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Determinants of the Local Acceptability of Wind Power in Finland

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Determinants of the Local Acceptability of Wind Power in Finland Acta Universitatis Acta Universitatis Lappeenrantaensis Lappeenrantaensis 796 796 Sari Janhunen DETERMINANTS OF THE LOCAL ACCEPTABILITY OF WIND POWER IN FINLAND ISBN 978-952-335-229-2 ISBN 978-952-335-230-8 (PDF) ISSN-L 1456-4491 ISSN 1456-4491 Lappeenranta 2018 Sari Janhunen DETERMINANTS OF THE LOCAL ACCEPTABILITY OF WIND POWER IN FINLAND Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to be presented with due permission for public examination and criticism in the Auditorium of the Student Union House at Lappeenranta University of Technology, Lappeenranta, Finland, on the 8th of June, 2018, at noon. Acta Universitatis Lappeenrantaensis 796 Supervisors Professor Lassi Linnanen LUT School of Energy Systems Lappeenranta University of Technology Finland Professor Satu Pätäri LUT School of Business and Management Lappeenranta University of Technology Finland Post-Doctoral Researcher, PhD Kristiina Korjonen-Kuusipuro School of Management University of Tampere Finland Reviewers Visiting Assistant Professor Susana Batel Cis-IUL University Institute of Lisbon Portugal Senior Scientist, Docent Vilja Varho Natural Resources Institute Finland Finland Opponent Senior Scientist, Docent Vilja Varho Natural Resources Institute Finland Finland ISBN 978-952-335-229-2 ISBN 978-952-335-230-8 (PDF) ISSN-L 1456-4491 ISSN 1456-4491 Lappeenrannan teknillinen yliopisto Yliopistopaino 2018 Abstract Sari Janhunen Determinants of the local acceptability of wind power in Finland Lappeenranta 2018 82 pages Acta Universitatis Lappeenrantaensis 796 Diss. Lappeenranta University of Technology ISBN 978-952-335-229-2, ISBN 978-952-335-230-8 (PDF) ISSN-L 1456-4491, ISSN 1456-4491 Wind energy is perceived as a promising electricity source that could provide environmental and social benefits. In general, the public acceptability of wind power is high. However, high general support does not automatically mean the acceptance of local development. Local host communities in Finland may express vocal opposition to wind farms. This doctoral thesis explores the acceptability of wind power. The main research question hinges on the determinants of the social acceptability of local wind power in Finland. The thesis considers the research topic from various perspectives in order to provide a comprehensive view of the phenomenon. This doctoral thesis addresses the cognitive, emotional and behavioural components of wind power acceptability. In this study, the term acceptability refers to attitude, and the term acceptance refers to the resulting behaviour. The study discusses the role of location in the acceptability and acceptance of wind power. Also, an analysis of public participation in wind power projects sheds light on local wind farm acceptability. In addition, the study identifies the role of emotions in relation to wind farm development, particularly how such emotions influence expectations, experiences and behavioural intentions. This thesis consists of two sections. The first section provides an overview of the dissertation, and the second section is comprised of five complementary research papers. Empirically, the study uses a multiple-case design, with one main case (two existing wind farms), two additional cases (two planned wind farms) and one hypothetical wind farm. The analysis is based on both quantitative and qualitative data, which were collected during the research process using surveys, interviews, the self-reported diaries of residents, measurements of wind turbine sound and measurements of wind speed, speed dispersion and direction. This study’s main methodological and theoretical contribution is the application of mixed-method analysis to increase our understanding of the cognitive, emotional and behavioural drivers of the local acceptability of wind power. The results suggest that the acceptability of wind power is neither stable nor unconditional. Individuals experience cognitions and emotions that seem contradictory. In addition, the current wind farm development process elicits strong emotions without offering any special forum in which to express them. Also, people perceive successful participation to be more than information distribution, and there seems to be a need for continued communication between residents and project developers after formal decisions are made. Keywords: Wind power, acceptability, acceptance, local residents, second-home owners, participation, cognitions, emotions, behavioural intentions, support, opposition Acknowledgements I carried out this work at Lappeenranta University of Technology. I am especially grateful for the opportunity to start this thesis at the South Karelian Institute and to continue it at the LUT School of Business