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Ecovillages and the Transformation of Values 2 0 1 0 STATE O F TH E WO R LD Transforming Cultures From Consumerism to Sustainability THE WORLDWATCH INSTITUTE SCIENCE/ENVIRONMENT 2010 STATE OF TH E WOR LD Transforming Cultures From Consumerism to Sustainability Advance Praise for State of the World 2010: “If we continue to think of ourselves mostly as consumers, it’s going to be very hard to bring our environmental troubles under control. But it’s also going to be very hard to live the rounded and joyful lives that could be ours. This is a subversive volume in all the best ways!” —Bill McKibben, author of Deep Economy and full image The End of Nature “Worldwatch has taken on an ambitious agenda in this volume. No generation in history has achieved a cultural transformation as sweeping as the one called for here…it is hard not to be impressed with the book’s boldness.” —Muhammad Yunus, founder of the Grameen Bank extreme close-up “This year’s State of the World report is a cultural Several million pounds of plastic mindbomb exploding with devastating force. I hope enter the world’s oceans every hour, portrayed on the cover by the 2.4 it wakes a few people up.” million bits of plastic that make up —Kalle Lasn, Editor of Adbusters magazine Gyre, Chris Jordan’s 8- by 11-foot reincarnation of the famous 1820s Like a tsunami, consumerism has engulfed human woodblock print, The Great Wave cultures and Earth’s ecosystems. Left unaddressed, we Off Kanagawa, by the Japanese artist risk global disaster. But if we channel this wave, intention- Katsushika Hokusai. ally transforming our cultures to center on sustainability, For discussion questions, we will not only prevent catastrophe but may usher in an additional essays, era of sustainability—one that allows all people to thrive video presentations, and event calendar, visit while protecting, even restoring, Earth. blogs.worldwatch.org/ In this year’s State of the World report, 50+ renowned transformingcultures. researchers and practitioners describe how we can Cover image: Gyre by Chris Jordan harness the world’s leading institutions—education, the Cover design: Lyle Rosbotham media, business, governments, traditions, and social movements—to reorient cultures toward sustainability. W. W. NORTON B NEW YORK • LONDON www.worldwatch.org Ecovillages and the Transformation of Values Jonathan Dawson Tsewang Lden and Dolma Tsering, elderly exploration of what could replace it. The Ladakhi women, are caught on film in an old Ladakh Project is a founding member of the people’s home in London, incongruous in Global Ecovillage Network (GEN), an their fine and colorful traditional costume. umbrella organization for ecovillages that They look on in shock at an old English includes some of the innovative experiments in woman, alone in a sterile white-painted room post-consumerist, community-based living that and so absorbed in watching television that she are at the forefront of this wave of exploration.2 barely noticed the other women’s entry. The The commonly accepted definition of eco- Ladakhi women had never seen anything like villages, provided in 1991 by In Context edi- this before. In the north Indian province that tor Robert Gilman, is “human-scale, is their home, old people are integrated into the full-featured settlements in which human activ- family, considered wise elders and honored.1 ities are harmlessly integrated into the natural Lden and Tsering were participating in a world in a way that is supportive of healthy “Reality Tour” organized by the Ladakh Pro- human development and can be successfully ject to enable small groups of Ladakhi women continued into the indefinite future.”3 to visit western countries, where they see for Today this global network contains an inter- themselves the reality of life in the West— esting and innovative alliance between inten- good and bad—including community break- tional communities with a strong focus on down, loneliness, and violence. The organizers sustainability (generally though not exclusively hope this will reinforce cultural self-confi- located in the industrial world) and networks dence, help Ladakhis appreciate the many pos- of traditional communities in developing coun- itive features of their culture, and show the dark tries. Intentional communities are ones that side of today’s globally dominant cultural ori- have been formed consciously around specific entation—consumerism—that is so rarely pre- values and objectives, most of which today sented in the global media. have a strong focus on some dimension of What is happening here is one small exam- sustainability and call themselves ecovillages. ple of a much wider questioning of the values The communities in developing countries that base underlying the consumerist culture and an are members of GEN seek to maintain their Jonathan Dawson is a sustainability educator and author based at the Findhorn ecovillage in Scotland. BLOGS.WORLDWATCH.ORG/TRANSFORMINGCULTURES 185 Ecovillages and the Transformation of Values STATE OF THE WORLD 2010 traditional values and cultural distinctiveness throughput? Ecovillages serve as research, and to win back greater