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Nine Provinces‟: Some Parallels with Transmitted Texts1
EASTM 32 (2010): 13-58 The Rong Cheng shi 容 成 氏 Version of the „Nine Provinces‟: Some Parallels with Transmitted Texts1 Vera Dorofeeva-Lichtmann [Vera Dorofeeva-Lichtmann, Ph.D. (1992) in History (Sinology), Moscow State University, is Chargé de Recherche at the CNRS in Paris. Her publi- cations include Graphics and Text in the Production of Technical Knowledge in China: The Warp and the Weft (co-editor), Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2007; “Ritual Practices for Constructing Terrestrial Space (Warring States-Early Han),” in: HdO Early Chinese Religion. Part One: Shang through Han (1250 BC-220 AD), Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2009.] * * * 1. Introduction The Rong Cheng shi manuscript is the largest text among the so-called Shanghai Museum manuscripts on bamboo slips (Shang bo cang jian 上 博 藏 簡) considered to be of Chu 楚 provenance2 and dated to the mid through the late fourth century BC. Since the slips were looted from a Chu tomb, precise place and date of this find are unknown.3 It is, howev- er, commonly accepted that the manuscripts originate from a Chu aristo- cratic tomb closed shortly before the Chu court was obliged to leave the capital at Ying 郢 (Hubei area) in 278 BC.4 1 I am truly grateful to Yuri Pines for having alerted my attention to this man- uscript and for his valuable remarks, and to Wolfgang Behr, Maria Khayutina and Marina Kravtsova for their comments concerning different aspects of this study. My special thanks to John Moffett for corrections of my English. All mis- takes found in this paper are my own reponsibility. -
Symbols and Abbreviations
Symbols and Abbreviations CWZ Chu Wenzi bian 楚文字編 (Li Shoukui 2003) EP equivalent phonophoric GD Guodian Chumu Zhujian 郭店楚墓竹簡 (Jingmenshi Bowuguan 1998) Cheng “Cheng zhi wen zhi 成之聞之” Liu “Liu de 六德” Lu “Lu Mu Gong wen Zi Si 魯穆公問子思” LZ-A, B, C “Laozi 老子 jia 甲, yi 乙, bing 丙” Qiong “Qiong da yi shi 窮達以時” Tang “Tang Yu zhi dao 唐虞之道” Tai “Tai yi sheng shui 太一生水” Wu “Wuxing 五行” Xing “Xing zi ming chu 性自命出” Yu-1, 2, 3, 4 “Yu cong 語叢 yi 一, er 二, san 三, si 四” Zhong “Zhong xin zhi dao 忠信之道” Zi “Ziyi 緇衣” Zun “Zun de yi 尊德義” E.g., (Cheng 12) means strip number 12 of the “Cheng zhi wen zhi” manuscript in the Guodian Chumu zhujian. Fuyang “Zhouyi” The “Zhouyi” manuscript in Fuyang Hanjian Zhouyi Yanjiu 阜陽漢簡周易研究 by Han Ziqiang 韓自強 (2004) GSR (# no.) Grammata Serica Recensa phonophoric series number (Karlgren 1957) Hex. (no.) hexagram chapter number in the Zhouyi Houma Mengshu Houma Mengshu 侯马盟书 by Shandong sheng wenwu gongzuo weiyu- anhui 山东省文物工作委员会 (1976) JC (no.) Yin Zhou Jinwen Jicheng 殷周金文集成 (1984-1994) inscription number Jiagu wen bian Jiagu wen bian 甲骨文編 by Zhongguo kexueyuan kaogu yanjiusuo 中國科學院考古研究所 (1965) Jingdian Shiwen Jingdian Shiwen 經典釋文 by Lu Deming (CE 6th century), reprint 1985 JWB Jinwen bian 金文編 (Rong Geng 1985) Mao (no.) Shijing 詩經 poem sequence in Maoshi Zhengyi 毛詩正義 by Mao Heng 毛亨 (Han dynasty), 鄭玄 Zheng Xuan (Han dynasty), and 孔穎達 Kong Yingda (Tang dynasty) in Shisanjing Zhushu 十三經注疏 by Ruan Yuan 阮元 (Qing dynasty); reprint, Li Xueqin 李學勤 et al. -
Chinese History-Writing Between the Sacred and the Secular
CHINESE HISTORY WRITING BETWEEN THE SACRED AND THE SECULAR Yuri Pines Th e nexus of religion and the writing of history in ancient China is a broad topic that may pertain to a large variety of texts and non-textual phenomena, depending on the defi nition of “religion” applied in the Chinese context. To focus the discussion more topically, in what fol- lows I shall adopt a heuristically-convenient defi nition of “religious” and “secular” with regard to historical texts. I defi ne a text, or an aspect thereof as “religious” insofar as it is related to communication with dei- ties (particularly ancestral spirits), or insofar as it is supposed to have a certain sacral power of infl uencing the world through a proper choice of wording or proper arrangement of the material. Alternatively, I treat the text as “secular” if it lacks the above traits and is intended either for