DOCSLIB.ORG

Finding the Tail End: the Discovery of RNA Splicing PROFILE Melissa Suran, Science Writer

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Finding the Tail End: the Discovery of RNA Splicing PROFILE Melissa Suran, Science Writer PROFILE Finding the tail end: The discovery of RNA splicing PROFILE Melissa Suran, Science Writer Major findings are sometimes hidden in small details. Molecular biologists at the time worked almost At least that was the case when, in a PNAS article, exclusively with bacterial systems, which are easy to molecular biologist Phillip Sharp and his research grow in a laboratory. Although Sharp primarily studied team described a little strand of RNA that led to an bacteria and published work about the Escherichia coli understanding of how proteins are synthesized in genome during his postdoctoral position at the cells (1). California Institute of Technology with biochemist During the 1970s, Sharp headed a laboratory in the Norman Davidson (2, 3), he started exploring tumor Center for Cancer Research at the Massachusetts biology and virology. When Sharp arrived at CSHL, he turned his attention toward DNA viruses known to in- Institute of Technology (MIT). Having been a post- fect animal cells. He was particularly curious about doctoral researcher for geneticist James Watson and gene expression—the conversion of DNA into instruc- then a staff member at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory tions for creating proteins—in human cells and began (CSHL) prior to his appointment at MIT, Sharp was studying the transcriptional profile of a simian DNA drawn to studying genes and measuring chromosome virus called SV40. Found in both humans and mon- sizes. The field of genetics was relatively primitive; keys, SV40 can generate tumors. Sharp’s work with Watson and Francis Crick had discovered DNA’s struc- the virus stemmed from a collaboration with virolo- ture only 2 decades earlier. gist Joseph Sambrook. Meanwhile, an officemate, Ulf Fig. 1. Members of the MIT Center for Cancer Research (Robert Weinberg, Second Row from Bottom, Far Left; Susan Berget, Third Row from Bottom, Third from Left; Claire Moore, Back Row, Fourth from Left; Philip Sharp, Back Row, Far Right). Image courtesy of Robert Weinberg. Published under the PNAS license. See Classic Article “Spliced segments at the 5′ terminus of adenovirus 2 late mRNA” on page 3171 in issue 8 of volume 74. First published December 23, 2019. www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1919416116 PNAS | January 28, 2020 | vol. 117 | no. 4 | 1829–1832 Downloaded by guest on September 26, 2021 Fig. 2. (A–C) Electron micrograph of a hexon mRNA hybridized to an adenovirus genome fragment. The arrows in the micrographs mark the single-stranded RNA tails at the ends of the RNA/DNA hybrid. The 5’ to 3’ orientation of the mRNA is indicated in C, and the displaced single-stranded viral DNA is shown as a thin line. Reproduced with permission from ref. 1. Pettersson, worked on DNA replication of adenovirus, a member of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical a common virus with a double-stranded DNA genome Research and professor of biology at MIT. that is known to cause tumors in rodents and a range In fact, Weinberg adds, not all groups at the center of illnesses in humans. focused directly on cancer as a disease. “The MIT “Ulf and I became friends,” Sharp says. “He was cancer center was built on the notion that curiosity- interested in adenovirus DNA replication; I was interested driven research is likely to yield great benefits.” in adenovirus transcriptional activities and the location And it did. During the 1970s and 1980s, MIT’s of genes.” Center for Cancer Research was a research powerhouse A few years earlier, microbiologists Daniel Nathans with notable scientists, including David Baltimore and and Hamilton Smith discovered enzymes called re- Susumu Tonegawa, who won Nobel Prizes for discov- striction endonucleases (4–6), which earned them a ering reverse transcriptase and the rearrangement of shared Nobel