Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul Instituto De Biociências Departamento De Genética Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Genética E Biologia Molecular

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Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul Instituto De Biociências Departamento De Genética Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Genética E Biologia Molecular UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS DEPARTAMENTO DE GENÉTICA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM GENÉTICA E BIOLOGIA MOLECULAR História Evolutiva do gênero Calibrachoa La Llave & Lex. (Solanaceae) JÉFERSON NUNES FREGONEZI Tese submetida ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular da UFRGS como requisito parcial para a obtenção do grau de Doutor em Ciências. Orientação: Loreta Brandão de Freitas Porto Alegre, junho de 2009. O presente trabalho foi executado no Laboratório de Evolução Molecular do Departamento de Genética da Universidade Federal no Rio Grande do Sul. As reações de sequenciamento foram realizadas no Laboratório de Biologia Genômica e Molecular da Faculdade de Biociências da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul. Fontes Financiadoras: - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Ensino Superior (CAPES) - Fundação Biodiversitas/Fundo de Parceria para Ecossistemas Críticos (CEPF) - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS) - Programa de Apoio a Núcleos de Excelência (PRONEX) - Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (PROPESQ - UFRGS) “Ali, nos mirantes mais altos do Rio Grande do Sul, com as forças milenares da erosão a trabalhar diante dos olhos, com os temerosos abismos dos canhões aos pés, com o pinhal, a mata branca e o campo, tão rio- grandenses, em derredor, com o oceano no horizonte, as gerações do futuro nos hão de agradecer a piedade e reverência com que conservamos as mais grandiosas paisagens da nossa terra.” (Pe. Balduíno Rambo) AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço a todos que contribuíram na elaboração deste trabalho, em especial: À minha orientadora, Loreta Brandão de Freitas, pela grande oportunidade oferecida, por todo apoio e orientação ao longo de todo o trabalho, e principalmente pela paciência nos momentos finais. À Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, pelo suporte na realização deste trabalho. Ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, em especial ao secretário administativo Elmo Cardoso, por todo o apoio e pelas eventuais caronas oferecidas nos dias de trabalho prolongados. Aos professores do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, pelos conhecimentos compartilhados durante a minha formação. A todos os colegas que trabalham (ou já trabalharam) no Laboratório de Evolução Molecular, Ana, Aline Lorenz, Caroline, Clênio, Geraldo, Nelson, Pakisa, Priscilla, Raquel, Rosana e Valéria, por compartilharem conhecimentos, experiências e as aventuras durante as saídas de campo. Ao Prof. João Renato Stehmann, pelo apoio na obtenção e identificação das amostras utilizadas neste trabalho. À Laci Krupatz, pela ajuda e pelos momentos agradáveis que passamos juntos. À minha família, por todo o apoio e oportunidades que me prorporcionaram durante toda a vida. E ao meu grande amor, Aline, pelo imenso apoio, companheirismo e paciência incondicionais, principalmente nos últimos meses. Não tenho palavras para te agradecer. Te amo muito! SUMÁRIO RESUMO 7 ABSTRACT 9 1. INTRODUÇÃO 11 1.1 O gênero Calibrachoa 11 1.1.1 Histórico taxonômico: da descrição de Petunia ao estabelecimento do gênero Calibrachoa 11 1.1.2 O gênero Calibrachoa: revisão taxonômica 17 1.1.3 Tratamento taxonômico de Calibrachoa parviflora e Calibrachoa pygmaea 19 1.1.4 Morfologia das demais espécies do gênero 24 1.1.5 Morfologia floral e biologia reprodutiva 26 1.1.6 Distribuição geográfica e hábitat 29 1.2 Campos do Sul e Sudeste do Brasil: evolução e dinâmica atual 37 1.3 Estudos moleculares 51 1.3.1 Uma breve história do pensamento evolutivo 51 1.3.2 Filogenias moleculares 52 1.3.3 Marcadores e estudos moleculares em Solanaceae 56 1.3.4 Filogenias intraespecíficas 63 2. OBJETIVOS 70 3. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS 71 3.1 Coleta do material vegetal 71 3.2 Extração do DNA 71 3.3 Amplificação dos marcadores 72 3.4 Sequenciamento 75 3.5 Visualização, alinhamento e caracterização das sequências 76 3.6 Conjuntos de dados utilizados nas análises 76 3.7 Inferências filogenéticas 79 3.7.1 Seleção de modelos evolutivos 79 3.7.2 Métodos de análise 80 3.8 Análises filogeográficas 82 4. