Oppgaven Ferdig

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Oppgaven Ferdig Orkestergraven: død eller levende? Singbackens inntog i musikalnorge Masteroppgave av Markus Agøy Sand Våren 2014 Institutt for Musikkvitenskap Humanistisk fakultet Universitetet i Oslo Forsideillustrasjon av Kristine Agøy Sand © 2014 ii Forord Denne masteroppgaven har de to siste årene vært en stor del av livet mitt, hvor jeg har lært utrolig mye og har mange mennesker jeg ønsker å takke. Først og fremst vil jeg takke Erling E. Gulbrandsen for utrolig god veiledning og hjelp gjennom denne oppgaven. Om det ikke hadde vært for deg ville nok ikke denne oppgaven noen gang blitt ferdig. Takk til Even Kruse Skatrud for diskusjon rundt masteroppgavetemaet og hjelp i oppstartsperioden. Takk til Bjørn Heiseldal og Petter Kragstad for gode og behjelpelige intervjuer. Uten dere ville denne masteroppgaven vært mye mindre interessant. Takk til Maria Agøy Sand og Jo Hegle Sjøflot for strukturert og god tilbakemelding og korrekturlesning, og Katarina Lund for god bransjekunnskap, støtte og inspirasjon. Takk til Kristine Agøy Sand for flott forsideillustrasjon, og Ellen og Åsmund som alltid gir alt for å hjelpe og støtte meg. Takk til alle venner og bekjente som har interessert seg for oppgaven min, og spesielt stor takk til dere som har åpnet for diskusjon og gode tanker rundt temaet i oppgaven min. Uten alle dere ville ikke denne masteroppgaven eksistert, så jeg takker dere dypt og håper oppgaven faller i smak. Oslo, 25. April 2014 Markus A. Sand iii iv INNHOLDSFORTEGNELSE FORORD ................................................................................................................... III INNHOLDSFORTEGNELSE ................................................................................... V 1 – INNLEDNING OG METODE ............................................................................. 1 INNLEDNING OG PROBLEMSTILLING ............................................................................ 1 METODE ...................................................................................................................... 3 Forskning på Singback ....................................................................................... 3 Musikklivs-, sjanger- og populærmusikkforskning ........................................... 4 Fenomenologi .................................................................................................... 5 Deltakende observasjon ..................................................................................... 6 Intervju ............................................................................................................... 6 Aksjonsforskning ............................................................................................... 7 Hermeneutikk ..................................................................................................... 8 Sentrale teoretikere ............................................................................................ 8 2 - HVA ER SINGBACK? .......................................................................................... 9 DEFINISJONER ........................................................................................................... 10 HVA ER EGENTLIG SINGBACK? .................................................................................. 11 I. Ordets betydning ........................................................................................... 11 II. Singback for artister kontra singback i musikaler ....................................... 12 III. Innvirkning ................................................................................................. 15 LIVENESS OG MEDIALISERING ................................................................................... 24 OPPSUMMERING KAPITTEL 2 ..................................................................................... 30 3 - HVORFOR BRUKE SINGBACK? .................................................................... 33 ØKONOMIEN VEDRØRENDE SINGBACK ...................................................................... 35 STØTTEORDNINGER ................................................................................................... 39 ØKONOMISKE UTFORDRINGER .................................................................................. 48 HVORFOR BRUKE LEVENDE MUSIKK .......................................................................... 51 OPPSUMMERING KAPITTEL 3 ..................................................................................... 54 4 - FREMFØRING OG OPPLEVELSE .................................................................. 58 HVA GJØR EN MUSIKAL GOD? .................................................................................... 