Prize with Werner Arber. Following their antibody genes, respectively. insights, Sharp developed a method to purify restriction Around 1975, Weinberg organized a weekly meeting for the center’s fifth floor laboratories to discuss their re- enzymes using gel electrophoresis and ethidium bro- search. Little did Sharp know that those meetings would mide staining. Eventually, Sharp, Pettersson, and others ultimately play an integral role in a landmark discovery. made restriction maps of the adenovirus 2 and 5 ge- In 1976, postdoctoral fellow Susan Berget began nomes as well as several other serotypes. These maps using electron microscopy to examine the relationship were used to identify the viral regions that contained between cytoplasmic RNA and the DNA structure of cancer-causing genes. adenovirus. Both Sharp and Berget worked closely “The transcriptional pattern was important for un- with Claire Moore, a technician who ran MIT’s electron derstanding how the virus created tumors,” Sharp microscopy facility for the cancer center. Through her says. “It also set the table for a long-term curiosity: work with Sharp, Moore became familiar with a tech- ” The significance of heterogeneous nuclear RNA. nique called R-loop analysis, which at the time was a ’ When Sharp was recruited by MIT s cancer center, new method to map RNA sequences on a genome. By he and postdoctoral fellow Jane Flint extended the creating optimal conditions using a combination of ’ transcriptional maps of adenovirus. One of Sharp s salt, formamide, and heat, Moore could make an colleagues, molecular biologist Robert Weinberg, RNA strand hybridize with its complementary DNA. ran an adjacent laboratory on the fifth floor and stud- “You would see a bit of string, and there would be ied SV40. Both adenovirus and SV40 can produce a bubble where the RNA had hybridized with the DNA multiple copies of their genomes in infected cells, and displaced the other strand,” says Moore, now a enabling analysis. professor of developmental, molecular, and chemical “The reason that Phil Sharp, and I, and others biology at Tufts University. “Phil thought that would worked on DNA tumor viruses, like adenovirus and be a great way to map the adenovirus because you SV40, was actually not because we were interested could precisely map the location of each gene.” in cancer per se, but because these viruses clone their Adenovirus replicates efficiently, so when Berget own genomes for us,” says Weinberg, who is currently infected a human cell line, the majority of the messenger 1830 | www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1919416116 Suran Downloaded by guest on September 26, 2021 RNA (mRNA) molecules would be of viral origin; as its name suggests, mRNA serves as an intermediary tem- plate, transmitting information from DNA to proteins. Berget purified the most abundant viral mRNAs, which encode a capsid protein, and in collaboration with Moore, subjected the mRNAs to hybridization condi- tions in order to form R-loops with specific re- striction endonuclease fragments of the adenovirus genome. The resulting R-loops were visualized using electron microscopy, and the length of the R-loops and double-stranded DNA were measured to de- termine the gene’s location. “My task was to prepare the samples,” Moore says. “There were a lot of tricks to getting a good spread.” With a viscous solution of formamide and a ramp constructed from a slide that ran into another solution, Moore had to drop a sample on the slide at just the right place so it would spread onto a film. Once Berget and Moore collected the film on a tiny grid coated with plastic, they processed it for electron microscopy. This film was subsequently inserted into the electron microscope and examined for interpretable R-loop structures that were then photographed. To get accu- rate measurements, the micrographs were photograph- ically printed, and a “little map measurer,” as Moore puts it, was traced along each strand. Throughout this process for dozens of micrographs, something seemed off. “I was getting nice, uniform