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The Summit: Venice rises to the occasion. See page 3. Contents •

European Council 3 Venice rises to the occasion Transport 4 Blueprint to make Europe's traffic flow more freely 5 Keeping Community waters clear of rogue shipping 6 Community air fares to come .under the microscope Reducing barriers 7 Welcoming the sun together Community driving licence is en route at last Social affairs 7 Ensuring more health protection for workers 8 Women still second-class citizens, say parliamentarians Environment 8 Proposal to eliminate the damage of careless planning 10 MEPs support move to prevent major industrial accidents External relations 10 1983 reaffirmed as target date for Portuguese entry Third World 10 Zimbabwe opens negotiations for Lome membership II Dangers of failure in North-South Dialogue stressed Development aid: making sure it reaches the needy Letters to the editor 12 Energy tax Retired folk Naturist beaches 13 UK contribution Euroforum cartoons Greece 14 The news at a glance ,·: Focus 15 Convincing ourselves that solar energy can really work

Euroforum is published by the The contents of Euroforum-which Directorate-General for Information, do not necessarily reflect the Commission of the opinions of the European Commu­ European Communities, nity Institutions-may be quoted or reproduced· without further permis­ Rue de la Loi 200, sion. An indication of Euroforum B-1 049 Bruxelles, as the source would be appreciated, Belgium as would a copy of any article Tel. 735.0040/8040 published. Editor-in-chief: Peter Doyle m c ::c EUROPEAN COUNCIL 0 "TT 0 ::c c world were assured by a maze of basing themselves on the UN ~ antennae rigged up unceremoniously Security Council resolutions and their on the tower of Palladio's Renaissance own previous declarations. basilica, combined to keep the Com­ munity leaders firmly in the twentieth They reiterated two fundamental century. principles-'the right to existence and to security of all the states in the Nevertheless, compared wiht the region, including Israel, and justice for previous two European Councils when all the peoples, which implies the the issue of the British contribution to recognition of the legitimate rights the Community's budget ensured of the Palestinian people.' friction appropriate to a gathering at this level, the meeting, staged in a The declaration went on to say that 16th century library where usually all countries in the area are entitled to the loudest noise is the browsing of live in peace within secure, recognized Venice rises one of the Benedictine monks who and guaranteed borders. The neces­ to the occasion inhabit the island, was a relatively sary guarantees for a peace settlement quiet affair. should be provided by the UN and the It was, perhaps, appropnate that Nine would contribute to these Convivial too, with suitable breaks for Venice, the Serenissima Republica guarantees. meals and refreshments in such which for so long acted as the bridge sumptuous surrondings as the Pisani between the eastern and western The Nine declared that the Pales~inian Palace, one of the grander of the old Mediterranean worlds, should have problem was not simply one of merchant princes' establishments been the venue last month for one of refugees and they said that the which adorn the Grand Canal. the most productive of the thrice­ Palestinian people must be enabled yearly European Councils. to exercise fully their right to self­ At the end of the two days, the British determination. Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, The summit of the nine European dubbed 'The Doghessa' by the press In order to achieve these objectives, Community Heads of State (President corps, declared: 'This summit really the Community leaders emphasized Giscard d'Estaing) and of government has been a completely different one that all parties concerned should be the eight Prime Ministers)-together for Britain than any we have had associated with the peace negotiations. with Commission President Roy before.' This includes the Palestinian people enkins,-witnessed a new and and the PLO. ignificant initiative by western leaders The removal of the BPitish budgetary that could have far-reaching problem from the agenda left the nine Finally, the Nine called on Israel to repercussions at the eastern end of governmentleaders and Mr Jenkins end its occupation of the West Bank the Mediterranean. free to have a more broad-reaching as it has done for part of Sinai. They exchange of views on a wide range of described the Israeli settlements as 'a The Summit's declaration on the domestic and international subjects, serious obstacle to the peace process Middle East was the most concrete including the economic and social in the Middle East.' result of two days of deliberations on situation-particularly problems of San Giorgio Maggiore, a pocket-size inflation and unemployment-energy The Community governments are islet nestling in the Venetian lagoon a and the forthcom•ing relaunching of the following up this declaration by lazy gondola's ride away from the North-South dialogue between the diplomatic contacts with all parties Palace of the Doges. industrialized and developing involved to sound out their reaction countries. to the declaration and to determine The normal stillness of the island, what concrete initiatives they should where sounds are muffled by 16th But the discussion which captured take. century tapestries and orange groves most of the next day's headlines was -it was quiet. enough for a papal that which was devoted to the situation Initial reported reactions from the area conclave in 1800----<;ombined with in the Middle East on which the Nine of conflict were not encouraging. the sultry Venetian weather, would not have gradually been evolving a Israeli Prime Minister Menachem normally have been conducive to common position. Begin was quoted as saying the activity or decision-making. Ollltcome of the Venice meeting was A declaration issued after the meeting 'a second Munich.' A PLO com­ But the presence of 8000 troops in the said that the Nine had reviewed the munique issued in Damascus called on city, the swarms of helicopters above situation in the light of developments the Community to take 'more inde­ and shoals of frogmen below, aHied to since •the signing of the Camp David pendent positions and free itself from 850 news-hungry journalists whose agreements and that they had agreed North American pressures [tnd black­ communications with the outside that growing tensions constituted a mail.' However, the PLO statement serious danger which made a solution said that the declaration contained to the Israeli-Arab conflict more several positive aspects. Euroforum is now taking a break. necessary and pressing .than ever. The· next issue will be published in The US Secretary of State, Mr September. We wish you all a The Community leaders emphasized Edmund Muskie, was quoted as saying happy holiday. that they had a special role to play and that he saw nothing in the declaration · that they intended now to work in a which directly challenged the Camp more concrete way towards peace, David process. 'That being the case, 3 I I see no reason why we should not be ~ able to proceed with it.' TRANSPORT ....

