not fear thee oh Lord". poems, original and quotes, and prose from relatives and friends, This poem seems never to have been Katharine S. including HBS's teacher at Miss Pierece's school in Litchfield, CT, published. [Pub. in The Hartford Courant Autograph Bound mss, 74 Day, Bound John Brace. Also two poems of Mrs. Hemans, copied in HBS's Sunday Magazine, Sept., 1960].Several album 1824-1844 Hartford, CT pp. -
Emma Smith Devoe and the South Dakota Suffrage Campaigns
Copyright © 2003 by the South Dakota State Historical Society. All Rights Reserved. Emma Smith DeVoe and the South Dakota Suffrage Campaigns ENNIFER ROSS-NAZZAL For most of the twenty-eight-year-long battle for woman suffrage in South Dakota, Emma Smith DeVoe was a key figure. During the first campaign for the adoption of a woman suffrage amendment to the state constitution in 1890, she played a central role as an organizer and lecturer. Doane Robinson, South Dakota's state historian, con- cluded that DeVoe was "the outstanding state leader" in this battle.' Dorinda Riessen Reed, author of The Woman Suffrage Movement in South Dakota, also identifies DeVoe as one of the most valuable state workers during this period.^ Although historians have acknowledged DeVoe's leadership, none have identified precisely how and why she became an asset to the woman suffrage movement. An examination of correspondence between DeVoe and her colleagues as well as press reports of her appearances provides insight into the strategies she de- veloped. Although woman suffrage went down to defeat in 1890, De- Voe's methods and arguments proved popular with South Dakota au- diences, and suffrage leaders continued to look to her for guidance until they achieved victory in 1918. Emma Smith was bom in Roseville, Illinois, on 22 August 1848, the same year the first women's rights convention took place in Seneca Falls, New York. Her father was a deacon in the Baptist Church, and she had eight brothers and sisters. As a youngster, she 1. Doane Robinson to L. N. Crill, 4 Feb. -
Women's History Is Everywhere: 10 Ideas for Celebrating in Communities
Women’s History is Everywhere: 10 Ideas for Celebrating In Communities A How-To Community Handbook Prepared by The President’s Commission on the Celebration of Women in American History “Just think of the ideas, the inventions, the social movements that have so dramatically altered our society. Now, many of those movements and ideas we can trace to our own founding, our founding documents: the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. And we can then follow those ideas as they move toward Seneca Falls, where 150 years ago, women struggled to articulate what their rights should be. From women’s struggle to gain the right to vote to gaining the access that we needed in the halls of academia, to pursuing the jobs and business opportunities we were qualified for, to competing on the field of sports, we have seen many breathtaking changes. Whether we know the names of the women who have done these acts because they stand in history, or we see them in the television or the newspaper coverage, we know that for everyone whose name we know there are countless women who are engaged every day in the ordinary, but remarkable, acts of citizenship.” —- Hillary Rodham Clinton, March 15, 1999 Women’s History is Everywhere: 10 Ideas for Celebrating In Communities A How-To Community Handbook prepared by the President’s Commission on the Celebration of Women in American History Commission Co-Chairs: Ann Lewis and Beth Newburger Commission Members: Dr. Johnnetta B. Cole, J. Michael Cook, Dr. Barbara Goldsmith, LaDonna Harris, Gloria Johnson, Dr. Elaine Kim, Dr. -
Hoosiers and the American Story Chapter 3
3 Pioneers and Politics “At this time was the expression first used ‘Root pig, or die.’ We rooted and lived and father said if we could only make a little and lay it out in land while land was only $1.25 an acre we would be making money fast.” — Andrew TenBrook, 1889 The pioneers who settled in Indiana had to work England states. Southerners tended to settle mostly in hard to feed, house, and clothe their families. Every- southern Indiana; the Mid-Atlantic people in central thing had to be built and made from scratch. They Indiana; the New Englanders in the northern regions. had to do as the pioneer Andrew TenBrook describes There were exceptions. Some New Englanders did above, “Root pig, or die.” This phrase, a common one settle in southern Indiana, for example. during the pioneer period, means one must work hard Pioneers filled up Indiana from south to north or suffer the consequences, and in the Indiana wilder- like a glass of water fills from bottom to top. The ness those consequences could be hunger. Luckily, the southerners came first, making homes along the frontier was a place of abundance, the land was rich, Ohio, Whitewater, and Wabash Rivers. By the 1820s the forests and rivers bountiful, and the pioneers people were moving to central Indiana, by the 1830s to knew how to gather nuts, plants, and fruits from the northern regions. The presence of Indians in the north forest; sow and reap crops; and profit when there and more difficult access delayed settlement there. -