R-loops, but there were these little strands of single-stranded RNA stick- ing out at the ends of the R-loops, and I didn’t know what to do with them,” Moore says. Other laboratories had previously found that ade- novirus RNA in the nucleus was far longer than cytoplasmic mRNA. The team wondered if these long, viral RNAs were related to observations of cellular heterogeneous nuclear RNAs. Similar to adenovirus RNAs, these nuclear RNAs containing gene sequences were considerably longer than more stable mRNAs in Fig. 3. (A) Phillip Sharp receives the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine the cell cytoplasm. from King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden. Image courtesy of Tobbe Gustavsson/ Berget, Moore, and Sharp concluded that one of Reportagebild/TT/Sipa USA. (B) Richard Roberts receives the 1993 Nobel Prize in the extensions must be a polyadenosine tail that is Physiology or Medicine from King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden. Image courtesy of AGIP/Rue des Archives/Granger, NYC. added posttranscriptionally to the end of mRNA and has nothing with which to hybridize. Assuming that the other tail was an artifact, possibly caused by DNA But 3 months and several experiments later, the rehybridizing and displacing RNA, the team con- extra tail was still a mystery. ducted a myriad of experiments. They eliminated “It was a puzzle until Sue presented the data at one the opposite DNA strand so nothing could compete of the floor meetings, and we got the idea that maybe with the end of the RNA. However, when the RNA it’s coming from a different region of the adenovirus,” hybridized to a single-stranded bit of DNA, the tail was Moore says. still present. Even trying different conditions of form- So the team tried hybridizing the RNA to a longer amide and salt proved unsuccessful. Nevertheless, piece of DNA. Sharp and his colleagues were determined to rule out “That’s when the little tail found its partner strands other explanations for the tail before proceeding.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 書 名 等 発行年 出版社 受賞年 備考 N1 Ueber Das Zustandekommen Der
    書 名 等 発行年 出版社 受賞年 備考 Ueber das Zustandekommen der Diphtherie-immunitat und der Tetanus-Immunitat bei thieren / Emil Adolf N1 1890 Georg thieme 1901 von Behring N2 Diphtherie und tetanus immunitaet / Emil Adolf von Behring und Kitasato 19-- [Akitomo Matsuki] 1901 Malarial fever its cause, prevention and treatment containing full details for the use of travellers, University press of N3 1902 1902 sportsmen, soldiers, and residents in malarious places / by Ronald Ross liverpool Ueber die Anwendung von concentrirten chemischen Lichtstrahlen in der Medicin / von Prof. Dr. Niels N4 1899 F.C.W.Vogel 1903 Ryberg Finsen Mit 4 Abbildungen und 2 Tafeln Twenty-five years of objective study of the higher nervous activity (behaviour) of animals / Ivan N5 Petrovitch Pavlov ; translated and edited by W. Horsley Gantt ; with the collaboration of G. Volborth ; and c1928 International Publishing 1904 an introduction by Walter B. Cannon Conditioned reflexes : an investigation of the physiological activity of the cerebral cortex / by Ivan Oxford University N6 1927 1904 Petrovitch Pavlov ; translated and edited by G.V. Anrep Press N7 Die Ätiologie und die Bekämpfung der Tuberkulose / Robert Koch ; eingeleitet von M. Kirchner 1912 J.A.Barth 1905 N8 Neue Darstellung vom histologischen Bau des Centralnervensystems / von Santiago Ramón y Cajal 1893 Veit 1906 Traité des fiévres palustres : avec la description des microbes du paludisme / par Charles Louis Alphonse N9 1884 Octave Doin 1907 Laveran N10 Embryologie des Scorpions / von Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov 1870 Wilhelm Engelmann 1908 Immunität bei Infektionskrankheiten / Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov ; einzig autorisierte übersetzung von Julius N11 1902 Gustav Fischer 1908 Meyer Die experimentelle Chemotherapie der Spirillosen : Syphilis, Rückfallfieber, Hühnerspirillose, Frambösie / N12 1910 J.Springer 1908 von Paul Ehrlich und S.
