Understanding Zacaton: Exploration and Initial
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Underwater Speleology Journal of the Cave Diving Section of the National Speleological Society
Underwater Speleology Journal of the Cave Diving Section of the National Speleological Society INSIDE THIS ISSUE: Making the “Holy Grail” Connection: Mexico’s Gran Acuífero Maya Project Realigning Training Requirements for Cave Divers A Look at the 2019 International Cave Diving Conference Abe Davis, Nicholson, and Exley Awards Presented Volume 46 Number 3 July/August/September 2019 DEMA 2019 Orlando, FL by Renée Power DEMA is right around the corner…literally! DEMA is Diving Equipment and Marketing Association. If you’re an industry professional, this is your time to come and inquire about the latest and greatest in diving products, education, safety, and travel. You can purchase passes at www.demashow.com. NSS-CDS members have joined forces to staff our booth. This year’s show will be held at the Orange County Convention Center West Concourse in Orlando from November 13- 16, 2019. The NSS-CDS booth is upping its game with new merchandise, new training, and a new look. A big shout out to everyone who’s volunteering time to support our organization at this annual industry event. Please stop by booth #2621 in the Technical Diving Resource Center. NSS-CDS BOARD OF DIRECTORS Underwater Speleology Volume 46 Number 3 CHAIRMAN July/August/September 2019 TJ Muller (732) 674-6550 [email protected] VICE CHAIRMAN Brett Floren [email protected] contents TREASURER Jason Black (386) 466-2113 [email protected] featured stories SECRETARY Renée Power [email protected] Cave Diving’s Holy Grail: The Sac Actun-Dos Ojos Connection DIRECTORS -
Introduction to Virginia's Karst
Introduction to Virginia’s Karst A presentation of The Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation’s Karst Program & Project Underground Karst - A landscape developed in limestone, dolomite, marble, or other soluble rocks and characterized by subsurface drainage systems, sinking or losing streams, sinkholes, springs, and caves. Cross-section diagram by David Culver, American University. Karst topography covers much of the Valley and Ridge Province in the western third of the state. Aerial photo of karst landscape in Russell County. Smaller karst areas also occur in the Cumberland Plateau, Piedmont, and Coastal Plain provinces. At least 29 counties support karst terrane in western Virginia. In western Virginia, karst occurs along slopes and in valleys between mountain ridges. There are few surface streams in these limestone valleys as runoff from mountain slopes disappears into the subsurface upon contact with the karst bedrock. Water flows underground, emerging at springs on the valley floor. Thin soils over fractured, cavernous limestone allow precipitation to enter the subsurface directly and rapidly, with a minimal amount of natural filtration. The purer the limestone, the less soil develops on the bedrock, leaving bare pinnacles exposed at the ground surface. Rock pinnacles may also occur where land use practices result in massive soil loss. Precipitation mixing with carbon dioxide becomes acidic as it passes through soil. Through geologic time slightly acidic water dissolves and enlarges the bedrock fractures, forming caves and other voids in the bedrock. Water follows the path of least resistance, so it moves through voids in rock layers, fractures, and boundaries between soluble and insoluble bedrock. -
Kings Bay/Crystal River Springs Restoration Plan
Kings Bay/Crystal River Springs Restoration Plan Kings Bay/Crystal River Springs Restoration Plan Kings Bay/Crystal River Springs Restoration Plan Table of Contents Executive Summary .................................................................................. 1 Section 1.0 Regional Perspective ............................................................ 1 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Why Springs are Important ...................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Springs Coast Springs Focus Area ........................................................................................... 2 1.4 Description of the Springs Coast Area .................................................................................... 3 1.5 Climate ......................................................................................................................................... 3 1.6 Physiographic Regions .............................................................................................................. 5 1.7 Karst ............................................................................................................................................. 5 1.8 Hydrogeologic Framework ...................................................................................................... 7 1.9 Descriptions of Selected Spring Groups ................................................................................ -
Living with Karst Booklet and Poster
