Conscious Induction of Theta EEG Patterns by a Healing Procedure Final Report
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Schmidt et. al. Conscious Induction of Theta EEG Patterns Final Report 1 BIAL Project 42/10 Conscious Induction of Theta EEG Patterns by a Healing Procedure Final Report Stefan Schmidt, Thilo Hinterberger, Anna von Haugwitz Claudia Orellana Han-Gue Jo, Christina Koller, Fynn-Mathis Trautwein, Kathrin Simshäuser January, 2012 Project Summary A new healing procedure termed ThetaHealing is making extraordinary claims regarding healing effects and healing mechanism. The method is propagating quickly but so far no scientific evaluation has been conducted. One of the basic claims of ThetaHealing is that the experienced theta healer enters via a special meditation in a so called ‘theta state’. According to ThetaHealing alleged healing effects are taking place in this special state which is also induced in the patient by the healer. The name ThetaHealing originates from the fact that this ‘theta state’ is correlated with strong theta rhythmic activity patterns (4-7Hz) in the respective EEG of healer and patient. In this ongoing we assess this claim in a dual EEG study where we have recorded simultaneously EEG from 10 experienced Theta Healers and 10 naïve patients. Our hypotheses were that (i) the healers taught in this method will elicit theta rhythmic activity at will in their EEG. (ii) there will be an increase of theta rhythm brain activity in the patient once the ThetaHealer tried to connect to his/her state to the patient and (iii) there will be significant more correlational patterns between the healer’s and the patient’s EEG once both are in the so called theta state compared to a control condition. We found no changes in theta activity for different healing phases and comparisons in the clients. We furthermore found either no changes or even significant decreases of theta-activity in the healers. Over the course of the whole session theta-activity decreased significantly in healers. With respect to correlation patterns between the power spectra of healers and clients of the same session we found either none or only moderate correlations. There was no excess of significant correlations compared to baseline measures. Overall it is concluded that none of the claims of theta-healing could be supported by the data of our study. Our study had good internal validity and moderate to good external validity. Thus we consider our results as valid. Our study has not assessed any aspects of the claim to heal clients by this methods and no conclusion can be made with regard to this claim. Schmidt et. al. Conscious Induction of Theta EEG Patterns Final Report 2 Introduction: Background and Project Conception Theta Rhythm The so called theta rhythm is an oscillating EEG pattern in the frequency range of 4- 7Hz. This theta band is often additionally split in theta-1 (3-5 Hz) and theta-2 (5-7 Hz). The theta rhythm is well researched in animals and here the hippocampus is one of the most important generators (Burgess, 2005). Theta activity has been associated with a wide range of covert and overt behaviour (see Buzsáki, 2005 for a review). In human theta activity the hippocampus has no such prominent role. This may be also due to the fact that the hippocampal signals can hardly be recorded by scalp EEG. In the human EEG theta is shown during resting state (Nunez & Srinivasan Nunez & Srinivasan, 2006), drowsiness and early slow-wave sleep (Kandel, Kandel, Schwartz & Jesell, 2000). In the waking state theta has been associated with both long-term and working memory tasks (Buzsáki, 2005; Sauseng, 2010). Interestingly theta power has been also found during meditation (Aftanas & Golosheykin, 2005; Cahn & Polich, 2006). Here the situation is a bit confusing since theta has been associated with the concentrative and attention aspect of meditation (Pan, Zhang & Xia, 1994) as well as with the relaxation aspects some meditations entail (Dunn, Hartigan & Mikulas, 1999). A more detailed discussion of the findings regarding theta in meditation can be found in Cahn & Polich (2006, p. 187). Some meditation studies have found especially increased frontal midline theta. This relationship between frontal midline theta and meditation is most likely due to the sustained attention aspect of meditation since this kind of theta has also be found in studies assessing sustained attention tasks without meditation. This frontal midline theta is most likely generated by the anterior cingulated cortex (ACC), the medial prefrontal cortex or the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). ThetaHealing ThetaHealing is a healing procedure which was developed by a woman from the United States of America, named Vianna Stibal. According to descriptions on various web-sites (see e.g. http://www.thetahealing.com/about-thetahealing/thetahealing- origin.html) Stibal discovered by chance that she was able to perform instant healing. She was at that time suffering from cancer herself which was destroying her right