Votes for Women! Celebrating New York’S Suffrage on November 6, 1917, New York State Passed the Referendum for Women’S Suffrage
New York State’s Women’s Suffrage History Votes for Women! Celebrating New York’s Suffrage On November 6, 1917, New York State passed the referendum for women’s suffrage. This victory was an important event for New York State and the nation. Suffrage in New York State signaled that the national passage of women’s suffrage would soon follow, and in August 1920, “Votes for Women” were constitutionally guaranteed. Although women began asserting their independence long before, the irst coordinated work for women’s suffrage began at the Seneca Falls convention in 1848. The convention served as a catalyst for debates and action. Women like Susan B. Anthony and Matilda Joslyn Gage organized and rallied for support of women’s suffrage throughout upstate New York. Others, including Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Amelia Bloomer supported the effort through the use of their pens. Stanton wrote letters, speeches, and articles while Bloomer published the irst newspaper for women, The Lily, in 1849. These combined efforts culminated in the creation of the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA). By the dawn of the twentieth century, the political and social landscape was much different in New York State than ifty years before. The state experienced dramatic advances in industry and urban growth. Several large waves of immigrants settled throughout the state and now more and more women were working outside of the home. Reformers concerns shifted to labor issues, health care, and temperance. New reformers like Harriot Stanton Blatch and Carrie Chapman Catt used new tactics such as marches, meetings, and signed petitions to show that New Yorkers wanted suffrage. -
The 19Th Amendment
National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Women Making History: The 19th Amendment Women The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. —19th Amendment to the United States Constitution In 1920, after decades of tireless activism by countless determined suffragists, American women were finally guaranteed the right to vote. The year 2020 marks the 100th anniversary of the 19th Amendment. It was ratified by the states on August 18, 1920 and certified as an amendment to the US Constitution on August 26, 1920. Developed in partnership with the National Park Service, this publication weaves together multiple stories about the quest for women’s suffrage across the country, including those who opposed it, the role of allies and other civil rights movements, who was left behind, and how the battle differed in communities across the United States. Explore the complex history and pivotal moments that led to ratification of the 19th Amendment as well as the places where that history happened and its continued impact today. 0-31857-0 Cover Barcode-Arial.pdf 1 2/17/20 1:58 PM $14.95 ISBN 978-1-68184-267-7 51495 9 781681 842677 The National Park Service is a bureau within the Department Front cover: League of Women Voters poster, 1920. of the Interior. It preserves unimpaired the natural and Back cover: Mary B. Talbert, ca. 1901. cultural resources and values of the National Park System for the enjoyment, education, and inspiration of this and All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce this work future generations. -
Fall 2013 Fall 2013
W ORCESTER W OMEN’S H ISTORY P ROJECT We remember our past . to better shape our future. WWHP VOL.WWHP 13, VOLUME NO. 2 13, NO. 2 FALL 2013 FALL 2013 WWHP and the Intergenerational Urban Institute at NOTICE Worcester State University are pleased to OF present 18th ANNUAL MEETING Michèle LaRue Thursday, October 24, 2013 in 5:30 p.m. Someone Must Wash the Dishes: Worcester Historical Museum followed by a talk by An Anti-Suffrage Satire Karen Board Moran Many women fought against getting the vote in the early 1900s, on her new book but none with more charm, prettier clothes—and less logic— than the fictional speaker in this satiric monologue written by Gates Along My Path pro-suffragist Marie Jenney Howe, back in 1912. “Woman suf- Booksigning frage is the reform against nature,” declares Howe’s unlikely, but irresistibly likeable, heroine. Light Refreshments “Ladies, get what you want. Pound pillows. Make a scene. Photo by Ken Smith of Quiet Heart Images Make home a hell on earth—but do it in a womanly way! That is All Welcome so much more dignified and refined than walking up to a ballot box and dropping in a piece of paper!” See page 3 for details. Reviewers have called this production “wicked” in its wit, and have labeled Michèle LaRue’s performance "side-splitting." An Illinois native, now based in New York, LaRue is a professional actress who tours nationally with a repertoire of shows by turn-of-the- previous-century American writers. Panel Discussion follows on the unfinished business of women’s rights.