~ The European Council also issued ;:) a: statements on the Lebanon, in which it 0 LL were also used .to identify bottlenecks 0 reiterated support for the country's Blueprint to make a: ;:) independence and for the UN peace­ and the Commission set out figures w keeping forces there, and on Afghan­ Europe's traffic for the average acceptable traffic istan, in which it condemned the flow more freely flow under normal conditions. presence of Soviet troops. It urged that Afghanistan be allowed to return Almost 4000 miles of roads and more In line with these criteria, the Member to its traditional position as a neutral .than 2000 miles of railways States submitted lists of bottlenecks on and non-aligned SJtate. throughout the European Community their territory, as well as projects they are time-wasting and money-wasting envisaged to improve traffic flow at A week later, the leaders of the four bottlenecks, a study has revealed. certain points. Approximately 3 800 large Community countries-France, miles of road and over 2 150 miles of Germany, Italy and the United As an integral part of its research railway in the Community were Kingdom-together with Commis­ into the Community's role in the identified as bottlenecks. sion President Roy Jenkins, were back development of transport infrastruc­ in Venice again for the world econ­ ture in the Nine, the European Com­ For inland waterways, the identific­ omic summit, the sixth in a series mission has just sent the Council of ation of bottlenecks was more difficult, which began at Rambouillet near Ministers a report on those bottlenecks but Member States pointed to such Paris in November 1975. in the Member States transport features as locks that were more infrastructure networks. difficult to pass through, or too small With the additional participation of to cope with traffic flow, or stetches US President Car.ter, Canadian Prime It has proposed to the Council of of waterway which were not wide or Minister Pierre Trudeau and repre­ Ministers that a special Community not deep enough to allow larger boats sentatives from Japan, the security mechanism for financial support be through. reduced San Giorgio Maggiore to set up to help finance projects to near.-siege conditions and the waves unblock these bottlenecks. Member States also included ports thrown up by the flotilla of motorized and airports in their submissions, and craft employed to ferry the leaders to The report was requested by the four sea crossings including the and from the island threatened to Council in November 1978. The English Channel and the Irish Sea. engulf Venice where the tide alone Commission was asked firstly to has so far failed. identify bottlenecks whose elimination Identifying the Community nature of would be in the interest of the Com­ o bottleneck and, therefore, the role While officially billed as an economic that the Community should play in summit, the major outcome of the munity, and secondly to study ways m which the Community could help to eliminating it proved a fairly ·testing two-day meeting was a stern call for task. the complete withdrawal of Soviet finance this elimination. troops from Afghanistan. The survey of bottlenecks was Taking the amount of intra­ Community traffic affected by a given The seven-nation summit also issued designed to provide the Council with an overall view of the inadequacies of bottleneck for assessing Community a communique ou.tlining energy-saving interest could not be applied to major targets and reiterating the determin­ the Community's infrastructure network. networks due to lack of data. Much ation of the participants to overcome Community traffic is long haulage inflation. What, exactly, are the critena for which can afford to take al>ternative Now that the star-spangled cast has defining a bottleneck? The Com­ routes, thus purposely avoiding known departed the stage, the tourists are mission decided that a bottleneck can bottlenecks. once again free to wander about the be described as any section of a route sleepy canals and listen to the (road, rail or inland waterway) which The Community interest in eliminating orchestras outside Quadri's and fails to provide a certain level of a bottleneck is not limited to the Florian's in St. Mark's Square without service and to ensure the basic benefits accruing just to transport the additional overhead sound effects performance that the user is entitled users. There are major implications of rotor blades. And for the latter­ to expect. for energy saving, building, planning, day Merchants of Venice, it is back to regional development, trade and business as usual. Such factors as trafftc congestion and economic integration. In addition, speed at which users are able to travel the reality of the Community as an

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4 integrated unit depends to some degree on a high standard of communications.

Once both the bottlenecks and ~the Community interest had been identified, the next step was to propose a system of Community inancing to do away with them.

In its report, the Commission argues that existing means of financing potential infrastructure projects, such as the Community's Regional Fund, the European Investment Bank, the European Monetary System, and the new 'Ortoli facility' loans, are not ~~ flexible enough to do the job. I