Publishing Partners AGI gratefully acknowledges the following organizations’ support for the Living with Karst booklet and poster. To order, contact AGI at www.agiweb.org or (703) 379-2480. National Speleological Society (with support from the National Speleological Foundation and the Richmond Area Speleological Society) American Cave Conservation Association (with support from the Charles Stewart Mott Foundation and a Section 319(h) Nonpoint Source Grant from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency through the Kentucky Division of Water) Illinois Basin Consortium (Illinois, Indiana and Kentucky State Geological Surveys) National Park Service U.S. Bureau of Land Management USDA Forest Service U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Geological Survey AGI Environmental Awareness Series, 4 A Fragile Foundation George Veni Harvey DuChene With a Foreword by Nicholas C. Crawford Philip E. LaMoreaux Christopher G. Groves George N. Huppert Ernst H. Kastning Rick Olson Betty J. Wheeler American Geological Institute in cooperation with National Speleological Society and American Cave Conservation Association, Illinois Basin Consortium National Park Service, U.S. Bureau of Land Management, USDA Forest Service U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Geological Survey ABOUT THE AUTHORS George Veni is a hydrogeologist and the owner of George Veni and Associates in San Antonio, TX. He has studied karst internationally for 25 years, serves as an adjunct professor at The University of Ernst H. Kastning is a professor of geology at Texas and Western Kentucky University, and chairs Radford University in Radford, VA. As a hydrogeolo- the Texas Speleological Survey and the National gist and geomorphologist, he has been actively Speleological Society’s Section of Cave Geology studying karst processes and cavern development for and Geography over 30 years in geographically diverse settings with an emphasis on structural control of groundwater Harvey R. -
Maya Settlement Patterns and Land Use in Buena Vista, Cozumel, México
FAMSI © 2004: Adolfo Iván Batún Alpuche Maya Settlement Patterns and Land Use in Buena Vista, Cozumel, México Research Year: 2003 Culture: Maya Chronology: Post Classic Location: Cozumel, México Site: Buena Vista Table of Contents Abstract Resumen Introduction Project Goals Research Design and Methods Preliminary Results Microenvironmental Zones Main Transects Transects Limiting Quadrants Selected Areas Soil Profiles Summary and Conclusion Acknowledgments List of Figures Sources Cited Abstract The Buena Vista Archaeological Project is a study of postclassic Maya settlement patterns and land use on the island of Cozumel, México. Field work carried out in the site during the months of June–August 2003 was sponsored by the Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc., (FAMSI). Previous archaeological research in Buena Vista had focused in a central area of seven hectares and reported the existence of an extensive wall system and platforms at the site which was interpreted as a storage center for exchange and resupply transactions. In this interpretation, the platforms supported perishable structures used to store trade commodities, and the wall system was built to protect these trade goods from possible pirate attacks (Sabloff and Rathje 1975, Freidel and Sabloff 1984). However, the nature and extension of the wall system around the central area had not been investigated in detail. The research objectives of this project were to analyze the Buena Vista settlement pattern following a settlement ecology model (Stone 1996, Killion 1992), which seeks to understand the relationship between population and agricultural practices in an ecological setting. The project followed a program of surface survey and mapping of the wall system, related structures, and natural features located in an area of 4 km2 around the center of the site. -
Karst Development Mechanism and Characteristics Based on Comprehensive Exploration Along Jinan Metro, China
sustainability Article Karst Development Mechanism and Characteristics Based on Comprehensive Exploration along Jinan Metro, China Shangqu Sun 1,2, Liping Li 1,2,*, Jing Wang 1,2, Shaoshuai Shi 1,2 , Shuguang Song 3, Zhongdong Fang 1,2, Xingzhi Ba 1,2 and Hao Jin 1,2 1 Research Center of Geotechnical and Structural Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China; [email protected] (S.Sun); [email protected] (J.W.); [email protected] (S.Shi); [email protected] (Z.F.); [email protected] (X.B.); [email protected] (H.J.) 2 School of Qilu Transportation, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China 3 School of Transportation Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 28 August 2018; Accepted: 19 September 2018; Published: 21 September 2018 Abstract: Jinan is the capital of Shandong Province and is famous for its spring water. Water conservation has become the consensus of Jinan citizens and the government and the community. The construction of metro engineering in Jinan has lagged behind other cities of the same scale for a long time. The key issue is the protection of spring water. When metro lines are constructed in Jinan karst area, the water-inrushing, quicksand, and piping hazards can easily occur, which can change the groundwater seepage environment and reduce spring discharge. Therefore, we try to reveal the development conditions, mechanism, and mode of karst area in Jinan. In addition, we propose the comprehensive optimizing method of “shallow-deep” and “region-target” suitable for exploration of karst areas along Jinan metro, and systematically study the development characteristics of the karst areas along Jinan metro, thus providing the basis for the shield tunnel to go through karst areas safely and protecting the springs in Jinan. -