    [Show full text]
  • Biographical Notes on Scientists Involved in the Asilomar Process M.J
    International Dimensions of Ethics Education in Science and Engineering Case Study Series: Asilomar Conference on Laboratory Precautions Appendix D: Biographical Notes on Scientists involved in the Asilomar Process M.J. Peterson Version 1, June 2010 Edward A. Adelberg (1920-2009). PhD Yale 1949. Chair of Yale Department of Microbiology 1961-64 and 1970-72; a founding member of Yale Department of Genetics. Deputy Provost for the Biomedical Sciences, 1983-91. Specialist in plasmid biochemistry of E. coli. Ephraim Anderson (1911-2006). M.D., Durham University. Served in the Royal Army Medical Corps during World War II where he developed interests in Epidemiology. Researcher in Enteric Laboratory of the British Public Health Laboratory Service 1947, Deputy Director 1952, Director 1954-1978. Came to public notice for tracing sources of typhoid outbreaks in Zermatt (1963) and Aberdeen (1964). Built on earlier work by Japanese researchers to demonstrate the plasmid-based pathways by which bacteria could spread antibiotic resistance to others and became the world’s leading expert on antibiotic resistance. Also prominent in efforts to limit use of antibiotics in raising animals. Fellow of the Royal Society 1968; Companion of the Order of the British Empire 1976. Eric Ashby, Baron Ashby (1904-1992). Lecturer in Botany, Imperial College London 1931-35; Reader in Botany Bristol University 1935-37; Professor of Botany University of Sydney 1938-1946; Chair of Botany, University of Manchester 1947-50. Turned to administration as President and Vice-Chancellor of Queen's University, Belfast 1950-59; Master of Clare College in Cambridge University 1959-67 and Vice-Chancellor of Cambridge University 1967-1969.
    [Show full text]
  • Symposium in Honor of Nobel Laureate Werner Arber
    Symposium th Birthday in honor of Nobel Laureate Werner Arber th Birthday Prof. em. Werner Arber Professor emeritus Werner Arber was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1978 for his discovery of restriction enzymes and their appli- cation in molecular genetics together with the Americans Daniel Nathans and Hamilton Smith. He is one of the founding members of the Biozentrum, University of Basel, where he started as Professor of Molecular Microbiology in 1971. He also took on important leadership roles at the University of Basel, including Rektor, Dean of the Faculty of Science and Chairman of the Bio- zentrum. His scientific research contributed greatly to the internationally renowned reputation of the institute. Restriction enzymes, as molecular scissors, became available for today’s research in molecular genetics carried August 28, 2019, 4.00 – 5.30 pm out worldwide to obtain novel insights into the functions of living organisms. followed by an apéro This development paved also the way for various research areas at the Bio- Lecture Hall 1, Pharmazentrum, zentrum. On June 3, 2019, Werner Arber turned 90 years old. Klingelbergstrasse 50, Basel The Biozentrum invites you to a scientific symposium to celebrate the 90th birthday of Prof. em. Werner Arber, Nobel Prize Laureate 1978 and founding Program member of the Biozentrum, University of Basel. Welcome addresses Prof. Alex Schier Director of the Biozentrum, University of Basel Prof. Martin Jinek Prof. Andrea Schenker-Wicki President of the University of Basel Martin Jinek is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the University of Zurich. He studied Natural Sciences at Trinity College, University of Cam- The scientist Werner Arber bridge (UK).
    [Show full text]
  • Daniel Nathans 1928–1999
    NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES DANIEL NATHANS 1928–1999 A Biographical Memoir by DANIEL DIMAIO Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. Biographical Memoirs, VOLUME 79 PUBLISHED 2001 BY THE NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS WASHINGTON, D.C. Photo by Arthur Kravetz, Baltimore, Maryland DANIEL NATHANS October 30, 1928–November 16, 1999 BY DANIEL DIMAIO ANIEL NATHANS, A SCIENTIST whose pioneering use of D restriction endonucleases revolutionized virology and genetics and whose personal qualities had a profound impact on those who knew him, passed away in November 1999 at the age of 71. He was the University Professor of Molecular Biology and Genetics at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, where he served on the faculty for 37 years, and a senior investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute since 1982. Dan is survived by his wife, Joanne; three sons, Eli, Jeremy, and Benjamin; and seven grand- children. Dan was born and raised in Wilmington, Delaware, the youngest of eight children of Russian Jewish immigrants. He attended the University of Delaware, initially living at home and commuting by hitchhiking, and graduated with a degree in chemistry in 1950. He then entered medical school at Washington University in St. Louis, largely because, he claimed, his father saw him “as the last chance to have a doctor in the family.” Dan began medical school with the intention of returning to Wilmington as a general practitioner, but a summer job in a local hospital bored him and made him rethink these plans and return early to St.