control of their eco- training, and demonstration sites for such a nomic destinies in the face of pressures proposition. unleashed by economic globalization. The attempt to delink growth and the accu- The most visible and tangible projects mulation of material goods from well-being within ecovillages tend to be those related to lies at the heart of the ecovillage concept. technology and the development of alternative The low levels of consumption that typically systems of various kinds. Most first-time visi- prevail within ecovillages result partly from the tors to ecovillages are there to find out about design of their systems so as to reduce energy ecological housing, biological wastewater treat- and materials intensity and partly because, by ment systems, renewable energy technologies, opting out of the global economy to varying community currencies, and the like. degrees, they forgo opportunities to maxi- Less immediately obvious, but arguably mize income. even more significant, is the contribution of Several recent studies confirm that the eco- ecovillages to a radical transformation of val- logical impact of ecovillages is markedly lower ues and consciousness. Ecovillages are engaged than for average conventional communities. A in the transformation of values in four ways that 2003 study by the University of Kassel looked may make the transition to sustainability eas- at carbon dioxide emissions associated with ier and more graceful: two ecovillages in Germany. It found that per • delinking growth from well-being, capita emissions in the Sieben Linden and • reconnecting people with the place where Kommune Niederkufungen ecovillages were they live, 28 and 42 percent, respectively, of the German • affirming indigenous values and practices, average. Sieben Linden scored especially well and in the fields of heating and housing: as a result • offering a holistic and experiential educa- of renewable energy generation and the use of tional ethic. highly energy-efficient building materials and insulation, the community recorded emission Delinking Growth from Well-being levels just 10 and 6 percent, respectively, of the national average.4 There has been growing awareness in recent Two studies of energy consumption at years of the inadequacy of gross domestic Ecovillage at Ithaca in upstate New York— product as a measure of true wealth, with its one by Cornell University, another by the exclusive focus on economic capital forma- Massachusetts Institute of Technology—found tion but with no reference to other forms of that the community’s consumption was more capital—the health and biodiversity of the nat- than 40 percent lower than the U.S. average. ural environs, the strength of communities, And a study undertaken by the Stockholm the well-being and happiness of people. What Environment Institute found that the Findhorn would a society look like that consciously ecovillage in Scotland has a per person eco- developed its various forms of capital in a more logical footprint a bit over half of the U.K. aver- balanced and integrated way? Could commu- age, the lowest footprint recorded for any nities—indeed, whole societies—learn to sub- settlement in the industrial world. Findhorn stitute other forms of capital for economic residents achieved an especially low footprint wealth, demonstrating how quality of life could in the areas of home heating and food—21.5 be maintained or even enhanced while signif- and 37 percent per person, respectively, of the icantly reducing consumption and material national average.5 186 WWW.WORLDWATCH.ORG STATE OF THE WORLD 2010 Ecovillages and the Transformation of Values There is substantial anecdotal evidence that relationships and builds a strong and nurturing the quality of life within ecovillages is gener- sense of connection with the land. ally high—certainly much higher than would Many of the other footprint-shrinking design be expected for communities that operate on features—preparing and eating meals together, low levels of income. The anecdotal evidence car clubs, community-owned renewable energy has been reinforced by a 2006 study compar- facilities, community currencies and investment, ing the contribution of built (economic), and so on—similarly engender a spirit of coop- human, social, and natural capital to quality of eration that builds community and contributes life in 30 intentional communities with that in to strong feelings of well-being. the town of Burlington, Vermont. The study found that the quality of life was slightly higher in the inten- tional communities despite the fact that average incomes were signifi- cantly lower because of a greater cultivation and appreciation of other forms of capital, especially social cap- ital. Of special importance in deter- mining quality of life, the study n o i t identified the strong social bonds a d n u o that develop within intentional com- F n r o munities, their “ownership provi- h d n i sions as well as…process for F y s e t allocating work and rewarding con- r u o tributions,” and the “emphasis the C community placed upon the preser- Harvesting organic vegetables at Findhorn ecovillage, Scotland.
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