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Underwater Speleology Journal of the Cave Diving Section of the National Speleological Society
Underwater Speleology Journal of the Cave Diving Section of the National Speleological Society INSIDE THIS ISSUE: Making the “Holy Grail” Connection: Mexico’s Gran Acuífero Maya Project Realigning Training Requirements for Cave Divers A Look at the 2019 International Cave Diving Conference Abe Davis, Nicholson, and Exley Awards Presented Volume 46 Number 3 July/August/September 2019 DEMA 2019 Orlando, FL by Renée Power DEMA is right around the corner…literally! DEMA is Diving Equipment and Marketing Association. If you’re an industry professional, this is your time to come and inquire about the latest and greatest in diving products, education, safety, and travel. You can purchase passes at www.demashow.com. NSS-CDS members have joined forces to staff our booth. This year’s show will be held at the Orange County Convention Center West Concourse in Orlando from November 13- 16, 2019. The NSS-CDS booth is upping its game with new merchandise, new training, and a new look. A big shout out to everyone who’s volunteering time to support our organization at this annual industry event. Please stop by booth #2621 in the Technical Diving Resource Center. NSS-CDS BOARD OF DIRECTORS Underwater Speleology Volume 46 Number 3 CHAIRMAN July/August/September 2019 TJ Muller (732) 674-6550 [email protected] VICE CHAIRMAN Brett Floren [email protected] contents TREASURER Jason Black (386) 466-2113 [email protected] featured stories SECRETARY Renée Power [email protected] Cave Diving’s Holy Grail: The Sac Actun-Dos Ojos Connection DIRECTORS
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Maya Settlement Patterns and Land Use in Buena Vista, Cozumel, México
FAMSI © 2004: Adolfo Iván Batún Alpuche Maya Settlement Patterns and Land Use in Buena Vista, Cozumel, México Research Year: 2003 Culture: Maya Chronology: Post Classic Location: Cozumel, México Site: Buena Vista Table of Contents Abstract Resumen Introduction Project Goals Research Design and Methods Preliminary Results Microenvironmental Zones Main Transects Transects Limiting Quadrants Selected Areas Soil Profiles Summary and Conclusion Acknowledgments List of Figures Sources Cited Abstract The Buena Vista Archaeological Project is a study of postclassic Maya settlement patterns and land use on the island of Cozumel, México. Field work carried out in the site during the months of June–August 2003 was sponsored by the Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc., (FAMSI). Previous archaeological research in Buena Vista had focused in a central area of seven hectares and reported the existence of an extensive wall system and platforms at the site which was interpreted as a storage center for exchange and resupply transactions. In this interpretation, the platforms supported perishable structures used to store trade commodities, and the wall system was built to protect these trade goods from possible pirate attacks (Sabloff and Rathje 1975, Freidel and Sabloff 1984). However, the nature and extension of the wall system around the central area had not been investigated in detail. The research objectives of this project were to analyze the Buena Vista settlement pattern following a settlement ecology model (Stone 1996, Killion 1992), which seeks to understand the relationship between population and agricultural practices in an ecological setting. The project followed a program of surface survey and mapping of the wall system, related structures, and natural features located in an area of 4 km2 around the center of the site.
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Complete Issue
EDITORIAL EDITORIAL Indexing the Journal of Cave and Karst Studies: The beginning, the ending, and the digital era IRA D. SASOWSKY Dept. of Geology and Environmental Science, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-4101, tel: (330) 972-5389, email: [email protected] In 1984 I was a new graduate student in geology at Penn NSS. The effort took about 2,000 hours, and was State. I had been a caver and an NSS member for years, published in 1986 by the NSS. and I wanted to study karst. The only cave geology course I With the encouragement of Editor Andrew Flurkey I had taken was a 1-week event taught by Art Palmer at regularly compiled an annual index that was included in Mammoth Cave. I knew that I had to familiarize myself the final issue for each volume starting in 1987. The with the literature in order to do my thesis, and that the Bulletin went through name changes, and is currently the NSS Bulletin was the major outlet for cave and karst Journal of Cave and Karst Studies (Table 1). In 1988 I related papers (Table 1). So, in order to ‘‘get up to speed’’ I began using a custom-designed entry program called SDI- undertook to read every issue of the NSS Bulletin, from the Soft, written by Keith Wheeland, which later became his personal library of my advisor, Will White, starting with comprehensive software package KWIX. A 5-year compi- volume 1 (1940). When I got through volume 3, I realized lation index (volumes 46–50) was issued by the NSS in that, although I was absorbing a lot of the material, it 1991.
