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Land and Forest Governance in the Naga Village Republic

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Land and Forest Governance in the Naga Village Republic LAND AND FOREST GOVERNANCE IN THE NAGA VILLAGE REPUBLIC Resource Rights for the Indigenous Peoples (RRtIP) PUBLISHING INFORMATION The contents of this book may be reproduced and distributed for non-commercial purposes if prior notice is given to the copyright holders and the source and authors are duly acknowledged. Permission to share This document is published under a creative commons license: Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 2.0 UK http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/uk/ Published by RRtIP in March 2018 RRtIP: [email protected] Written by: Julia Fogerite, Jack Jenkins Hill, and Athong Makury Preferred Citation: RRtIP (2018) Land and Forest Governance in the Naga Village Republic, Yangon, Myanmar Photos 1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, and back cover by Lin Bojian for RRtIP Funded by: LandCore Group, Rainforest Foundation Norway, and LIFT Land Core Group ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank the European Union and governments of Australia, Denmark, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the United States of America for their kind contributions to improving the livelihoods and food security of rural people in Myanmar. We would also like to thank the Mitsubishi Corporation, as a private sector donor. DISCLAIMER This document is supported with financial assistance from Australia, Denmark, the European Union, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, and the Mitsubishi Corporation. The views expressed herein are not to be taken to reflect the official opinion of any of the LIFT donors. LAND AND FOREST GOVERNANCE IN THE NAGA VILLAGE REPUBLIC Resource Rights for the Indigenous Peoples (RRtIP) RRtIP | Land and Forest Governance in the Naga Village Republic 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................5 About Resource Rights for the Indigenous Peoples (RRtIP) ..............................6 Mission .............................................................................................................................6 List of Acronyms ............................................................................................................7 Executive Summary.......................................................................................................8 Research Background ................................................................................................10 The Naga Hills............................................................................................................... 11 Historical and Legal Context ....................................................................................13 A Brief History of Land Administration in the Naga Hills Area .................... 13 The Current Status of Land Administration in India ......................................15 The Current Status of Land Administration in Myanmar ..............................15 Land and Peace ........................................................................................................18 Methods .........................................................................................................................19 Planning and Preparation .....................................................................................19 Site Selection ...........................................................................................................20 Training ......................................................................................................................20 Village Documentation Methods ......................................................................... 21 Land Tenure and Management ...............................................................................24 Land use and tenure ..............................................................................................24 Orchards .................................................................................................................... 27 Grazing Land .............................................................................................................28 Thatch Fields ............................................................................................................28 Bee Hive Rocks .........................................................................................................28 Home Gardens ..........................................................................................................28 Vegetable Gardens ..................................................................................................28 Recreational and Cultural Public Space ............................................................28 Tribal Sacred and Cultural Sites...........................................................................28 Water Bodies .............................................................................................................29 Hunting ......................................................................................................................29 Jhum .........................................................................................................................30 Forests .......................................................................................................................34 Expansion of the Permanent Forest Estate: A case study from Somra .......39 The Future of Land Use under Customary Land Tenure Systems ..............41 2 Land Tenure and Transfer..........................................................................................43 Establishing Land Claims ......................................................................................43 Types of Land rights ...............................................................................................44 Tribal Tenure .............................................................................................................44 Village Tenure ...........................................................................................................44 Clan Land ...................................................................................................................45 Household Land .......................................................................................................45 Transferring Land Rights .......................................................................................45 Temporary Use Rights ...........................................................................................47 Sale and Purchase ..................................................................................................48 Gift ...............................................................................................................................48 Land Tenure Classification in the Current Legal Framework .......................... 48 Livelihoods ................................................................................................................... 50 Food Security ..........................................................................................................50 Forests and Food Security ..................................................................................... 51 Agrobiodiversity ....................................................................................................... 51 Nutrition .................................................................................................................... 51 Social Safety Net .....................................................................................................52 Public Health ............................................................................................................52 Customary Institutions Decision Making ..............................................................53 Customary Institutions ..........................................................................................53 Village Council ..........................................................................................................54 Village Chief ..............................................................................................................54 Other Village Institutions ......................................................................................55 Spiritual Institutions ...............................................................................................55 Tribal Councils and the Naga Hoho ....................................................................55 The Township Cultural Committee and Central Cultural Committee ...........55 Council of Naga Affairs ..........................................................................................56 Decision making in the Naga Customary Tenure System ..............................56 Women’s Role in Decision Making ......................................................................57 Myanmar Government Institutions .....................................................................59 Interim Measures for Conducting Projects in Naga Areas with Customary Institutions ......................................................................................... 60 Naga Customary Justice Systems ............................................................................62 The Dispute Resolution Process ..........................................................................62
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