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Information to Users INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9307725 Memory comparison theory: Some preliminary evidence for the social distortion of memory. (Volumes I and II) Betz, Andrew Louis, III, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1992 UMI 300 N. ZeebRd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 MEMORY COMPARISON THEORY: SOME PRELIMINARY EVIDENCE FOR THE SOCIAL DISTORTION OF MEMORY VOLUME I DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University by Andrew L. Betz, III, B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1992 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Thomas M. Ostrom Approved by Dr. John J. Skowronski Dr. William von Hippel Dr. Neal F. Johnson Adviser Department of Psychology ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my wife for her love and support during the difficult years we experienced in producing this document. I would also like to thank my advisor Tom Ostrom, for without his timely assistance it is clear that this document would not have been produced. Also deserving of thanks are the members of the Ohio State Social Cognition Research Group for their collective wisdom, constructive criticism, and role in forcing critical thought. John Skowronski deserves acknowledgement for the many phone hours we logged discussing aspects of the data and theory contained herein. Lastly, I would like to formally thank the members of my dissertation committee. VITA March 2, 1964 ......... Born - Toledo, Ohio. 1987 B.A., Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio. 1990 ................... M.A., Social Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. 1987-1988 ............... Graduate Fellow, The Ohio State University. 1988-1990 ............... Graduate Teaching Associate, Introductory Psychology The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. 1990 ................... Graduate Research Associate, College of Business, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. 1990-1991 ............... Statistical Consultant, Psychology Department, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1991-1992 ............... Graduate Research Associate, Technical Support Group, Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. PUBLICATIONS Betz, A.L., Gannon, K.M: ., and Skowronski, J.J. (in press). The moment of tenure and the moment of truth: When it pays to be aware of recency effects in social judgments. Social Cognition. Thompson, C.P., Skowronski, J.J., and Betz, A.L. (paper accepted for publication). The partial use of temporal information in dating personal events. Memory and Cognition. Ward, P.T., Betz, A.L., and Bickford, D.J. (in press). Overhead surgery or media hyperbole? An examination of manufacturing employment structure in high and low tech industries, 1983 and 1989. Journal of High Technology Management Research. Skowronski, J.J., Betz, A.L., Thompson, C.P., Walker, W.R., and Shannon, L. (in press). The impact of differing memory domains on event dating processes in self and proxy reports. In Schwarz, N., and Sudman, S. (Eds.) Autobiographical memory and the validity of retrospective reports. New York: Springer-Verlag. iii Ostrom, T.M., Betz, A.L., and Skowronski, J.J. (1992). Cognitive representation of latent variables. In Schwarz, N., and Sudman, S. (Eds.) Order effects in social and psychological research. New York: Springer-Verlag. Krosnick, J.A., Betz, A.L., Jussim, L.J., Lynn, A.R., and Stephens, L. (1992). Subliminal conditioning of attitudes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 18. 152-162. Skowronski, J.J., Betz, A.L., Thompson, C.P., and Shannon, L. (1991). Social memory in everyday life: Recall of self-events and other- events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 60. 831- 843. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Psychology Studies in Social Psychology and Quantitative Psychology TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................ ii VITA ............................................................ iii LIST OF F I G U R E S ................................................ vii CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION.............................................. 12 II. Memory Comparison Theory ................................. 20 III. STUDY 1 .................................................... 41 M e t h o d ............................................... 42 O v e r v i e w ............................................. 42 S u b j e c t s ............................................. 43 Materials............................................. 43 Design and P r o c e d u r e .................................. 43 C o d i n g ............................................... 48 Analytic strategy .................................... 48 Results............................................... 49 D i s c u s s i o n ............................................56 IV. STUDY 2 .................................................... 64 M e t h o d ............................................... 66 O v e r v i e w ............................................. 66 S u b j e c t s ............................................. 67 Procedure............................................. 67 Results ............................................. 69 Discussion............................................81 V. STUDY 3 ....................................................84 M e t h o d ............................................... 85 O v e r v i e w ............................................. 85 S u b j e c t s ............................................. 85 Procedure............................................. 85 Results ............................................. 86 Discussion............................................98 VI. STUDY 4 ................................................... 101 M e t h o d .............................................. 102 S u b j e c t s .............................................102 Procedure.............................................103 Results .............................................105 D i s c u s s i o n ...........................................126 v VII. GENERAL DISCUSSION ..................................... 128 LIST OF REFERENCES.............................................. 133 APPENDICIES A. STIMULUS MATERIALS - STUDIES ONE THROUGH FOUR ............ 137 B. FIGURES - STUDIES ONE THROUGH F O U R ........................ 146 vi LIST OF FIGURES FIGURES PAGE 1. Mean accuracy at levels of feedback and item memorability, Study 1 147 2. Mean accuracy at levels of feedback and recoded item memorability, Study 1 147 3. Mean yielding as a function of recoded item memorability and social consensus, Study 1 ............... 148 4. Mean change as a function of recoded item memorability and social consensus, Study 1 148 5. Accuracy at levels of social consensus, recoded item memorability, and initial accuracy, Study 1............... 149 6. Yielding at levels of item memorability and social consensus, Study 2 149 7. Yielding at levels of item memorability and social consensus for distractor delay of 2.5 min, Study 2 ........ 150 8. Yielding at levels of item memorability social consensus for distractor delay of 10 minutes, Study 2 ............... 150 9. Mean change as a function of item memorability and social consensus, Study 2 151 10. Source memory as a function of item memorability and social consensus, Study 2 151 11. Yielding at levels of item memorability and social consensus adjusted for covariate, Study 2 152 12. Mean change as a function of item memorability and social consensus adjusted for covariate, Study 2 .......... 152 13. Yielding at levels of item memorability and social consensus controlling failure to encode, Study 2 153 14. Yielding at levels of item memorability and social consensus, adjusted for covariate and failure to encocde, Study 2 .......................................... 153 15. Change at levels of item memorability and social consensus controlling failure to encode, Study 2 .......... 154 16. change at levels of item memorability and social consensus, adjusted for covariate and failure to encocde, Study 2 .........................................
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