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO 84 4.1. Contribuição ao conhecimento da distribuição geográfica de Calibrachoa no Brasil 84 4.2 Abordagem filogenética do gênero 96 4.2.1 Variação e utilidade filogenética dos marcadores utilizados 112 4.3 Abordagem filogeográfica do gênero 119 4.3.1 Considerações gerais 119 4.3.2 O clado Terras Baixas 130 4.3.3 O clado Terras Altas 140 4.3.4 Filogeografia de Calibrachoa excellens e Calibrachoa linoides: evidências de uma zona de hibridação 144 4.3.5 Variabilidade genética das espécies microendêmicas de altitude e evidências de hibridação entre espécies microendêmicas e Calibrachoa sellowiana 161 4.4 Datação dos principais clados encontrados 169 4.5 O contexto biogeográfico 171 5. CONCLUSÕES GERAIS E PERSPECTIVAS 178 6. REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS 179 RESUMO Calibrachoa La Llave & Lex. (Solanaceae) é um gênero sul-americano com 27 espécies, a maioria delas ocorrendo no sul do Brasil. Com base na distribuição destas espécies e gêneros relacionados, o grupo parece ter ancestrais de origem andina, e distribui-se amplamente pelo pampa, restringindo-se cada vez mais a terras altas nos estados de Santa Catarina e Paraná, exclusivamente em áreas de campo, com poucas espécies associadas a bordas de mata. Na região sudeste apresenta poucas populações de uma espécie relativamente abundante (C. linoides) e uma espécie endêmica isolada em altitudes superiores a 1000 m em Minas Gerais (C. elegans). Além desta, mais quatro espécies são consideradas microendêmicas com registro de uma ou poucas populações. Este foi o primeiro trabalho que empregou dados de sequência de DNA em abordagens filogenéticas no gênero, sendo utilizados os espaçadores intergênicos plastidiais trnH-psbA, psbB-psbH, trnL-trnF e trnG-trnS, e o íntron do gene plastidial trnL na análise de 25 das 27 espécies consideradas. As duas espécies não incluídas no estudo foram C. felipponei e C. scabridula. Além dos estudos filogenéticos tradicionais, foi realizada uma abordagem filogeográfica que incluiu todas as espécies estudadas, através de um conjunto maior de amostras cobrindo a distribuição geográfica da maioria delas. Também foram obtidas as idades para os principais clados formados, com a taxa de substituição de nucleotídeos disponível para dois espaçadores. A idade do gênero foi estimada em 1,63 milhões de anos, sendo que a taxa de especiação encontrada é comparável à de espécies de rápida radiação em ilhas. As filogenias mostraram baixos valores de suporte, além de falta de resolução entre espécies próximas. A realização de análises filogeográficas, através de networks de relacionamento entre haplótipos, permitiu acessar relações mais detalhadas entre as espécies. Estes estudos demonstraram uma alta frequência de sequências ancestrais em espécies morfologicamente distintas. Todos estes resultados revelam que Calibrachoa é um gênero extremamente recente, sendo que a rápida divergência morfológica encontrada entre as espécies ainda não deixou registro nos marcadores genéticos utilizados. Uma grande divergência genética foi observada entre um clado formado por C. parviflora e C. pygmaea e o clado que compõe as espécies restantes. As duas espécies citadas anteriormente são bem distintas das demais. As idades apresentadas para os clados evidenciam que estas espécies divergiram das demais há cerca de 500.000 anos, um intervalo de tempo considerável se comparado à idade do gênero. Estes resultados, aliados a outras características, sugerem que estas espécies poderiam ser consideradas como um grupo taxonomicamente distinto do restante. Com relação às demais espécies, os clados formados mostraram uma associação com as regiões de terras baixas do Rio Grande do Sul e Argentina, e com regiões de altitude dos Estados do Paraná e Santa Catarina, além de clados correspondentes às espécies microendêmicas de altitude. O network de haplótipos gerado também apresentou grupos de sequências relacionadas, que refletiram os clados encontrados nas filogenias. Estes resultados sugerem que a grande divergência morfológica encontrada entre as espécies do gênero tenha ocorrido devido aos ciclos de expansão e retração das formações de campo e floresta da região subtropical da América do Sul, alterando sucessivas vezes a distribuição das populações de Calibrachoa. Estas mudanças na composição da cobertura vegetal acompanharam as oscilações climáticas resultantes dos ciclos glaciais e interglaciais, que ocorreram pelo menos nove vezes ao longo do último milhão de anos. Além disso, evidências de possíveis expansões recentes, associadas à ocorrência natural de hibridação entre espécies também foram encontradas, demonstrando que, embora existam isolamentos ecológicos e ambientais entre as espécies, alterações causadas na distribuição das mesmas podem acarretar a perda destas barreiras. Estudos complementares, utilizando marcadores de evolução mais rápida, ampliado a outros genomas, e investigações mais detalhadas no nível populacional, podem trazer informações mais completas sobre os processos que deram origem a esta grande variação morfológica em um intervalo de tempo extremamente curto. ABSTRACT Calibrachoa La Llave & Lex. (Solanaceae) is a South American genus, comprised by 27 species, most of them ocurring in southern Brazil. The geographical distribution of related genera suggests an Andean origin, and the species
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