Interventions under the Regional Fund ? s ~ and the interest relief grants under the * European Monetary System, for example, are both geographically limited (in the latter case .to Haly and .Ji_.=_ Ireland). Other limitations such as the need for guaranteed financial return (on EIB loans) and the parti­ cular criteria governing their use safety and navigational equipment, as militate against 'the use of existing • those that are important to trade instruments. well as overloading and pollution between Member States (particularly prevention, are already laid down projects that ease the crossing of in international convention. Thus the Commission has proposed natural barriers, eg. the Channel the setting up of a completely new Tunnel), financing system specifically for These have been drawn up over the transport infrastructure projects. This • those that open up isolated areas years by the United Nations Inter­ system should be based on certain of the Community, governmental Marine Consultative 1rinciples. • those involving links which carry a Organisation (IMCO) and the Inter­ high proportion of mixed traffic, such national Labour Organisation (ILO). as combined road/rail routes. Most Community Member States Firstly, the financing of such projects have ratified at least some of them. is primarily the responsibility of the national governments or bodies, with The next step is for the Nine to Community aid playing a supple.; approve the new financing system But, to date, checks on whether mentary role. and for each Member State to decide vessels conform to these standards on the projects it wishes to submit. have been optional. The new Com­ mission proposal, which has to be Secondly, Community aid should be approved by Community Transport confined ~to projects which have an Ministers, would make it compulsory established Community interest and Keeping Community for Member States' port authorities which have the maximum chance to carry out checks. of success in enhancing this waters clear Community interest. of rogue shipping Ships docking at a·Community port would be required to give the harbour Under the new financing system, authorities details of the official Member States would submit projects The European Commission has pro­ ship's and crew's certificates and of Community interest to the Com­ posed new measures to prevent acci­ any other documents carried. mission and apply for financial dents such as the disastrous 'Betel­ I support. Although the report gives geuse' tanker explosion in Bantry Ships would also be expected to no indication of the kind of projects Bay, South West Ireland two years inform the authorities of any de­ which might be accepted, a number of ago, which claimed 50 lives. ficiencies or incidents likely to affect pointers are given. safety and a pilot discovering such The Commissioner responsible for deficiencies would also report them. An average of three projects per year Community transport policy, Richard would be chosen, with the Community Burke, has drawn up a plan under The port authorities would carry out providing £ 3 7 million ( 60 m EUA) which Member States would identify an inspection if they felt they had in the form of subsidies or interest unsafe ships docking at their ports, clear grounds for suspecting that elief grants. Community support inspect them and, if necessary, safety or pollution prevention ould also take the form of require any defects to be put right standards as laid down in any of the guarantees and loans. before allowing them to continue on conventions were being breached. their voyage. Projects that the Commission consi­ If inspection did reveal any deficiency, ders to merit par,ticular consideration Technical standards governing such the authorities would refuse the ship in the first stage include: features as a ship's construction, permission to sail until it was rectified. 5 The Commission proposal also sug­ national and regional contingency among other measures, the opening gests the setting up of a Community plans. of existing routes to include other information system designed to give airlines, a rethinking of tariff struc­ :E In addition, there would be a survey :::1 Member States up-to-date details of tures including cheap 'no-frill' fares, a: 0 ships approaching their ports. This of the properties of hydrocarbons and a simplification of administrative L&. 0 could include a 'black list' of known and similar products liable to pollute formalities that would reduce time a: :::1 suspect vessels. Community waters so that products spent waiting at airports. w could be developed to cope with The aim of the new measures is to them. It is also planned that there There has been considerable reluct­ send out a firm warning to sub­ should be a file on all tankers, con­ ance among longer-established air­ standard ships everywhere: steer taining their characteristics and lines-members of the International a course well clear of European details of any infringements com­ Air Transport Authority which de­ Community waters. mitted. termines fares structures-to open up routes to newer operators in To widen the range of the new The Member States are being asked Europe such as fare-cutting pioneer rules, the European Commission is to submit all the relevant informa­ Sir Freddie Laker, who is now seeking a go-ahead from the Council tion to the Commission which will operating cut-price flights across the to negotiate with Norway and Sweden, then go about setting up the system. Atlantic. so that they too clamp down on the rogue vessels. Finally, the Commission intends to At the time the Green Paper was have a draft legislative proposal ready introduced, Commissioner Burke Hand in hand with port checks on by the end of the year recommending emphasised that the Commission's ship safety, the Commission has pro­ ways of drawing up contingency aim was not to disrupt existing arrang­ posed a series of measures to co­ plans to combat accidental oil spills. gements; rather it was to start an ordinate marine pollution preven­ evolution-and not a revolution-in tion schemes in the nine Member The draft directive will provide for the industry. States. trial runs to be carried out periodically and for an assessment This would, he said, help to give Following the disastrous oil spill to be made of the effectiveness of travellers efficient services with prices from the tanker 'Amoco Cadiz' a Member State's contingency plans · which are as low as possible and at in March 1978, which brought in the event of a major accident. the same time guarantee the finan­ 223 000 tonnes of crude oil onto cial viability of airlines. the Brittany shore, the Council of It will also specify that joint con­ Ministers asked the European Com­ tingency plans have to be drawn up for The study will also take a look at mission to work on a Community areas involving several Member charter fares, but only insofar as it action programme to reduce and States, such as the English Channel is necessary to compare them with control marine oil pollution. or the North Sea. scheduled fares and in order to assess their contribution to the overall Further incidents involving the tan­ The Commission has also proposed revenue of airlines. kers 'Eleni V' and 'Tanio' have that funds from the 1981 Community further underlined the need for a co­ budget be set aside to finance a num­ Following the Council meeting, Mr. ordinated Community strategy to ber of pilot schemes. Burke said that he had urged that prevent or at least clean up oil spills. the study should not be used as a These include the test runs mentioned device for delaying decisions, and he The new plan, drawn up by the above, and the establishment of reserved the Commission's right to Environment Commissioner Lorenzo testing centres for pollution control bring forward concrete proposals for Natali, is the first plank in the equipment. Community legislation before the 'post-Amoco Cadiz' programme. study is complete. Firstly, the Commission has decided to set up a consultative committee ·Community air fares composed of experts from the nine Role of Parliament Member States. The task of the to come under Committee will be to coordinate the microscope On the first anniversary of its direct national and Community anti-oil election, the European Parliament's pollution policies. A study of air tariffs on scheduled President Simone Veil underlined two flights in the European Community major roles that it could play in the It would make recommendations to is to be carried out following a future development of the Community. the Commission on all problems meeting in Luxembourg at the end The first was to provide thorough connected with the implementation of last month of the nine Transport political control in the legislative of the action programme, and, the Ministers. process and the second she saw as Commission hopes, become a forum promoting itself as a source of for exchange of information between The request to the European Corn­ initiative and resourcefulness. Mme Member States. mission to carry out the study in Veil said that one of the main consultation with national authorities contributions of the Parliament in the The second part of the proposal is could lead to lower air fares, a long­ past year has been the fact that the for an information system per se. cherished aim of Transport Com­ emergence of new political forces on missioner Richard Burke. the European scene, which the general The system would <;ornprise a perma­ public regarded as being hitherto nent inventory of staff equipment Last summer, the Commission dominated by technocrats, had injected and products for combating marine approved Mr Burke's Green Paper a new dynamism into Commun~ty 6 oil pollution, and a compendium of on air transport which suggested, affairs. · · m c :D REDUCING BARRIERS SOCIAL AFFAIRS 0 "T1 0 :D c Welcoming the Community driving s:::: Ensuring more sun together licence is en route at last health protection The nine Member States of the The European Community will have for workers European Community will be its own driving licence from the switching over to Summer Time on beginning of 1983. It will be issued the same day next year, Transport and recognised by all national Examples of the harmful effects (often Ministers agreed in Luxembourg authorities except the United King­ delayed) of exposure to certain toxic last month following a wrangle that dom which, for technical reasons, chemicals appear to multiply daily. has lasted several years. will not be fully in line with its Community partners until 1986. At a recent meeting in Luxembourg~ However, although Sunday, March From 1 January 1983, all applicants the Nine's Social Affairs Ministers 29, was agree as the date to change for new or replacement driving agreed to a new Community law clocks in 1981 and Sunday March 28 licences except in the UK will be designed to protect workers who are the following year, the Ministers issued with the new pink licence, regularly exposed to dangerous could not agree on a common date which will replace national licences. substances. for ending summertime either next year or in 1982. The agreement ,reached by the Nine's The agreement represents an important Transport Ministers in Luxembourg step in the implementation of the This does not mean that there will represents a breakthrough of con­ Community's 1978 action programme be a standard Community time: only siderable psychological significance. on health and safety at work. that each Member State will change As Transport Commissioner Richard its clocks on the same day as its Burke pointed out after the meeting, The legislation takes the form of a partners. Because of the geograph­ it will be the first personal document framework directives which requires ical span of the Community it would issued to the private citizen which Member States to take a variety of be impractical to have a standard bears the words 'European Com­ preventive measures. time. munity' and is issued in standard form throughout the Community. Firstly, the Nine wiU be obliged ·to monitor the health of workers during However, the common changeover The practical value of the licence is the time that they are exposed to date will simplify life for air, sea that if a Community citizen takes up harmful substances (especially lead and rail transport operators, as well residence in another Member State, and asbestos). as travel and booking agencies-not he or she will not have to undergo to mention the travellers themselves. a driving test in order to obtain a The Member States authorities will new driving licence. also have to ensure that workers have ready access to information about the dangers and risks associated with the substances with which they work.