FLORIDA STATE PARKS FEE SCHEDULE (Fees Are Per Day Unless Otherwise Noted) 1. Statewide Fees Admission Range $1.00**
FLORIDA STATE PARKS FEE SCHEDULE (Fees are per day unless otherwise noted) 1. Statewide Fees Admission Range $1.00** - $10.00** (Does not include buses or admission to Ellie Schiller Homosassa Springs Wildlife State Park or Weeki Wachee Springs State Park) Single-Occupant Vehicle or Motorcycle Admission $4.00 - $6.00** (Includes motorcycles with one or more riders and vehicles with one occupant) Per Vehicle Admission $5.00 - $10.00** (Allows admission for 2 to 8 people per vehicle; over 8 people requires additional per person fees) Pedestrians, Bicyclists, Per Passenger Exceeding 8 Per Vehicle; Per $2.00 - $5.00** Passenger In Vehicles With Holder of Annual Individual Entrance Pass Admission Economically Disadvantaged Admission One-half of base (Must be Florida resident admission fee** and currently participating in Food Stamp Program) Bus Tour Admission $2.00** per person (Does not include Ellie Schiller Homosassa Springs Wildlife State Park, or $60.00 Skyway Fishing Pier State Park, or Weeki Wachee Springs State Park) whichever is less Honor Park Admission Per Vehicle $2.00 - $10.00** Pedestrians and Bicyclists $2.00 - $5.00** Sunset Admission $4.00 - $10.00** (Per vehicle, one hour before closing) Florida National Guard Admission One-half of base (Active members, spouses, and minor children; validation required) admission fee** Children, under 6 years of age Free (All parks) Annual Entrance Pass Fee Range $20.00 - $500.00 Individual Annual Entrance Pass $60.00 (Retired U. S. military, honorably discharged veterans, active-duty $45.00 U. S. military and reservists; validation required) Family Annual Entrance Pass $120.00 (maximum of 8 people in a group; only allows up to 2 people at Ellie Schiller Homosassa Springs Wildlife State Park and Weeki Wachee Springs State Park) (Retired U. -
Wakulla and Sally Ward Springs
Wakulla and Sally Ward Springs: Development of Composite Discharge Time Series Technical Memorandum Resource Management Division Bureau of Water Resource Evaluation March 2021 Table of Contents 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 3 2 Wakulla Spring ....................................................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Estimation of Discharge at Wakulla Spring .................................................................................... 4 2.2 Wakulla Spring Discharge Data Gap Infilling Techniques .............................................................. 5 2.2.1 Manual Discharge Measurements ......................................................................................... 6 2.2.2 USGS Station 02327022, Wakulla River near Crawfordville, Florida ..................................... 8 2.2.3 Wakulla Conduit Well .......................................................................................................... 21 2.3 Wakulla Spring Composite Discharge Time Series ...................................................................... 24 3 Sally Ward Spring ................................................................................................................................. 26 3.1 Estimation of Discharges at Sally Ward ....................................................................................... 27 3.2 Sally -
Hydrogeologic Characterization and Methods Used in the Investigation of Karst Hydrology
Hydrogeologic Characterization and Methods Used in the Investigation of Karst Hydrology By Charles J. Taylor and Earl A. Greene Chapter 3 of Field Techniques for Estimating Water Fluxes Between Surface Water and Ground Water Edited by Donald O. Rosenberry and James W. LaBaugh Techniques and Methods 4–D2 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Contents Introduction...................................................................................................................................................75 Hydrogeologic Characteristics of Karst ..........................................................................................77 Conduits and Springs .........................................................................................................................77 Karst Recharge....................................................................................................................................80 Karst Drainage Basins .......................................................................................................................81 Hydrogeologic Characterization ...............................................................................................................82 Area of the Karst Drainage Basin ....................................................................................................82 Allogenic Recharge and Conduit Carrying Capacity ....................................................................83 Matrix and Fracture System Hydraulic Conductivity ....................................................................83 -