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Understanding Zacaton: Exploration and Initial
Karst Frontiers Gary 141 Karst WatersInstitute SpecialPublication 7 UNDERSTANDING ZACATON: EXPLORATION AND INITIAL INTERPRET A TION OF THE WORLDS DEEPEST KNOWN PHREATIC SINKHOLE AND RELATED KARST FEA TURES SOUTHERN T AMA ULIP AS, MEXICO Marcus Gary The University of Texasat Austin/ United StatesGeological Survey 8027 ExchangeDrive Austin, TX 78754 [email protected] A system of water-filled sinkholes (known as cenotes) this extreme karst system have taken place, and it has only exists in southern Tamaulipas, Mexico (Figure 1), and is been limited work within the past two years that theories the result of a unique combination of speleogenetic factors. relating to the speleogenesishave been formed. Microbial This system is composed of 18 different karst features that interaction seems likely to affect karstification processes, are on or near a large cattle ranch known as Rancho La and significant travertine structures appear to have a direct Azufrosa. Zacat6n, the deepest cenote in this system has influence on the hydraulic connectivity between the bodies been measured to over 350 meters deep, (Figure 1) and is of water. Years of future research are being planned to the site of the world-record SCUBA dive (284 meters) by document the extent of karstification in this deep Jim Bowden in 1994 (Gilliam, 1994). This makes it the hydrothermal system and interpret the geological history deepest known water-filled pit that has been explored by that has develope~ such an impressive example of humans in the world. No previous scientific studies of hypogenetic karst. Figure 1: Generalized cross section of the cenotes of Rancho La Azufrosa.
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Cenote Calavera's Geohistory Isabella Fernandez Cenotes Are Arguably
Cenote Calavera’s Geohistory Isabella Fernandez Cenotes are arguably the most popular natural wonders of Mexico’s Yucatan peninsula and understandably so. Cenotes are sinkholes that result from collapsed limestone bedrock to reveal groundwater and underground caves that home various forms of life. One of the most popular cenotes is Cenote Calavera or “Skull Cave,” named aptly after it’s skull-shaped opening. Cenote Calavera is an anchialine system in that groundwater is land-based but has subterranean connections to the ocean making it a part of a coastal aquifer system where entering rainwater floats upon saline water. With this system, various flora and fauna can survive in the caves. Cenote Calavera also holds incredible cultural importance as ancient Mayans believed that cenotes were gateways to the afterlife and considered them sacred wells where religious ceremonies were held. Cenote Calavera is especially recognizable because of the qualities that make its resources preservable. Sites that allow for groundwater recharge and stormwater management are particularly eligible for preservation (International Union for Conservation of Nature). Opportunity for tourism and recreation also contributes to a site's preservability as it brings revenue to that location (United Nations Environment Programme). Cenote Calavera’s complex water system and support of life-forms as well as open diving tours make it particularly unique. Of course a site's significance comes partly from other aspects of its value. The condition of its resources is an important factor as well as overall aesthetic and rarity. Cultural importance also plays an important role as mentioned above. Tourism rates help greatly, too, and Cenote Calavera is abundant in tourists looking to explore the caves.
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Dr. Ann and the Zacatón Explorers
They start down together, dropping like rocks through down from above tells her that Bowden is catching up, the blood-warm water. Knees bent and streamlined for and a few moments later, he slides into view. speed, Dr. Ann Kristovich and Jim Bowden are going Three hundred ninety, 400, 410. Kristovich deep just as fast as they can. has just broken the women's world deep-scuba record, Above, twin bubble trails rise toward the brightness of set four years earlier by Mary Ellen Eckoff. She and the surface. Below, there's nothing but space, shading off Bowden continue to drop, falling in tandem toward into a darkness that easily swallows their lights, giving up another ledge, this one at 500 feet. Now Bowden pulls nothing in return. Between the two, a descent line away, his lights fading down into the black just before speeds by at a hundred feet a minute, the only available Kristovich reaches the 500-foot ledge. point of reference. For a moment, a sulfur cloud obscures Kristovich is all alone in the dark again, dropping the line—a byproduct of the geothermal pressure cooker deeper and deeper into one of the most hostile environ that feeds this place—and the darkness closes in. ments ever penetrated by a human being. The weight of But, just as quickly, they pierce the cloud's bottom into clear the water above her is terrifying, crushing down with a pressure sev water, and Kristovich begins to pull away from Bowden, falling enteen times what her body was designed to take.