political education for the elite members or for their entertainment. My discussion will focus on those texts that had lasting impact on Chinese historiography, namely the canonical Chunqiu ਞટ (Annals) and its commentaries, and the fi rst of the so-called “offi cial histories,” the ,Shiji ಖ (Records of the historian). In what follows, I shall outline, fi rst the cultic origins of the Chinese historiographical tradition and suggest that the Chunqiu should be understood primarily as a ritual rather than a historical text. Th en, by analyzing two of the most important Chunqiu commentaries, the Zuozhuan ؐႚ (Zuo commentary) and the Gongyang ႚ (Gongyang commentary), I shall trace the bifurcation ofےzhuan ֆ history writing between the “secular” and the “religious” traditions. -
Heng Xian and the Problem of Studying Looted Artifacts
Dao (2013) 12:153–160 DOI 10.1007/s11712-013-9323-4 Heng Xian and the Problem of Studying Looted Artifacts Paul R. Goldin Published online: 10 April 2013 # Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013 Abstract Heng Xian is a previously unknown text reconstructed by Chinese scholars out of a group of more than 1,200 inscribed bamboo strips purchased by the Shanghai Museum on the Hong Kong antiquities market in 1994. The strips have all been assigned an approximate date of 300 B.C.E., and Heng Xian allegedly consists of thirteen of them, but each proposed arrangement of the strips is marred by unlikely textual transitions. The most plausible hypothesis is one that Chinese scholars do not appear to take seriously: that we are missing one or more strips. The paper concludes with a discussion of the hazards of studying unprovenanced artifacts that have appeared during China’s recent looting spree. I believe the time has come for scholars to ask themselves whether their work indirectly abets this destruction of knowledge. Keywords Heng Xian . Chinese philosophy . Shanghai Museum . Looting Heng Xian 恆先 (In the Primordial State of Constancy) is a previously unknown text reconstructed by Chinese scholars out of a group of more than 1,200 inscribed bamboo strips purchased by the Shanghai Museum on the Hong Kong antiquities market in 1994 (MA Chengyuan 2001: 1). The strips have all been assigned an approximate date of 300 B.C.E., and Heng Xian consists of thirteen of them. The first published version was edited by the veteran palaeographer LI Ling 李零 (LI Ling 2003). -
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On the Periphery of a Great “Empire”: Secondary Formation of States and Their Material Basis in the Shandong Peninsula during the Late Bronze Age, ca. 1000-500 B.C.E Minna Wu Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMIBIA UNIVERSITY 2013 @2013 Minna Wu All rights reserved ABSTRACT On the Periphery of a Great “Empire”: Secondary Formation of States and Their Material Basis in the Shandong Peninsula during the Late Bronze-Age, ca. 1000-500 B.C.E. Minna Wu The Shandong region has been of considerable interest to the study of ancient China due to its location in the eastern periphery of the central culture. For the Western Zhou state, Shandong was the “Far East” and it was a vast region of diverse landscape and complex cultural traditions during the Late Bronze-Age (1000-500 BCE). In this research, the developmental trajectories of three different types of secondary states are examined. The first type is the regional states established by the Zhou court; the second type is the indigenous Non-Zhou states with Dong Yi origins; the third type is the states that may have been formerly Shang polities and accepted Zhou rule after the Zhou conquest of Shang. On the one hand, this dissertation examines the dynamic social and cultural process in the eastern periphery in relation to the expansion and colonization of the Western Zhou state; on the other hand, it emphasizes the agency of the periphery during the formation of secondary states by examining how the polities in the periphery responded to the advances of the Western Zhou state and how local traditions impacted the composition of the local material assemblage which lay the foundation for the future prosperity of the regional culture. -