    [Show full text]
  • A Glimpse of
    A Glimpse of ... B HAKTIVEDANTA I NSTITUTE Kolkata Promoting dialogue between Science and Spirituality “Bhaktivedanta Institute is to be greatly congratulated for having produced so crucial and a productive discussion. It should be given every encouragement and support in going ahead with an enterprise so well begun.” — Prof. George Wald (Nobel Laureate in Physiology and Medicine) A Few Words of Appreciation ... I strongly believe that we all have divinity within ourselves. This divinity is the symbol of spiritualism. Integration of science and spiritualism helps us to balance ourselves. Therefore spiritualism is the key to Mental Health. My hearty congratulations to Bhaktivedanta Institute, Kolkata for their noble cause in imparting spiritual awareness in different parts of the country; to make this era spiritual in holistic manner. — Prof. Abha Singh Joint Director, Amity Institute of Behavioural and Allied Sciences, Noida, India Dear Dr. Singh, Today I had the fortune to meet Sri Jumukta Das and Sri Prasad Das (Volunteers in Motorhome) of your institute and to get myself apprised about the activities and programmes in which your divine institute is currently engaged. I was delighted to scan some of the publications of the institute and was very happy to note that the institute is engaged in creating a better understanding of science, religion and spirituality. ... We,at Delhi College of Engineering, shall be delighted to arrange your seminar at our institute so that the members of faculty and students of this premier institute could be benefited from interactions with you — Prof. P.B. Sharma Principal, Delhi College of Engineering, Delhi Prasad Das (Volunteer in Motorhome) delivered a lively lecture on science, spirituality and human values in this college.
    [Show full text]
  • Nobel Laureates in Physiology Or Medicine
    All Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine 1901 Emil A. von Behring Germany ”for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths” 1902 Sir Ronald Ross Great Britain ”for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it” 1903 Niels R. Finsen Denmark ”in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science” 1904 Ivan P. Pavlov Russia ”in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged” 1905 Robert Koch Germany ”for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis” 1906 Camillo Golgi Italy "in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system" Santiago Ramon y Cajal Spain 1907 Charles L. A. Laveran France "in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases" 1908 Paul Ehrlich Germany "in recognition of their work on immunity" Elie Metchniko France 1909 Emil Theodor Kocher Switzerland "for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland" 1910 Albrecht Kossel Germany "in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances" 1911 Allvar Gullstrand Sweden "for his work on the dioptrics of the eye" 1912 Alexis Carrel France "in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs" 1913 Charles R.
    [Show full text]
  • Nobel Laureates
    Nobel Laureates Over the centuries, the Academy has had a number of Nobel Prize winners amongst its members, many of whom were appointed Academicians before they received this prestigious international award. Pieter Zeeman (Physics, 1902) Lord Ernest Rutherford of Nelson (Chemistry, 1908) Guglielmo Marconi (Physics, 1909) Alexis Carrel (Physiology, 1912) Max von Laue (Physics, 1914) Max Planck (Physics, 1918) Niels Bohr (Physics, 1922) Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (Physics, 1930) Werner Heisenberg (Physics, 1932) Charles Scott Sherrington (Physiology or Medicine, 1932) Paul Dirac and Erwin Schrödinger (Physics, 1933) Thomas Hunt Morgan (Physiology or Medicine, 1933) Sir James Chadwick (Physics, 1935) Peter J.W. Debye (Chemistry, 1936) Victor Francis Hess (Physics, 1936) Corneille Jean François Heymans (Physiology or Medicine, 1938) Leopold Ruzicka (Chemistry, 1939) Edward Adelbert Doisy (Physiology or Medicine, 1943) George Charles de Hevesy (Chemistry, 1943) Otto Hahn (Chemistry, 1944) Sir Alexander Fleming (Physiology, 1945) Artturi Ilmari Virtanen (Chemistry, 1945) Sir Edward Victor Appleton (Physics, 1947) Bernardo Alberto Houssay (Physiology or Medicine, 1947) Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius (Chemistry, 1948) - 1 - Walter Rudolf Hess (Physiology or Medicine, 1949) Hideki Yukawa (Physics, 1949) Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood (Chemistry, 1956) Chen Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao Lee (Physics, 1957) Joshua Lederberg (Physiology, 1958) Severo Ochoa (Physiology or Medicine, 1959) Rudolf Mössbauer (Physics, 1961) Max F. Perutz (Chemistry, 1962)