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Regionalization Based on Water Chemistry and Physicochemical Traits in the Ring of Cenotes, Yucatan, Mexico
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Sistema Sac Actun, Quintana Roo, México
Kambesis, P.N. and Coke IV, J.G., 2016. The Sac Actun System, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Boletín Geológico y Minero, 127 (1): 177-192 ISSN: 0366-0176 The Sac Actun System, Quintana Roo, Mexico P. N. Kambesis(1) and J.G. Coke IV(2) (1) Dept. of Geosciences, Mississippi State University Mississippi State, MS 39759 USA. [email protected] (2) 7353 Myrna Blvd, Kent, OH 44240 USA. [email protected] ABSTRACT The Sac Actun system, located in northeast Quintana Roo, Mexico, is among the most extensive underwa- ter cave systems located along the Caribbean coast of the Yucatan Peninsula. The cave is composed of li- near phreatic conduits that have two forms. The coastal sections of the Sac Actun system are characterized by low horizontal tunnels that form mazes paralleling the coast and rudimentary conduits broken by frac- ture-controlled rooms. Inland passages are fault/fracture controlled, have a linear, anastomotic configura- tion, and align perpendicular to the coast. Access to the cave system is gained through cenotes which are the portals into the Yucatan underwater cave systems. The occurrence of drowned speleothems in many parts of the cave system, and sections of air-filled upper level passages are indicative of major fluctuations in sea level. The Sac Actun system is part of one of the most extensive and significant eogenetic karst aqui- fers in the world. The development of the Sac Actun system, as well as the many other caves systems along the Yucatan Caribbean Coast is controlled by the coastal hydrologic regime, driven by glacio-eustatics, and influenced by stratigraphic and structural controls.
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Design and Deployment of a 3D Autonomous Subterranean Submarine Exploration Vehicle
DESIGN AND DEPLOYMENT OF A 3D AUTONOMOUS SUBTERRANEAN SUBMARINE EXPLORATION VEHICLE William C. Stone, Stone Aerospace / PSC, Inc. 3511 Caldwell Lane, Del Valle, TX 78617, Ph: (512) 247-6385, [email protected] ABSTRACT likely include the following components: The NASA Deep Phreatic Thermal Explorer • the parent spacecraft, which will remain in orbit (DEPTHX) project is developing a fully autonomous either about Jupiter or about Europa and which will underwater vehicle intended as a prototype of primarily serve as a data relay back to Earth from the the Europa lander third stage that will search for Lander. microbial life beneath the ice cap of that Jovian • the Lander, which will be a 3-stage device: moon. DEPTHX has two principal objectives: First, to develop and test in an appropriate environment Stage 1: the physical landing system that will contain the ability for an un-tethered robot to explore into propulsion systems, power, and data relay systems to unknown 3D territory, to make a map of what it sees, communicate with the orbiter, and which will control and to use that map to return home; and second, to and carry out the descent and automated landing on demonstrate that science autonomy behaviors can the moon. identify likely zones for the existence of microbial life, to command an autonomous maneuvering Stage 2: the “cryobot” second stage, which will melt platform to move to those locations, conduct localized a hole through up to ten kilometers of ice cap before searches, and to autonomously collect microbial reaching the sub-surface liquid ocean. Although the life in an aqueous environment.