Chinese Bronzes from the Meiyintang Collection Volume 2 Christian
Chinese Bronzes from the Meiyintang Collection Volume 2 Christian Deydier Chinese Bronzes from the Meiyintang Collection Volume 2 Chinese Bronzes from the Meiyintang Collection Volume 2 Christian Deydier Contents 9 Foreword 11 Chronology 13 Map 14 Studies of archaic Chinese bronze ritual vessels 24 Casting techniques 28 Fake bronzes 36 Shapes Catalogue 57 I - Xia / Erlitou culture 73 II - Early Shang / Erligang period 103 III - Late Shang / Yinxu period 151 IV - Western Zhou dynasty 187 V - Early Eastern Zhou / Spring and Autumn period 203 VI - Late Eastern Zhou / Warring States period 217 VII - Han dynasty 220 Bibliography 6 7 Since the publication of Volume 1 of Chinese Bronzes in the Meiyintang Collection, the collection has expanded and fifty more ritual bronzes have been added to those which have already been published. Many of the new acquisitions take us back to the very origins of bronze- vessel casting in China or, in other words, to the Erlitou cultural period (19th – 16th centuries BC.) in the Xia dynasty and the Erligang period (16th – 14th centuries BC.) at the beginning of the Shang dynasty. As a result of the collector’s recently renewed concentration on these early periods, the Meiyintang Collection has been able to acquire several exceptional bronzes of the Erlitou period, such as the extremely rare jiao listed as no. 160 (p. 68) and has also, as a result, now become the most complete collection in private hands of bronze ritual vessels of the Erligang period. The archaic bronze vessels in the Meiyintang Collection, probably the most important private collection of its type in terms of the quality, the rarity and the impeccable provenances of its objects, are a concrete testament to and a visual reminder of the primary importance in Chinese culture of the ancestral cult. -
Royal Hospitality and Geopolitical Constitution of the Western Zhou Polity*
T’OUNG PAO T’oung Pao 96 (2010) 1-73 www.brill.nl/tpao Royal Hospitality and Geopolitical Constitution of the Western Zhou Polity* Maria Khayutina (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München) Abstract e present article examines how political communication and administration were effected in the Western Zhou polity (1046/5-771 BC) and investigates the significance of the royal residences as political and administrative centers. Bronze inscriptions referring to royal receptions that were offered to Zhou regional rulers, rulers of non- Zhou polities, royal officers and other subjects provide the basis for this study. It is argued that the form of “royal hospitality” described in these inscriptions was a politi- cal and, partially, administrative institution of the Zhou kings, and that its territorial localization both reflected and defined the geopolitical constitution of the polity. e article concludes by arguing that in the “larger Zhou polity” embracing the regional states of the zhuhou, political communication was decentralized, and that none of the royal residences held the status as political “capital” throughout the entire period. It is further found that a process of territorial centralization was underway in the territories under the direct control of the king, and that the oldest royal residence Zhou-under- Qi was gradually established as political and administrative capital. Résumé Cet article s’intéresse à la façon dont opéraient la communication politique et l’admi- nistration dans le régime des Zhou Occidentaux (1046/5-771 av. J.-C.) et cherche à * e present study was supported by the Gerda Henkel Foundation and the Ludwig- Maximilians-Universität of Munich. -
Regional Differences of Writing in the Warring States Period *