Usage of noxious substances will also be limited as will the number of workers exposed. Strict hygiene, early warning and emergency measures wiH be required.

The framework directive covers all chemical, physical and biological agents, such as asbestos, arsenic, cadmium, mercury, lead, nickel, benzene and chlorinated hydrocarbons.

~ Separate directives to cover the details of the particular hazards of each of - these substances will be drawn up in due course. A directive on lead is already on the Council table, and another on asbestos is due to be published shortly. Job figures grim The seasonal fall in the number of registered unemployed in the Com­ munity between end-April and end-May was around 140 000, bring the total down to under 6.1 million. However, seasonally corrected figures show an increase. 7 Women still second­ It called for improvements in training and employment opportunities for ENVIRONMENT class citizens, say women and an end to discrimination pari iamentarians hi legal, educational and health systems. Five years after International Women's Year and a major United An amendment proposed by Shelagh Nations conference in Mexico City Roberts, a British Conservative on the situation of women in the suggesting paid paternity leave for Proposal to eliminate world, women are still treated as fathers with dependent children was the damage of second-class citizens almost every­ added. · careless planning where. The resolution also urges the Euro­ pean Commission to publish statistics This was the conclusion of a long Nobody has to go very far nowadays debate on the position of women on the special structural problems of women's unemployment. to see the ruinous effects that in the European Community held industrial and commercial development during the June session of the Euro­ can have on the environment. pean Parliament in Strasbourg. The follow-up to the Mexico City conference is due to be held in MEPs argued that the results stem­ Copenhagen from July 14 to 30. Whether it is an office block spoiling ming from a 14-point action pro­ MEPs called on the Parliament Pre­ an architecturally-prized city street or gramme adopted at the Mexico City sident, Simone Veil to lead a Euro­ a power plant ruining a picturesque conference were highly unsatisfactory. pean Parliament delegation. country landscape, apparently careless If anythirtg, the lot of women had or inappropriate planning is a common worsened in the five intervening Replying for the European Commis­ feature of all industrialized countries. years, largely because of the world sion, Social Affairs Commissioner economic recession. Henk Vredeling said that the work of A new European Commission proposal the European Community in improving which has just been forwarded to the the position of women in Europe h~d nine Member State governments for been far from negligible. approval, aims to reduce the likelihood of economic development causing He pointed to three Commission pro­ environmental damage. posals on equality for women in pay, working conditions and social secur­ The idea, which is not a new one in ity, and the rulings handed down by itself, is for the authorities responsible the European Court of Justice on for granting planning permission to equal opportunities. carry out an 'environmental impact assessment' before giving the go-ahead Commissioner Vredeling hoped that to any project likely ·to have significant the present Commission would be harmful effects on the environment. able to complete work on its action programme for women before its The proposal applies to both public mandate expires at the end of the and private industrial, residential, year. commercial or infrastructure projects, Illiteracy and unemployment among including, for example, power plants, women, especially in the Third World, Finally, he reminded MEPs that industrial complexes, motorways, had increased, it was claimed, and finance from the Community's Social airports, mines, various factories or those women with jobs were nearly Fund was available for schemes to plants, certain agricultural projects always less well-paid than their male help women at work if only Member and so on. counterparts. States would be more alert to its possibilities. The environmental impact assessment What needs to be done to reverse (EIA) would be carried out by the the situation? Solutions proposed The European Parliament is to hold competent authority in the Member by speakers ranged from a total re­ a major debate on women's rights State in cooperation with the developer organization of the world economic at the end of the year. who is commissioning the project. structure, through an end to 'sex This is how it would work. stereotyping', especially in school Lease extended education, where textbooks un­ When a developer submitted an failinsly portray mother in the kit­ The European Parliament's ad hoc application for approval of a major dren nnd father leisurely leafing committee on women's rights has had project, such as listed above, he through the sports pages, to some its mandate extended until the end of would have to provide: form of 'positive discrimination' in this year. favour of women. • a description of the proposed Changing faces project and, where applicable, reason­ .This last was the suggestion of one 1acques Chirac, the former French able alternatives for the chosen site of the few male MEPs to enter the Prime Minister who is now Mayor of and/or design of the project, debate, Wim Albers, a Dutch Paris, has resigned his seat in the • a description of the environmental Socialist. European Parliament. He was features (e.g. air, water, soil, climate, elected last June and was a member flora, fauna, architectural heritage In the end, the Parliament adopted of the European Progressive and landscape) likely to be significantly a resolution drawn up by another Democrats group. His seat will be affected, including, where appropriate, 8 Dutch Socialist, Suzanne Dekker. ' taken by Gerard Israel. those in another Member State; m c ::D ,0 0 ::Dc They have also frequently been limited s:: to pollution control, to specific industries in activities, or to pollution of certain environments, such as air or water. The inadequacy of present procedures has already led four Member States -France, Ireland, Germany and Luxembourg-to take a more preventive approach, including use of EIA. The proposed system has a number of advantages over and above the obvious benefits to the environment.