Sinkhole Physical Models to Simulate and Investigate Sinkhole Collapses
SINKHOLE PHYSICAL MODELS TO SIMULATE AND INVESTIGATE SINKHOLE COLLAPSES Mohamed Alrowaimi Doctoral Student, Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Orlando, Florida, 32816, USA, [email protected] Hae-Bum Yun Assistant professor, Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Orlando, Florida, 32816, USA, [email protected] Manoj Chopra Professor, Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Orlando, Florida, 32816, USA, [email protected] Abstract Introduction Florida is one of the most susceptible states for sinkhole Sinkhole is a ground surface depression that occurs with collapses due to its karst geology. In Florida, sinkholes or without any surface indication. Sinkholes commonly are mainly classified as cover subsidence sinkholes that occur in a very distinctive terrain called karst terrain. result in a gradual collapse with possible surface signs, This terrain mainly has a bedrock of a carbonate rocks and cover collapse sinkholes, which collapse in a sudden such as limestone, dolomite, or gypsum. Sinkholes and often catastrophic manner. The future development develop when the carbonate bedrocks are subjected of a reliable sinkhole prediction system will have to dissolution with time to form cracks, conduits, and the potential to minimize the risk to life, and reduce cavities in the underground bedrock. These features delays in construction due to the need for post-collapse allow the overburden soils (on top of the carbonate remediation. In this study, different versions of small- bedrock) to transport through them to the underground scale sinkhole physical models experimentally used cavities, which results in surface collapse due to the to monitor the water levels in a network of wells. -
Complete Issue
EDITORIAL EDITORIAL Indexing the Journal of Cave and Karst Studies: The beginning, the ending, and the digital era IRA D. SASOWSKY Dept. of Geology and Environmental Science, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-4101, tel: (330) 972-5389, email: [email protected] In 1984 I was a new graduate student in geology at Penn NSS. The effort took about 2,000 hours, and was State. I had been a caver and an NSS member for years, published in 1986 by the NSS. and I wanted to study karst. The only cave geology course I With the encouragement of Editor Andrew Flurkey I had taken was a 1-week event taught by Art Palmer at regularly compiled an annual index that was included in Mammoth Cave. I knew that I had to familiarize myself the final issue for each volume starting in 1987. The with the literature in order to do my thesis, and that the Bulletin went through name changes, and is currently the NSS Bulletin was the major outlet for cave and karst Journal of Cave and Karst Studies (Table 1). In 1988 I related papers (Table 1). So, in order to ‘‘get up to speed’’ I began using a custom-designed entry program called SDI- undertook to read every issue of the NSS Bulletin, from the Soft, written by Keith Wheeland, which later became his personal library of my advisor, Will White, starting with comprehensive software package KWIX. A 5-year compi- volume 1 (1940). When I got through volume 3, I realized lation index (volumes 46–50) was issued by the NSS in that, although I was absorbing a lot of the material, it 1991. -
Understanding Aquifers: Demonstration Using a Physical Model
Understanding Aquifers: Demonstration using a Physical Model Part I: Aquifers Explained Geology is the science of planet Earth, its history, and all the processes that act on it. Hydrogeology is the branch of geology which studies how water and rocks interact underground, mainly in aquifers An aquifer is a rock unit that holds enough water to supply water to wells. Aquifers can be found in many types of rocks, such as sandstone, conglomerate, unconsolidated sand and gravel, and fractured rocks composed of limestone or igneous rocks. Here at Barton Springs in Austin, Texas, we are standing on top of the Edward’s Aquifer, composed mostly of fractured limestone. These fractured rocks dissolve overtime and can create large, cave-like systems called Karst aquifers. So when you hear the word Karst, think cave. Some of these caves are big, some of them are small. Karst aquifers are different from sedimentary aquifers, where water flows mostly through the gravel and sand grains similar to a sponge. Hydrogeologists use two terms when investigating aquifers—porosity and permeability. Porosity is all the empty pore space inside a rock given in a percent volume. Porosity represents the volume of water a rock formation can potentially hold. Permeability is how well a fluid can flow within the pore spaces of the rock within the aquifer. For water, we describe this property as hydraulic conductivity. For example, clay and rocks like pumice may have high porosity, but because the pores do not connect with each other, the permeability of these rocks is usually low. Layers of low-permeability material such as clay and shale typically act as barriers to groundwater flow and may often function as an aquitard within a groundwater flow system.