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Worldviews Sharon Reedyk & Robert Morgan
Worldviews Sharon Reedyk & Robert Morgan elcome to “Worldviews.” Cenotes of the Yucatán Peninsula, México This column will highlight the international character Roger Medina-González and Mark Brenner of the North American Lake WManagement Society by featuring the Roger Medina-González hole with water. There are an estimated activities of a NALMS member in an (Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán – 3,000 cenotes on the Yucatán Peninsula. international setting. We hope the column México) and NALMS member Mark Limnological characteristics of the will help build awareness of NALMS Brenner (University of Florida – USA) majority remain unknown. Few have been and encourage participation in NALMS have collaborated on limnological and studied systematically. world-wide. paleolimnological study of cenotes in Cenotes vary in size and shape. NALMS has been an international Mexico’s Yucatán Peninsula since the Some are large and cylindrical and society since its inception. As of May mid-1990s. Cenotes are water-filled completely open like the famous Sacred 2010, the society had 940 members solution features, which lie in the Cenote at the Maya site of Chichén from 15 different nations, including (in region’s karst terrain. The name derives Itzá (Figure 1). Others have only small no particular order): Australia, Canada, from the Maya word d’zonot meaning a openings at the rock surface with little Mexico, Austria, Denmark, India, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, Poland, China, South Africa, Spain, and the United States. Almost 8 percent of NALMS members come from Canada and 2.5 percent from other parts of the world. Of the 29 NALMS Symposia held, five were in Canada.
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NASA's Robotic Sub Readies for Dive Into Earth's Deepest Sinkhole 28 February 2007
NASA's robotic sub readies for dive into Earth's deepest sinkhole 28 February 2007 The autonomous navigation and mapping software that enabled DEPTHX to safely and precisely operate in the close confines of cenote La Pilita was developed by a team of Carnegie Mellon researchers led by David Wettergreen, associate research professor in the Robotics Institute. "These experiments give us confidence that DEPTHX will be able to meet the challenge of its ultimate goal, the cenote El Zacatón," Wettergreen said. Like La Pilita, Zacatón is in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas and was formed by the collapse of a limestone chamber dissolved by warm, acidic groundwater that originated in a nearby volcanic Credit: DEPTHX/Carnegie Mellon University region. The current theory is that the cenote formed under a vast travertine bed like that of Mammoth Hot Springs in Yellowstone National Park. But no one knows how deep Zacatón goes. Human divers, An underwater robot, shaped like a flattened descending far below safe depths, have made it to orange, maneuvered untethered and 282 meters without reaching bottom. Sonar doesn't autonomously within a 115-meter-deep sinkhole work over long distances in the confines of the during tests this month in Mexico, a prelude to its cenote, and current measurements peter out at mission to probe the mysterious nether reaches of around 270 meters. the world's deepest sinkhole. NASA has funded the mission to develop and test Bill Stone, leader of the NASA-funded Deep technologies that might someday be used to Phreatic Thermal Explorer (DEPTHX) mission, said explore the oceans hidden under the icy crust of the 2.5-meter-diameter vehicle performed Europa, one of Jupiter's moons.
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K26-00374-25.Pdf
AMCS ACTIVITIES NEWSLETTER Number 25 May 2002 The AMCS Activities Newsletter is published by the Association for Mexican Cave Studies, a Project of the National Speleological Society. The AMCS is an informal, nonprofit group dedicated to the exploration, study, and conservation of the caves of Mexico. The Activities Newsletter seeks articles and news items on all Front cover significant exploration and research activities in the caves of Mexico. The editor may be contacted at the address below or Humberto Delgrado at [email protected]. Text and graphics may be submit- among the giant selenite ted on paper, or consult the editor for acceptable formats crystals in the mine at for electronic submission. Exceptional color photographs for Naica, Chihuahua. the covers are also sought. They need not pertain to articles in Photo by Carlos Lazcano. the issue, but the original slide or negative must be available for professional scanning. Back cover This issue was edited by Bill Mixon, with help from Maureen Cavanaugh, Ramón Espinasa, Sergio Sanchez-Armass, and Diving gear inside the Jack “Solo” White. Infiernillo entrance to Sistema Purificación. All previous issues of the Activities Newsletter are available, Photo by Bill Stone. as are various other publications on the caves of Mexico. Con- tact [email protected], see www.amcs-pubs.org, or write the address below. ASSOCIATION FOR MEXICAN CAVE STUDIES BOX 7672 AUSTIN, TEXAS 78713 www.amcs-pubs.org © 2002 AMCS All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America AMCS ACTIVITIES NEWSLETTER
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