Economically it is advantageous because the cost of preventive action (in other words, minimizing damage • an assessment of the likely .environ­ and social considerations involved in beforehand) is lower than the cost of mental impact on each of :these the implementation of a particular finding a cure :later. This benefits features; development project. both developers, who have to bear the • a description of the measures expense of reducing or eliminating As different projects will have different envisaged to eliminate, reduce or pollution, compensating victims and effects, the proposed directive sets out compensate such an impact; restoring the site, and the general three categories of project and two public which is all to often obliged to • a review of the relationship between types of EIA, 'full' and 'simplified'. the proposed project and existing land put up with :the consequences of use plans and standards for the area The first category is for projects which, economic development and bad likely to be affected; because of ·their size or the amount of planning decisions. • in the case of significant effects on pollution they cause, are likely to have significant environmental effects under Developers would also be encouraged the environment, an explanation of the by the system to take environmental reasons for the choice of si,te and/ or any .circumstances. Examples are ~actors in.to consid~ration when plann­ design of ,the project, compared with mmmg, petrol refineries, nuclear power stations, disposal facilities for mg a project. Thts favours a more rea~onable alternatives having less of positive approach to environmental an unpact. radioactive waste, iron and steel plants, chemical plants, foundries and protection as well as cutting future 'restoration' costs. The competent authority in the forges, aero engine factories, motor­ ways, inter-city railways tracks and Member State would assist the The cost of carrying out the EIA dev~loper in obtaining all ;the necessary airports. Such projects would have to undergo a 'full' EIA. itself is apparently small. Estimates environmental data and would then vary between 0. 7 5% and 0.19% of check that the information was as The other two categories cover the total cost of development projects. complete as possible before passing it projects such as agriculutralland This cost is bound to decrease as on to the various other interested know-how increases. bodies for comment. r~form_ projects, drainage and irriga­ tiOn, ml or gas extraction and storage !he ol? adage that 'time means money' These might be other government pla~ts, motor vehicle plants, major projects for industrial estates and so on IS particularly true in the world of departments, other Member States which are likely to have significant major industrial and other develop­ (where a project in one Member State effects only under certain circums­ ment projects. Far from adding to could affect the environment in tances ~fo~ examples, when they reach the paperwork and other adminis­ anot~er), and of course, the general a certam stze or level of pollution) trative overheads. EIAs actually tend pubhc Consultation with the public and projects that a priori are unlikely to cut the time spent by authorities in could take the form of a public to have significant environmental approving projects. enquiry or hearing or contact through effects but which may if sited in elected representatives. sensitive areas. In addition, through prior public . participation and consultation, they When consultation with all parties is For both these categories, it would be can allay the fears of local inhabitants. complete, the authority would make up to the Member State authorities to the final EIA. On the basis of this decide whether to demand a full or The Commission plan aims to go-ahead for the project would eith~r simplified EIA, based on certain introduce EIAs step by step into all be granted with or without conditions criteria. levels of administration in the Nine attached or withheld until changes allowing time for adjustment. ' were made. The Commission feels that the current system of standards and controls that The present proposal is confined to The. aim of the EIA is not to put are incorporated in national planning individual projects, but wider devel­ environmental considerations above authorization procedures have been opment plans, such as land use and others, bu:t to strike a proper balance aimed mainly at repairing damage ~egional development plans, could be between the environmental, economic already done. mcluded later. 9 ~ MEPs support move EXTERNAL RELATIONS THIRD WORLD ~ to prevent major ~ industrial accidents a: 0 1983 reaffirmed as Zimbabwe opens ~a: An almost universal welcome was ~ extended to the European Commis- target date for negotiations for sion proposals designed to prevent Portuguese entry Lome membership Seveso and Flixborough type industrial accidents by Members of the European Parliament at their June session in Strasbourg. Portugal is still expected to join the The first round of negotiations for European Community sometime in the accession of newly-independent A resolution drawn up by Yvette 1983. This ,target date for Portu­ Zimbabwe to the Lome Convention Roudy (French, Socialist), welcomed guese membership was confirmed to took place in Brussels on June 26 the Commission proposal and stressed Prime Minister Fransisco Sa Carneiro at the headquarters of the European that individual citizens have a right during a visit to Brussels recently. Commission. to be fully informed about all activities and hazards arising from The assurance was given by European Zimbabwe's Planning Minister, the use of dangerous substances. Commission President Roy Jenkins Bernard Chidzero, and Trade and despite other statements made else­ Industry Minister David Smith, held It insisted that the nine Member where that tended ·to cast doubt on the talks with the Commission's Director­ States should have the right to take time,table for the entry of Portugal General for Development and Coo­ stricter measures at national level if and Spain until a number of internal peration, Klaus Meyer. they thought it necessary. (This Community problems were resolved. point was fully endorsed by the The two Ministers are now on a tour European Commissioner responsible Both the Portuguese Prime Minister of the nine Member States. The for environment policy, Lorenzo and the Commission representatives Council of Ministers is due to discuss Natali during the debate). he met in Brussels felt that problems Zimbabwe's application to become involving the Community budget and the 60th member of the trade and The resolution also encouraged the agricultural policies should not delay aid pact on July 26th and after this European Commission to promote . the plans for negotiations for the meeting detailed negotiations are research into alternative materials and accession of Portugal and Spain. expected to take place. production cycles which present less risk to workers and the population Both sides expressed satisfaction at the On the very day of its independence­ living in the vicinity of a plant. progress to date in these complex April 18 of this year-Zimbabwe negotiations, which began officially announced formally that it would During the debate, German Socialist, in October 1978 and are now nearing seek to join the other 59 African, Lieselotte Seibel-Emmerling said that the completion of a first ph~se devoted Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) states public information was the most largely to a thorough review of all in the Convention, which was origin­ important weapon in preventing a aspects of membership and the ally signed in 197 5 and which was recurrence of such accidents. She possible problems expected to be renewed for a further five years this claimed that the management of the raised ·in the negotiations. year. Seveso factory had kept quiet about the possible emission of the gas The leading Community negotiator, dioxin. Local authorities and Commissioner Lorenzo Natali said workers had not known that the that the important second phase of Zimbabwe has a population of factory's production process involved these talks should begin in the autumn 7 million, of whom a quarter of the formation of dioxin, she said. wi,th a goal of completion before the a million are white settlers. The end of next year. per capita gross domestic product This is far less likely to occur if the was estimated in 1978 at between Commission's proposal is adopted. As an integral part of the preparation $480 and $500. The biggest It would require the management at for Portuguese membership of the single industry is agriculture, Seveso-type installations to submit Community, the Commission has also which accounts for 45% of a full report of their production pro­ just proposed a special grant of some exports. Minerals make up a cess to the local authorities, and an £200 million from the Community further 40% and manufactured outline of their safety and contin­ to assist Portugal's small and medium­ products 15% . gency plans. These would be sub­ sized businesses to adjust to the ject to checks by the authorities. forthcoming entry to the Community.