    [Show full text]
  • WERNER ARBER Department of Microbiology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Swit- Zerland
    PROMOTION AND LIMITATION OF GENETIC EXCHANGE Nobel Lecture, 8 December, 1978 by WERNER ARBER Department of Microbiology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Swit- zerland Exchange of genetic material has widely been observed in practically all living organisms. This suggests that genetic exchange must have been practised since a long time ago, perhaps ever since life has existed. The rules followed by nature in the exchange of genetic information are studied by geneticists. However, as long as the chemical nature of the genetic material remained unknown, genetics remained a rather abstract branch of the biological sciences. This gradually began to change after Avery et al. (1944) had identified DNA as the carrier of genetic information. Their evidence found an independent support by Hershey and Chase (1952), and it was accepted by a majority of biologists by 1953 when Watson and Crick (1953) presented their structural model of DNA. Hence it was clear 25 years ago that very long, filamentous macromolecules of DNA contained the genes. As is usual in fundamental research, the knowledge acquired pointed to a number of new important questions. Among them were those on the structure and function of genes, but also those on the molecular mecha- nisms of exchange of genetic material. It is at that time, in the fall of 1953, that I joined more or less by chance a small group of investigators animated by Jean Weigle and Eduard Kellen- berg. One of their main interests concerned the mechanisms of genetic recombination. Feeling that the time was not ripe to carry out such studies on higher organisms, they had chosen to work with a bacterial virus, the nowadays famous bacteriophage lambda (A).
    [Show full text]
  • The Pioneer of Genetic Engineering
    History – research ––– 82 History – research ––– 83 year research stay at the University scientists had observed that many of Southern California in Los Angeles. strains of bacteria could defend After returning to Geneva, Werner themselves against attacking phages Arber devoted himself fully to and released only a small number Text: bacteria and viruses. He explained of phage progeny (or offspring). The The pioneer of Anke Fossgreen the reason for this decision at a astonishing thing was that although party held in his honor in 1978: “As these progeny grew vigorously in the a microbiologist, I’m convinced that event of a renewed infection, they no many fundamental questions of longer grew on their previous host genetic engineering biology can be explored by studying strain. Werner Arber, who was by very simple systems.” then the head of a research group, wanted to know how the bacteria Werner Arber studied the genetic held out against the phages. He makeup of intestinal bacteria suspected the existence of enzymes (Escherichia coli) and their patho- that could act as molecular scissors gens – viruses known as “phages” to selectively identify and break down that infect bacteria. In the past, other invading foreign DNA. After commencing his doctoral dis- ences at ETH Zurich and developed a sertation at the University of Geneva fascination with this mysterious mol- in 1953, Werner Arber presented a ecule. Indeed, he devoted his entire new publication at his weekly sem- research career to it. Thanks to a inar. In this article, the researchers groundbreaking discovery, Werner James Watson and Francis Crick de- Arber became one of the founding scribed the structure of DNA, a mol- fathers of genetic engineering, for ecule that served to encode genetic which he received the Nobel Prize information and that was wound into in Physiology or Medicine in 1978.