58 v LIVEFØLELSEN .......................................................................................................... 63 EN SAMMENLIGNING AV TO MUSIKALER ................................................................... 68 PUBLIKUMMERES PÅVIRKNING AV HVERANDRE ........................................................ 74 OPPSUMMERING KAPITTEL 4 ..................................................................................... 79 5 – AVSLUTTENDE DISKUSJON OG KONKLUSJON ..................................... 84 DISKUSJON ................................................................................................................ 84 KONKLUSJON ............................................................................................................ 92 LITTERATURLISTE ............................................................................................... 93 APPENDIKS .............................................................................................................. 97 vi 1 – INNLEDNING OG METODE Innledning og problemstilling I løpet av de siste årene har singback gjort sitt store inntog i den norske musikal- og teaterbransjen, og funnet veien til de store kommersielle oppsetningene. Der singback før som regel ble brukt i mindre oppsetninger, skoleforestillinger og turné-musikaler er den nå blitt introdusert på noen av Norges største musikalscener. Bruken av singback i store produksjoner er noe som har ført til reaksjoner fra flere hold. Et eksempel på dette er artikkelen musikernes fellesorganisasjon la ut angående bruken av singback i A Chorus Line (musikerorg.no). Diskusjonen angående singback handler om hvorvidt det er riktig å bruke dette, og hvorfor det i det hele tatt blir brukt. Man kan stille seg spørsmålet om hva singback betyr. Dette skal jeg diskutere i kapittel to, men jeg kan si så mye som at hva dette ordet egentlig innebærer er et omdiskutert tema. Hva dette ordet konkret betyr er vanskelig å si da det finnes mange forskjellige synspunkt på hva definisjonen skal være og hva konseptet singback egentlig innebærer, men i all hovedsak handler det om at musikken som kommer ut av høyttalerne er tidligere innspilt musikk. I denne oppgaven har jeg valgt å ikke utelukkende snakke om hva singback er og betyr. Et viktig spørsmål i denne diskusjonen er også hvilke konsekvenser singback kan ha for musikal- og teaternorge. Ikke bare for publikum, men også de på scenen, samt alle som jobber med en singbackforestilling og de som kanskje ikke får jobb grunnet bruken av singback. Det er flere ting som blir påvirket av valget om å bruke singback, og jeg har satt meg som mål i denne masteroppgaven å finne ut av hva som er forskjellene på singback og levende musikk både i positiv og negativ forstand. Jeg vil også se på hvorvidt produsentene og de musikalsk ansvarlige har noe særlig valg når det kommer til beslutningen om å bruke singback eller ikke. Det private teatermarkedet i Norge er hardt og de private aktørene møter på mange utfordringer, særlig når det kommer til økonomi. 1 Når det kommer til problemstilling er det vanskelig å ende opp med ett enkelt spørsmål da diskusjonen angående singback er omfattende, og det er mye det er mulig å diskutere. Jeg har likevel kommet frem til et spørsmål jeg vil prøve å besvare i løpet av denne oppgaven: Hva er singback, og hvilke grunner kan det finnes for eller imot å bruke singback i musikaloppsetninger i Norge? Innenfor dette spørsmålet er det flere underliggende spørsmål jeg også må svare på i løpet av oppgaven. Hvordan kan man definere singback, og kan man lage en generell definisjon? Hva slags innvirkning har singbacken på publikum i salen og aktørene på scenen? Er det en grunn til at singback blir valgt til fordel for levende musikere, og hva er konsekvensene av dette valget? Dette er et utvalg av spørsmål jeg vil diskutere videre i denne oppgaven. Når jeg diskuterer teamet singback i musikalforestillinger er det de private teatrene og de store scenene det er snakk om. Skoleforestillinger og turné-musikaler har et annet økonomisk utgangspunkt og logistiske utfordringer og det vil da være mer logisk og praktisk for disse å bruke singback. Selv om dette ikke nødvendigvis er optimalt er ikke dette noe jeg kommer til å gå noe særlig inn på i oppgaven, da det som sagt er de store scenene og de store produksjonene jeg vil legge vekt på. Ett av de største problemene jeg har støtt på under arbeidet med masteroppgaven er det å få tak i relevant informasjon. Det å komme i kontakt med og få intervjue menneskene som tar valgene og produserer singback har vært en mye større utfordring enn jeg antok da jeg begynte på oppgaven. Jeg sendte mail til flere teatersjefer, produsenter og musikalske ansvarlige, men det virker som om temaet singback er et meget ømfintlig tema for mange. Jeg antar at dette ikke handler om at man ikke
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