Other MEPs were less enthusiastic. During Mr Sa Carneiro's visit to Indeed, even before independence, Nicolas Estgen (European People's Brussels, a number of other Com­ the first Prime Minister of the newly­ Party, Luxembourg) argued that missioners explained additional aspects independent former Southern Rho­ industrial progress could not be of joint policies such as industrial and desia, Robert Mugabe, personally achieved without some degree of regional programmes. informed Commissioner Claude risk, and that fear and concern were Cheysson, who is responsible for not always sound advisors. The Portuguese Prime Minister in relations with developing countries, recent weeks has undertaken lengthy of his intentions. UK Conservative Member Dr journeys throughout the Community Alexander Sherlock claimed that the to consult Governmental leaders about The Community's Council of Commission proposal was 'both poor rthe technical and political aspects of Ministers soon afterwards approved of 10 and late'. a new Community enlargement. Zimbabwe's application, as did the ' m joint ACP-EEC ministerial council with the Belgian Government. It economic order, the ACP countries c: :D when it met in Nairobi on May 8. brought together 40 West European looked to the European Community 0 'T1 MPs from 16 national Parliaments, for co-operation in specific sectors. 0 ~ In anticipation of independence, the :the European Parliament and the 3: Community, as early as January of Council of Europe. Commissioner Cheysson challenged this year, granted what was then the view that regional solutions, such Southern Rhodesia a special arrange­ The eight speakers included Mario as the Lome Convention, are in ment whereby its exports have free Zagari, a vice-president of the contradiction with the global or access to the Community market until European Parliament, Belgium's international solutions being sought the end of this year. Minister for Development Cooper­ through the North-South Dialogue. ation, Marc Eyskens and Raymond He saw the two as complementary and Once the agreement for Zimbabwe's Chasle, the Mauritian Ambassador to suggested that regional solutions were accession to the Lome Convention the European Community and perhaps easier to arrive at because has been signed and ratified the President of ,the ACP Committee of participants often were more strongly present arrangement will be replaced Ambassadors. motivated. by the trade and aid terms of the convention. A former Dutch Development Aid But the Commissioner was categoric Minister, Jan Pronk, told the seminar about the need for global solutions In addition to granting duty-free he believed that failure to bring the also. He warned, in fact, that if the access to the Community for all but dialogue to a successful conclusion North-South Dialogue failed to make a tiny proportion of ACP exports, could result in a global conflict. progress then the future of Lome and the Convention provides a fund to other regional solutions was bleak stabilize ACP export earnings as well Claude Cheysson, the European indeed. as a fund to develop their economies. Community's Commissioner for relations with developing countries, In the meantime, the Community, in also viewed the North-South Dialogue Development aid: addition to granting Zimbabwe against the growing threat of nuolear special access to its market, has drawn war. But he thought the Dialogue making sure it reaches up a programme of aid to help the was more necessary than ever before the needy war-torn country to get its economy on moral grounds also: Western going fully and to adjust to inde­ Europe could not remain indifferent pendence. to the sufferings of millions in the European Community aid to countries Third World. which flagrantly violate human rights The aid package was drawn up in should be based on a 'more syste­ response both to requests from the For many of the participants, one of matic and less covert' approach, Salisbury government and also from the key points at issue was how the according to a resolution adopted by the United Nations High Com­ Community's special relations with the European Parliament during its missioner for Refugees. nearly 60 ACP countries with which it recent session in Strasbourg. has signed the Lome Convention might The European Commission has drawn effect its participation in the North­ The resolution was contained in a up a detailed plan for Community South Dialogue. report drawn up by French Socialist aid worth $16.8 million, two-thirds MEP Gerard J aquet on the situation of which would go to the United Mr Pronk expressed himself in favour in the Central African Republic Nations programme to help Zimbab­ of the Convention and of efforts to where 'Emperor' Bokassa was over­ weans displaced by the civil war, and improve it further. But he wondered thrown last year. the rest for economic reconstruction. whether the Community's close ties with the ACP countries were not MEPs welcomed the fact that the In addition, individual Community holding back the Dialogue. European Commission had based Member States are making contribu­ its decision to give aid on the prin­ tions worth in all around $53 million, He noted that Community member­ ciple that it should be used to benefit which brings the total initial Com­ ship of ,the International Sugar the local population. The resolution munity help for Zimbabwe to around Agreement, for example, was opposed also congratulates the Commission $70 million. by some because of its possible on its prompt action in drawing up unfavourable effects on the Com­ its £ 186 000 emergency aid plan. muni:ty's commitments to the sugar­ producing ACP countries. It reflects the European Parliament's Dangers of failure wish to see genuine democratic in North-South Ambassador Chasle did not share procedures instituted in the Central Dialogue stressed these fears, however. In the case of African Republic as soon as possible sugar, for example, he maintained that with the full participation of the the Community had merely taken over population and without any external Does Western Europe have a s:take in Britain's historic obligation to military intervention. the North-South Dialogue, that Commonwealth producers. 1 peripatetic debate between the Development Commissioner Claude industrialized and the developing He noted that, as an important Cheysson told MEPs that to prevent countries which returns to the United segment of the developing world, the Community aid being diverted to Nations building in New York this ACP group was very much concerned benefit dictatorial regimes rather than summer? about the prospects for all developing the populace, the Commission was countries. relying increasingly on non-govern­ This was the main question posed at a mental organizations such as the Red two-day seminar organized in Brussels However, he pointed out that, in the Cross and Oxfam to channel aid to recently by the U.N. in cooperation absence of an ideal new international the right places. 11 pre-pensioned. This status entitles him to a higher income than the fuH pension he will receive when he is 65. :E ::> LETTERS TO THE EDITOR a: 0 Hence there is a distinct difference, u. 0 from the legal and monetary points a: ::> of view, between being in early w retirement and being 'pre-pensioned'.