    [Show full text]
  • Gunther S. Stent Papers, 1915-1998
    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/ft509nb1mh No online items Guide to the Gunther S. Stent Papers, 1915-1998 Processed by Claora E. Styron and Lauren Lassleben, with assistance from Kathryn R. Fischer, Marilyn Kwock, Michele Morgan and Elizabeth Yale. The Bancroft Library. University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, California, 94720-6000 Phone: (510) 642-6481 Fax: (510) 642-7589 Email: [email protected] URL: http://bancroft.berkeley.edu © 2001 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Guide to the Gunther S. Stent BANC MSS 99/149 z 1 Papers, 1915-1998 Guide to the Gunther S. Stent Papers, 1915-1998 Collection number: BANC MSS 99/149 z The Bancroft Library University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, California Contact Information: The Bancroft Library. University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, California, 94720-6000 Phone: (510) 642-6481 Fax: (510) 642-7589 Email: [email protected] URL: http://bancroft.berkeley.edu Processed by: Claora E. Styron and Lauren Lassleben, with assistance from Kathryn R. Fischer, Marilyn Kwock, Michele Morgan and Elizabeth Yale. Date Completed: August 1, 2001 Encoded by: Xiuzhi Zhou © 2001 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Collection Summary Collection Title: Gunther S. Stent Papers, Date (inclusive): 1915-1998 Collection Number: BANC MSS 99/149 z Creator: Stent, Gunther S. Extent: Number of containers: 65 cartons, 10 tubes, 3 oversize foldersLinear feet: 92.5 Repository: The Bancroft Library. Berkeley, California 94720-6000 Physical Location: For current information on the location of these materials, please consult the Library's online catalog. Languages Represented: English Access Collection is open for research, with the following exception: Box 1 sealed until 2020.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2017
    67th Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting 6th Lindau Meeting on Economic Sciences Annual Report 2017 The Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings Contents »67 th Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting (Chemistry) »6th Lindau Meeting on Economic Sciences Over the last 67 years, more than 450 Nobel Laureates have come 67th Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting (Chemistry) Science as an Insurance Policy Against the Risks of Climate Change 10 The Interdependence of Research and Policymaking 82 to Lindau to meet the next generation of leading scientists. 25–30 June 2017 Keynote by Nobel Laureate Steven Chu Keynote by ECB President Mario Draghi The laureates shape the scientific programme with their topical #LiNo17 preferences. In various session types, they teach and discuss Opening Ceremony 14 Opening Ceremony 86 scientific and societal issues and provide invaluable feedback Scientific Chairpersons to the participating young scientists. – Astrid Gräslund, Professor of Biophysics, Department of New Friends Across Borders 16 An Inspiring Hothouse of Intergenerational 88 Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Sweden By Scientific Chairpersons Astrid Gräslund and Wolfgang Lubitz and Cross-Cultural Exchange Outstanding scientists and economists up to the age of 35 are – Wolfgang Lubitz, Director, Max Planck Institute By Scientific Chairpersons Torsten Persson and Klaus Schmidt invited to take part in the Lindau Meetings. The participants for Chemical Energy Conversion, Germany Nobel Laureates 18 include undergraduates, PhD students as well as post-doctoral Laureates 90 researchers. In order to participate in a meeting, they have to Nominating Institutions 22 pass a multi-step application and selection process. 6th Lindau Meeting on Economic Sciences Nominating Institutions 93 22–26 August 2017 Young Scientists 23 #LiNoEcon Young Economists 103 Scientific Chairpersons SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMME – Martin F.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Nobel Laureates 1
    List of Nobel laureates 1 List of Nobel laureates The Nobel Prizes (Swedish: Nobelpriset, Norwegian: Nobelprisen) are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals and organizations who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.[1] They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation. Another prize, the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, was established in 1968 by the Sveriges Riksbank, the central bank of Sweden, for contributors to the field of economics.[2] Each prize is awarded by a separate committee; the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Economics, the Karolinska Institute awards the Prize in Physiology or Medicine, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Prize in Peace.[3] Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award that has varied throughout the years.[2] In 1901, the recipients of the first Nobel Prizes were given 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. In 2008, the winners were awarded a prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK.[4] The awards are presented in Stockholm in an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.[5] As of 2011, 826 individuals and 20 organizations have been awarded a Nobel Prize, including 69 winners of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.[6] Four Nobel laureates were not permitted by their governments to accept the Nobel Prize.
    [Show full text]