Regional Differences of Writing in the Warring States Period * BIN Dongchoel Abstract This article discusses the issue of regional differences in writing style during the Warring States period (Zhanguo 戰 國 , 467-221BCE). Models of regional Scripts developed by Chinese scholars generally consider distinctive Scripts in terms of “the five regions,” which are the Scripts of the states of Yan 燕, Qi 齊, Chu 楚, Qin 秦 and the Three Jin 晉. While these models divide Warring States writing into the five regional Scripts in terms of orthography and provenance in general, this classification does not represent a more complicated reality of the interactions among the states, especially in calligraphic Manner. In this respect, I review the models of regional Scripts developed by Chinese scholars, and then investigate stylistic differences between Warring States regions using archaeological sources to show a different picture of the reality of Warring States writing. Bronze inscriptions from Zhongshan 中山, far to the north, show a calligraphic Manner reminiscent of the Chu Manner in the south. Bird- and-insect Script, which was prevalent over a wide area of the south, appears to have spread far to the north, including the states of Jin, Qi, and Yan. While the influence of the calligraphic Manner of the south may have extended to a wide range of the north, it seems evident in the case of Chu manuscripts that Chu scribes combined an artistic exploitation of their own tradition with the influence of Western Zhou tradition from the northern China. Differences in regional norms seem to be apparent in the evidence provided by bronzes, and, therefore, might be expected to serve as a guide to understanding the evolution of ink practice in manuscripts. -
“The Chinese Sexagenary Cycle and the Ritual Origins of the Calendar
“The Chinese Sexagenary Cycle and the Ritual Origins of the Calendar,” in Calendars and Years II: Astronomy and Time in the Ancient and Medieval World, edited by John M. Steele. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2010. Uncorrected proof. Citations and pagination should be given according to the print version. The Chinese Sexagenary Cycle and the Ritual Foundations of the Calendar Adam Smith From the earliest appearance of literacy in East Asia, around 1250 BC, there is evidence of the routine use of a system for recording dates using cycles of named days. The more fun- damental of these consists of ten terms and will be referred to here as the ‘10-cycle’ (table 1). By running the 10-cycle concurrently with a second cycle twelve days in length, the ‘12-cycle’ (table 2), a longer cycle of sixty days is generated, sixty being the lowest com- mon multiple of ten and twelve. We will refer to this compound cycle as the ‘60-cycle’.1 At the time of their first attestation, the day was the only unit of time that the three cycles were used to record.2 Days within these cycles will be referred to in this chapter with the formulae n/60, n/10 and n/12. So, for example, 3/10 refers to the third day of the 10-cycle. There are many ways of visualizing the compound 60-cycle.3 A comparativist might think of it as a pair of toothed wheels engaged with one another (figure 1), by analogy with the representations of the Mesoamerican Tzolk’in cycle, with which the Chinese 60-cycle has certain similarities. -
ORACLE BONES a Wandering Poet, a Mysterious Suicide, and a Battle Over an Alphabet
LETTER FROM CHINA ORACLE BONES A wandering poet, a mysterious suicide, and a battle over an alphabet. BY PETER HESSLER FEBRUARY 16, 2004 THE BOOK In the library of the Anyang Archeological Work Station, the title of a book caught my eye: “Our Country’s Shang and Zhou Bronzes Looted by American Imperialists.” I had travelled to Anyang, a small city in the northern Chinese province of Henan, to study the local antiquities. According to conventional history, this region was the capital of the Shang dynasty, which flourished for nearly six centuries before being conquered by the Zhou, around 1045 B.C. Traditionally, the Shang’s downfall has been attributed to dissolute behavior— legends depict the last emperor as a drunk who filled swimming pools with wine. But this was the first hint I’d seen of any American involvement, and I took a closer look. No author’s name was listed. The book, published in 1962, contained more than eight hundred photographs of Shang and Zhou bronze vessels (the Shang is one of the most distinctive periods of ancient Chinese metallurgy). For each vessel, the book listed an imperialist collector. The catalogue included Doris Duke (she had apparently looted nine bronzes), Avery C. Brundage (thirty vessels), and Alfred F. Pillsbury (fifty-eight). A young Chinese archeologist was working in the library, and I asked if he knew who had written the book. “Chen Mengja,” the archeologist said. “His specialty was oracle bones. He was quite a famous poet, too.” Oracle bones are inscribed with the earliest known writing in East Asia. -