1. De Nooze, Centrale generale FGTB, Rue Haute, 26-28, 1000 Bruxelles.

Sir, Energy tax 1. Nomination of a Community Centre to be responsible for the coordinaiton I very much enjoyer reading the of Research into Pre-Retirement and article entitled 'Retirement: time for Retirement and its associated a change of attitude', which appeared in Euroforum No 9/80. Sir, publidty. Keep up the good work! I hasten to assure Mr Sephton, 2. Funds to be allocated to enable Transport General Manager of the tutors in 'Preparation for Retirement' to be trained (Perhaps someone can Robert Cappe, General Secretary, City of Lincoln, whose letter you Retirement Section published in your Euroforum 9/80 tell us if the European Social Fund will consider applica.tions?). Federation FO des Cheminots, (suggesting that a Community energy 60 rue Vergniaud tax could be used to boost investment 75640 Paris. in public transport- Ed.) that no 3. Fellowships to be awarded for sector is excluded from the Community projects in 'Successful Retirement' or support which I have in mind. Such 'Active Retirement' on the lines of the a scheme would give us the possibility campaign by Fondation de France Naturist beaches of increasing investments in all kinds launched in 1975 (The publicity would of projects which could help us get generate the much-needed public awareness). away from too much dependence on Sir, oil. Big user of oil-based fuels as it is, transport could have a part to play. My belief is that these three things will help to raise the quality of life of Our attention has been drawn to a at least 40 000 Community citizens. recent article in 'Euroforum' 6/80 Guido Brunner, which, although obviously intended Commissioner for Energy. Isn't this what the Treaty of Rome to provide some light reading for is all about? All Fool's Day, nevertheless provides some food for thought. Tom Moore, Retired folk Senior Lecturer Out of the countries of the Commun­ Thames Polytechnic ity which hav1e a coastline, only Woolwich, London SE18 Belgium, Italy and Ireland have no Sir, beaches where nude bathing is officially permitted. Whilst we It was gratifying to read the somewhat appreciate that this must to some timely article 'Retirement: time for a Sir, extent depend upon local custom and change of attitude' in Euroforum the interests and prejudices of a local No 9/80. We should like to draw to your population, we would welcome a attention the fact that, in trying in harmonization of the laws concerning The EC will, in my opinion, soon No 9/80 of Euroforum to describe the such beaches. Not only would this experience a 'retirement explosion'. essential features of a certain aspect of encourage international tourism, but This will be due to its ageing welfare, you provided information it would make it possible for citizens population and falling birthrate---1to which does not correspond exactly to of the various Member States to know the introduction of new technology­ the facts. exactly where they stand. In some to rising unemployment-and to the countries, particularly my own, the demand by trade unions for earlier 'Early retirement' has been in existence present situation can only be described retirement. for a long time in Belgium. Workers as chaotic. aged 60 and over can apply for early The time is ripe not only for a change retirement but the amount of their In countries that have legalized nude of attitude ; it is ripe for action, pension is then definitively reduced bathing in certain areas, it has not particularly in respect of money and by 5% for each year rtaken. been found that the beaches concerned publicity. May I therefore at this have beoome magnets for sexual stage make just three suggestions to There is another arrangement, called perverts and voyeurs·. Instead, the members of the European Community 'prepension'. This is what you beaches have given many hours of institutions (especially Members of describe in your article, but the person innocent pleasure to countless families the European Parliament) and anyone concerned is neither a pensioner, nor whose mental and physical health has 12 else interested. We should press for: is he in early retirement-he has been benefited as a result. m To some extent, a similar situation What the UK wants is a fundamental Euroforum 10/80. Readers should c :0 exists :Pegarding naturist clubs inland. reform of the CAP to ensure that the be invited to suggest a name for him! ' 0 "T'I In some countries they are well­ open-ended commitment of the EEC 0 c:0 recognized as organizations which to support its farmers is ended. The T. J. Bennett, s::: have their specific part to play in role of Europe's farmers can then be 2 Annen Court, building up a healthy nation, and reduced to its proper proportion-the Ave Maria Lane, receive State and local subsidies as a production of food according to the London EC4. result. In other countries they have Community's needs; then, Community no official recognition and, in fact, funds can indeed be allocated to need, Why not? All suggestions welcome. are in some cases in some doubt as to not to politics. The trouble is that, Ed. whether their activities are truly legal at the moment, there is only one according to that country's laws. political force wi,th any clout in the EEC and that is the farmers. As the international organization Greece linking together the naturist federations R.W. Dean, not only within the Community but 83, Langland Drive, worldwide, we should be very pleased London. Sir, to discuss our problems and make appropriate proposals to the European In No 5/ 80 of Euroforum it is stated: Commission at any time. 'Greece and Turkey ...... have had Euroforum cartoons running disputes over the islands of Alan McCombe, Cyprus, their rights in the Aegean and over other islands in the First Vice-President, Sir, International Naturist Federation Mediterranean'. 33A Upper Oldfield Park I believe that most Englishmen, had Bath BA2 3JX. Leaving aside Cyprus and the rights they the opportunity tJo pass a judg­ in the Aegean (for the sake of brevity) ment, would subscribe to my view that one cannot help wondering which are the best thing about the EEC are the these 'other islands in the Mediter­ anonymous cartoons which appear in ranean' over which Greece and Turkey UK contribution 'Euroforum'. 'have had running disputes', given the fact, that neither country has officially Montague Keen, questioned the territorial rights Sir, Editor, recognized by treaty over any Aegean British Farmer and Stockbreeder, island. Sorry, Mr Barton (UK Contribution, Surrey House, 1 Throwley Way, Sutton, Surrey. A. Kastrissianakis, Euroforum issue 10/80, letters College of Europe, section)! You've got it wrong. The The editor and the cartoonist, Terry Dyver 11, EEC already has its own resources. 8000-Brugge. They consist of customs duties, Willers, express their thanks for this agricultural levies, and up to 1 % of and the many other similar appreciative and encouraging letters. the VAT base as defined in the Sixth Sir, Directive. And that financing cannot be changed without ratification In Euroforum No 5/ 80, on page 3, in all Member States' legislatures. reference is made in an article on The problem with the EEC is how Yugoslavia to Mr Jenkins' voyage 'to those funds are spent. that Land of Alexander the Great'.

The warm feelings for the land of the What the UK objects to is the fact that late President Tito should not prevent nearly three-quarters of those funds me calling attention to the fact that go to buy up surplus farm production, these words include an anachronism the price of which is so high that the and a confusion, both of the same consumer won't touch it-nor even dimension. needs it. Those surpluses just happen to arise in every EEC country except Anachronism: In the 4th Century B.C. the UK. Thus the UK has ended up there were no Slavs at all and, of being the largest net contributor to course, no Yugoslavia in the region. the EEC budget, even bigger than Germany. Confusion: Pella, the home of Alexander, is located in the Greek The budget and farm prices are province of Macedonia which has no inextricably linked: the former is in relation whatsoever with the Federated such a mess because of the latter. Republic of Yugoslavia which assumed And may I remind you that the EEC the same name. is already living from month-to-month Sir, because the European Parliament Prof. Ph. Francescakis, threw out the 1980 budget on the very May I, on behalf of dog-owners in the Director, grounds that too much was being EEC, express my amusement at the Centre of International spent on agriculture-and, in antics of 'Eurodog' as portrayed by and European Economic Law, particular, paying for surpluses-and your cartoonist. I refer particularly Thessaloniki, too little for other purposes. to pages 7 and 15 (but not 5) in Greece. 13 ------THE NEWS AT A GLANCE ::; :::> ------cc 0 u. 0cc :::lw