femur and reports that her leg was instantaneously healed. She developed a method out of her experience and started teaching these techniques to others. In order to find out by what mechanism this technique is working she performed an EEG and observed that this activity might be related to theta brain wave activity. Therefore she called her technique ThetaHealing. Meanwhile ThetaHealing grew large in the Western Hemisphere. ThetaHealing courses as well as ‘healing treatments’ by ‘ThetaHealers’ can be visited in all major cities and countries. Courses follow the basic design by Vianna Stibal and built on each other. Basic courses are termed “Basic DNA Course” and “Advanced DNA Course”. ThetaHealing claims to heal (instantaneous) a lot of diseases for which conventional medicine has either no cure or needs much more time. E.g. there are several reports of disappearance of bone fractures (allegedly documented by X-ray pictures), but also Schmidt et. al. Conscious Induction of Theta EEG Patterns Final Report 3 claims of successful work with Hepatitis C, Epstein-Barr, AIDS, herpes, tumors, various types of cancers, as well as genetic defects. The claims and concepts how this method works and how it is also taught is quite bizarre and should here only be mentioned shortly. It is said that the (Theta)healer by means of a special meditation enters into a special state which is physiologically indicated by the presence of strong theta EEG activity. In this state the healer connects with a larger source of energy (“Creator Of All That Is”) which then in turn allows to ‘reprogram’ the whole body. If the healer is connected to a patient the patient will also enter into this state which is then in turn associated with theta rhythmic brain activity in the patient. Therefore also the patient can benefit from the connection with the larger source of energy. Healing and reprogramming takes place by an energy coming out of this ‘source’. The roles of thetahealer and patient are just to command and to witness the change which may take place on several levels, such as the physical, the mental, the emotional or the spiritual one. There are many more details to this technique and its effects and we just want to mention one more assertion which is that this technique is allegedly capable to make changes to the body’s DNA (e.g. activation of gene, gene replacement therapy). Assessment of ThetaHealing The theoretical explanation and claims of mechanism of ThetaHealing seem to be very out of place from a scientifically informed perspective. However from a psychological and also sociological perspective the healing performed under such a theoretical framework is a very interesting phenomenon. Obviously many positive effects are elicited by this technique if one considers its popularity, success and also speed of distribution. One may approach the healing acts happening here by a framework of modern shamanism. In this sense a powerful theory with accompanying rituals are able to elicit a lot of meaning and hopes in the patient resulting in very strong effects which otherwise cannot be observed in conventional medicine. The interesting question here is whether these strong effects can be solely explained by psychological factors (i.e. expectancy effects, placebo effects, self-regulation and self healing effects, see also (Frank, 1989) or whether there is also an anomalous or parapsychological component to these healing effects. To assess the questions of anomalous healing effects by ThetaHealing and also their potential mechanism is difficult and long-lasting task since especially the latter question deserves a complete monitoring of the whole sociological system related to the claims, rituals and outcomes of ThetaHealing. However there is one simple statement within this whole framework which opens an easy access and an interesting starting point to investigate this area. This is the statement that the healer enters by the techniques taught in ThetaHealing into a special state which is characterized by strong theta activity in the EEG and additionally that the healer is also capable to elicit a similar theta activity in the patient. This assumption can easily be tested by a dual EEG study. Adequate baseline measurement before and after the special state can guarantee that the changes found in the theta- frequency band are associated with the specific state and are not due to other factors like e.g. fatigue or tiredness. So far to our knowledge no scientific assessment of ThetaHealing has been conducted before and this would be the first study providing scientific evidence on this controversial healing procedure. Schmidt et. al. Conscious Induction of Theta EEG Patterns Final Report 4 Dual-EEG studies Studies dealing with simultaneous measurement of two participants’ EEG signals are more complicated and require special facilities, equipment and expertise in terms of setting up the systems and analysing the measurement (Wackermann, 2008; Wackermann, Naranjo Muradás & Pütz, 2004; Wackermann, Seiter, Keibel & Walach, 2003).