and Management. Most of all, I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisors, Professor Satu Pätäri from the LUT School of Business and Management, Professor Lassi Linnanen from the LUT School of Energy Systems and Post-Doctoral Researcher Kristiina Korjonen- Kuusipuro from the School of Management at the University of Tampere for sharing their expertise and knowledge with me during these years. I am grateful to my other supervisors, Post-Doctoral Researcher Maija Hujala and University Lecturer Anssi Tarkiainen. This thesis was only possible thanks to their day-to-day support and guidance. Furthermore, I am grateful to my preliminary examiners, Professor Susana Batel and Docent Vilja Varho. Their valuable remarks helped me to improve my work. I would like to express my gratitude to my interviewees and survey respondents in Ruokolahti, Kotka, Lappeenranta and Merijärvi and to all the other informants in this study. Thank you for your time and interesting insights, which became fascinating data for my work. I owe warm thanks to my co-authors, Satu Pätäri, Maija Hujala, Kristiina Korjonen- Kuusipuro, Anssi Tarkiainen, Paul Upham, Katja Hynynen, Aki Grönman, Mikko Kuisma and Pekka Härkönen. I want to thank my roommates and all who worked with me, especially Kristiina, Laura, Virpi and Mikko, who worked with me at the beginning of my postgraduate studies. Also, I have had the pleasure of working and sharing ideas with skilful wind power researchers from other institutes in Finland. I gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Research Foundation of Lappeenranta University of Technology (Lappeenrannan teknillisen yliopiston tukisäätiö), the South Karelia Regional Fund (Etelä-Karjalan Kulttuurirahasto), the Fortum Foundation (Fortumin Säätiö), the Ministry of the Environment (Ympäristöministeriö), the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health (Sosiaali- ja terveysministeriö), the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation (Tekes) and Tekniikan Edistämissäätiö. I want to thank my parents for encouraging me to study. When I started my university studies in 1987, my farther believed that environmental sciences was a good choice of career. He predicted: “Environmental sciences will be the future’s knowledge.” I would say that he was right. At least, environmental protection has become my own field. Finally, I would like to thank my dear family, Joonas, Iiris, and Harri, for believing in me. Your love and support has carried me through this work. Sari Janhunen April 2018, Lappeenranta, Finland Contents Abstract Acknowledgements Contents List of publications 9 List of tables 11 List of figures 12 1 Introduction 13 1.1 Background ........................................................................................................ 13 1.2 The focus and positioning of the study .............................................................. 15 1.3 Literature review ................................................................................................ 17 1.4 The objectives of the study and research questions ........................................... 22 2 The theoretical background 25 2.1 The two levels of wind power acceptability ...................................................... 25 2.2 Wind power acceptability as a three-component attitude .................................. 26 2.2.1 Elements derived from cognitive bases of wind power attitudes ......... 27 2.2.2 Elements derived from emotional bases of wind power attitudes ........ 28 2.2.3 Elements derived from behavioural bases of wind power attitudes ..... 31 2.2.4 The research framework ....................................................................... 32 3 Research methodology 35 3.1 Research strategy ............................................................................................... 35 3.2 Ethics ................................................................................................................. 36 3.3 Descriptions of the studied wind farms ............................................................. 37 3.3.1 Interviews ............................................................................................. 40 3.3.2 Surveys ................................................................................................. 42 3.3.3 Diary as a data collection method ........................................................ 45 4 Summary of the publications and their key results 49 4.1 Cognitive bases of wind power attitudes ........................................................... 51 4.2 Emotions as bases of wind power attitudes ....................................................... 56 4.3 Behavioural intentions in relation wind power development ............................ 58 4.4 General attitudes towards wind power and a critical view of NIMBY .............. 59 5 Discussion and
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