After Confucius
After Confucius After Confucius Studies in Early Chinese Philosophy Paul R. Goldin University of Hawai`i Press Honolulu ( 2005 University of Hawai`i Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America 10 09 0807 06 05 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Goldin, Paul Rakita. After Confucius : studies in early Chinese philosophy / Paul R. Goldin. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8248-2842-9 (alk. paper) 1. Philosophy, ChineseÐTo 221 b.c. 2. Philosophy, ChineseÐ221 b.c.±960 a.d. I. Title: Studies in early Chinese philosophy. II. Title. B126.G65 2005 1810.11Ðdc22 2004017241 University of Hawai`i Press books are printed on acid-free paper and meet the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Council on Library Resources. Designed by University of Hawai`i Press production staff Printed by IBT Global Gilbert L. Mattos (1939±2002) in memoriam Z«BUÊ (æ{ Év\è !(eºl Àj ãÝ ÄÃ¦ê ¨ò[ÃÈ #ý0Ì åÓUÁ YÄw ô»ÆA) °b G C9 Contents Acknowledgments ix Introduction: Toward a Thick Description of Chinese Philosophy 1 1. The Reception of the Odes in the Warring States Era 19 2. Xunzi in the Light of the Guodian Manuscripts 36 3. Han Fei's Doctrine of Self-Interest 58 4. Li Si, Chancellor of the Universe 66 5. Rhetoric and Machination in Stratagems of the Warring States 76 6. Insidious Syncretism in the Political Philosophy of Huainanzi 90 7. BanZhaoinHerTimeandinOurs 112 8. Those Who Don't Know Speak: Translations of Laozi by PeopleWhoDoNotKnowChinese 119 Appendix: References to the Odes in Pre-Imperial Texts, Arranged by Mao Number 135 Notes 153 Bibliography 215 Index 261 vii Acknowledgments The debts that I have accumulated in the course of writing this book are numerous, but I owe the most to my parents and to my wife, Edilma. -
The China Quarterly Revolutionizing Antiquity: the Shanghai Cultural
The China Quarterly http://journals.cambridge.org/CQY Additional services for The China Quarterly: Email alerts: Click here Subscriptions: Click here Commercial reprints: Click here Terms of use : Click here Revolutionizing Antiquity: The Shanghai Cultural Bureaucracy in the Cultural Revolution, 1966–1968 Denise Y. Ho The China Quarterly / Volume 207 / September 2011, pp 687 - 705 DOI: 10.1017/S0305741011000713, Published online: 22 September 2011 Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0305741011000713 How to cite this article: Denise Y. Ho (2011). Revolutionizing Antiquity: The Shanghai Cultural Bureaucracy in the Cultural Revolution, 1966–1968. The China Quarterly, 207, pp 687-705 doi:10.1017/S0305741011000713 Request Permissions : Click here Downloaded from http://journals.cambridge.org/CQY, IP address: 130.132.173.212 on 10 Aug 2015 687 Revolutionizing Antiquity: The Shanghai Cultural Bureaucracy in the Cultural Revolution, 1966–1968* Denise Y. Ho† ABSTRACT This article examines the response of Shanghai’s cultural bureaucracy during the Attack on the Four Olds, the Red Guard repudia- tion of old culture launched in the early years of China’s Cultural Revolution (1966–76). It focuses on how local officials, acting in a space created by the Central Cultural Revolution Group and the Shanghai Revolutionary Committee, worked to control the damage wrought by the political campaign and justified their activities by adapting the rhetoric of revolution. Based on the archival documents of the Shanghai Bureau of Culture, this article traces the reinvention of the cultural bureaucracy and the subsequent shift in the language of preservation. It argues that during the Cultural Revolution, there was an institutionalized and ideologically legitimated movement to protect historic sites and cultural objects.