Plea for Shcharansky Chinese visitor Prize for Greece

The European Parliament has called Madame Deng Yingchao, widow of the The Council of Europe's annual prize on the Council of Ministers to urge the late Chinese President Zhou Enlai and for temporary archaeological Soviet government to release the currently vice-president of the National exhibitions, which this year was dissident Anatoly Shcharansky and Congress of the People's Republic of financed by the Bank of Ireland, has allow him to be reunited with his wife China, last month paid an official been awarded to the Thessalonika in Israel. Shcharansky, who has visit at the head of a Chinese Archaeological Museum for its been in prison for three years and delegation to the European Parliament. exhibition 'Treasures of Macedonia', faces another 10 years' detention with During the parliament's plenary session the region of Greece which produced hard labour for his fight for human she met its President, Simone Veil, as Aristotle, Phillip II and Alexander rights, is in poor health and is well as Commission President Roy the Great. suffering particularly from serious Jenkins, who paid a similar visit to trouble with his eyesight. Peking last year. Back to the table Fighting poverty Help for refugees Talks between the European Com­ The European Parliament has The European Parliament has called munity and the Soviet bloc· Comecon on the Nine to make arrangements for criticized the failure of the Council of are to be renewed at expert level in homes to be provided for Kampuchean Ministers to give the Commission the Geneva on 16 July. The Commis­ children whose parents cannot be green light for the implementation of sion's Vice-President responsible for £ External Relations, Wilhelm found. It also calls for greater a 5.4 million interim programme efforts to be made to unite families, to combat poverty in the Community. Haferkamp, has already had a number either in Kampuchea, in the refugee In a resolution adopted at its June of meetings with the Comecon camps or in the West. A motion session, it called on the Council to Secretary-General Nikolai Fadeev, to approved by the Parliament during change its mind and to ensure that the discuss trade matters. its last session also urges measures programme can begin next year. to prevent the exploitation of refugee children. New leader Aid for Afghanistan The Communist and Allies Group in The Community is to send 500 tonnes Beef ban the European Parliament has elected a of butteroil as food aid to Afghan new leader, Italian Guido Fanti. He refugees in Pakistan. The aid will be The European Commission has succeeds as chairman Giorgio channeled through the United Nations cancelled Community subsidies on Amendola who died recently after a High Commission for Refugees, which beef exports to the Soviet Union until long illness. has estimated that there are currently the end of this year. This action is 900 000 Afghans in Pakistan seeking part of a general Community policy Trade talks open refuge from the military conflict in adopted early this year following the their occupied country. Their total Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. The first round of negotiations butteroil requirements have been put between the Community and the at almost 5 000 tonnes, of which the Andean group aimed at the conclusion Community is expected to supply half. Disappointment for travellers of a framework cooperation agreement A meeting of the Council of Ministers opened in Brussels last month. The for Taxation, which was due to take Andean group is made up of Bolivia, Employment grants place in Luxembourg on 19 June, has Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and been postponed and no new date has Venezuela. Two-way trade between First grants from the Community's been set. The Ministers were to have the Community and these five Social Fund for 1980 amount to discussed, among other things, Com­ countries last year was worth around £ 260 million. The bulk of this first mission proposals for an increase in £ 3 000 million, with the Community tranche is devoted to employment duty-free allowances for travellers enjoying a surplus. projects in Italy, France, the United (Euroforum II /80). Kingdom and Ireland. Kreisky in Brussels

Freedom call External Relations Commissioner Glowing results Wilhelm Haferkamp had talks recently The European Parliament has with Austrian Chancellor Bruno Coal continues to make a steady condemned recent acts of violence in Kreisky. The talks ranged over the comeback. Its share of the Com­ South Africa, has reiterated its general international situation before munity's total energy demand last year support for civil rights there and has getting down to relations between rose from 18.7% to 19.4% . Coal called for the release of Nelson Austria and the Community, consumption was around 7.4% higher Mandel a and other African National particularly in the agriculture and than in the previous year and domestic 14 Councilleaders. transport sectors. production was also marginally up. ·------· ~jJ 0 'TI But will solar energy catch on? a valid contributor to their 0 jJ FOCUS c: Even if the technology can be supply lines. ~ perfected, is the European Convincing ourselves public, resigned as it is to Not unexpectedly, one of the unpredictable weather, ready to biggest single barriers to the that solar energy accept the possibilities of solar breakthrough to the solar energy can really work power? consumer is that it is difficult to persuade people, particularly In the wake of the thunderstorms This was the subject of a seminar those who live in Northern which have swept most of held recently in Brussels which Europe, that solar energy can Europe during the past few was backed by the European still work in the spring and the weeks, the potential of solar Commission and the United autumn. power as an alternative source of States Department of Energy. energy may have begun to seem The theme was 'Non-technical This is because information almost irrelevant to our overall obstacles to the use of solar about this new source is often energy requirements. energy.' either totally lacking or is too technical for the average person Nevertheless, Energy Commis­ to digest. It was therefore sioner Guido Brunner, who has urged at the seminar that public been in the vanguard of the authorities should launch wides­ promotion of alternative sources, pread information campaigns. reckons that between 5 and 7 per cent of the Community's Whatever about the obstinacy of total energy consumption could public opinion, the consumer be met by solar power by the will never be convinced unless end of this century. solar power can be made cheaper. There is something of Already, the Community is well a vicious circle here because the on the way to starting production reason that it is not cheap is that of its own solar power. An the size of the market does not installation called Eurelios, at present justify large-scale which is backed by Community investment. funds, is near completion in That title seems to imply that Sicily and is expected to be ready the technical obstacles have To break through this circle, a to go into operation in already been overcome. number of speakers at the November. According to one representative seminar favoured more public of the US Department of Energy, investment to encourage research This first Community solar that is the case. Solar systems into ways of producing cheaper energy pilot plant will concen­ that work can be built. equipment, and at the same time trate solar rays onto a steam making finance available at generator which is located on the The snag is, though, that it is special low-interest rates for top of a 55 metre high tower. not cheap; the equipment is very businesses or private individuals The steam will then drive a expensive. Solar power is not who are interested in installing turbogenerator which will the poor man's new source of the collectors needed to harness transmit electrical energy into energy. Nor is it a quick and the rays of the sun. the Italian national grid. easy replacement for oil, gas, coal or nuclear power. Speakers also felt the need to The Eurelios plant, which is the ease planning regulations so that, first of its kind in the world to What emerged clearly from the for example, a solar energy be connected to the public seminar is that what is holding house-which cannot be built in electricity distribution network, back the more widespread use of the shade-could be built in a will have a capacity of 1 solar power is not only the high lofty position where no building megawatt. cost but also ignorance among is allowed at present. Bureau­ the general public about its cratic obduracy was seen as a This promises to be an encou­ potential, uncertaintly about the barrier in this regard, as well as raging start to the development technical mastery of this new in other areas. of a source which could help method of deriving energy, reduce our dependence on costly legislative obstacles such as the None of these problems are, of imported oil. For example, if difficulty of getting planning course, insuperable, but it will we reach Commissionner Brun­ permission for a building take time. Meanwhile, we can ner's target by the year 2000 we adapted to solar power, and the console ourselves with the_words would save 130 million barrels reluctance on the part of some of the song 'Somewhere, the sun of oil. utilities to accept solar power as is shining.' 15 ~------~ Press and information offices Sales offices for publications of the European Community of the European Community

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