STUDIO USER GUIDE Jewelry/Metals
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CHEMICAL POLISHING of NICKEL - SILVER ORNAMENTS MRS MALATHY PUSHPA VANAM, S JOHN and B a SHENOI Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi - 623 006
Bulletm of ledr roc hem is try 1 (4) July-August 1985, pp. 381-383 CHEMICAL POLISHING OF NICKEL - SILVER ORNAMENTS MRS MALATHY PUSHPA VANAM, S JOHN AND B A SHENOI Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi - 623 006 ABSTRACT A bath composition has been selected for descaling and chemical polishmg of n~ckel-s~lver artcles and the effect of each constituent of the bath on its polishing abllity has been studied. Key words: Chemical polishing, Ni-Ag alloy INTRODUCTION The polished specimens were immediately washed and rinsed. A thin film of the white metal hydroxides still adhering he alloys usually called nickel - silver, white metal or to the surface was removed in order to get a clear brilliant German silver are copper --nickel- zinc alloys or nickel T surface and also to obtain adherent silver coating in the subse- brasses [I]. The three most common Cu - Ni - Zn alloys quent step. Wasing in water alone or brushing did not solve contain 72%, 65% and 55 % copper, 18% nickel and the this problem. Treatment in any mineral acid, however dilute it remainder zinc. They are used in spring applications, gift and be, reduced the lustre of the initial surface. Hence, treatmen' tableware-usually silver plated, in musical and dental in a dilute solution of a complexing agent like EDTA, citric instruments, slide fastenen and as a base metal for moderate acid, tartaric acid etc. capable of complexing nickel and prized jewellery with or without plated coatings [2]. copper salts were tried. The articles after thorough washing Because of the lack of ductility at rqom temperature, this were rinsed and transferred to the silver plating solution. -
Guide to Stainless Steel Finishes
Guide to Stainless Steel Finishes Building Series, Volume 1 GUIDE TO STAINLESS STEEL FINISHES Euro Inox Euro Inox is the European market development associa- Full Members tion for stainless steel. The members of Euro Inox include: Acerinox, •European stainless steel producers www.acerinox.es • National stainless steel development associations Outokumpu, •Development associations of the alloying element www.outokumpu.com industries. ThyssenKrupp Acciai Speciali Terni, A prime objective of Euro Inox is to create awareness of www.acciaiterni.com the unique properties of stainless steels and to further their use in existing applications and in new markets. ThyssenKrupp Nirosta, To assist this purpose, Euro Inox organises conferences www.nirosta.de and seminars, and issues guidance in printed form Ugine & ALZ Belgium and electronic format, to enable architects, designers, Ugine & ALZ France specifiers, fabricators, and end users, to become more Groupe Arcelor, www.ugine-alz.com familiar with the material. Euro Inox also supports technical and market research. Associate Members British Stainless Steel Association (BSSA), www.bssa.org.uk Cedinox, www.cedinox.es Centro Inox, www.centroinox.it Informationsstelle Edelstahl Rostfrei, www.edelstahl-rostfrei.de Informationsstelle für nichtrostende Stähle SWISS INOX, www.swissinox.ch Institut de Développement de l’Inox (I.D.-Inox), www.idinox.com International Chromium Development Association (ICDA), www.chromium-asoc.com International Molybdenum Association (IMOA), www.imoa.info Nickel Institute, www.nickelinstitute.org -
Metals and Metal Products Tariff Schedules of the United States
251 SCHEDULE 6. - METALS AND METAL PRODUCTS TARIFF SCHEDULES OF THE UNITED STATES SCHEDULE 6. - METALS AND METAL PRODUCTS 252 Part 1 - Metal-Bearing Ores and Other Metal-Bearing Schedule 6 headnotes: Materials 1, This schedule does not cover — Part 2 Metals, Their Alloys, and Their Basic Shapes and Forms (II chemical elements (except thorium and uranium) and isotopes which are usefully radioactive (see A. Precious Metals part I3B of schedule 4); B. Iron or Steel (II) the alkali metals. I.e., cesium, lithium, potas C. Copper sium, rubidium, and sodium (see part 2A of sched D. Aluminum ule 4); or E. Nickel (lii) certain articles and parts thereof, of metal, F. Tin provided for in schedule 7 and elsewhere. G. Lead 2. For the purposes of the tariff schedules, unless the H. Zinc context requires otherwise — J. Beryllium, Columbium, Germanium, Hafnium, (a) the term "precious metal" embraces gold, silver, Indium, Magnesium, Molybdenum, Rhenium, platinum and other metals of the platinum group (iridium, Tantalum, Titanium, Tungsten, Uranium, osmium, palladium, rhodium, and ruthenium), and precious- and Zirconium metaI a Iloys; K, Other Base Metals (b) the term "base metal" embraces aluminum, antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, bismuth, boron, cadmium, calcium, chromium, cobalt, columbium, copper, gallium, germanium, Part 3 Metal Products hafnium, indium, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, mercury, A. Metallic Containers molybdenum, nickel, rhenium, the rare-earth metals (Including B. Wire Cordage; Wire Screen, Netting and scandium and yttrium), selenium, silicon, strontium, tantalum, Fencing; Bale Ties tellurium, thallium, thorium, tin, titanium, tungsten, urani C. Metal Leaf and FoU; Metallics um, vanadium, zinc, and zirconium, and base-metal alloys; D, Nails, Screws, Bolts, and Other Fasteners; (c) the term "meta I" embraces precious metals, base Locks, Builders' Hardware; Furniture, metals, and their alloys; and Luggage, and Saddlery Hardware (d) in determining which of two or more equally specific provisions for articles "of iron or steel", "of copper", E. -
6 W Elding Accessories Tungsten Electrodes Magnesium Aluminum
Sylvania Tungsten Vendor Code: SYL Tungsten Electrodes Magnesium Magnesium alloys are in 3 groups. They are: (1) aluminum-zinc-magnesium, (2) aluminum-magnesium and (3) manganese-magnesium. Since magnesium will absorb a number of harmful ingredients and oxidize rapidly when subjected to welding heat, TIG welding in an inert gas atmosphere is distinctly advantageous. The welding of magnesium is similar, in many respects, to the welding of aluminum. Magnesium was one of the first metals to be welded commercially by the inert-gas nonconsumable process (TIG). Accessories Welding Aluminum The use of TIG welding for aluminum has many advantages for both manual and automatic processes. Filler metal can be either wire or rod and should be compatible with the base alloy. Filler metal must be Ground Dia. Length Electrodes dry, free of oxides, grease or other foreign matter. If filler metal becomes damp, heat for 2 hours at Part No. (inches) (inches) 250˚ F before using. Although AC high-frequency stabilized current is recommended, DC reverse polarity 0407G .040 7 has been successfully used for thicknesses up to 3/32". 1167G 1/16 7 Stainless Steel Pure 3327G 3/32 7 In TIG welding of stainless steel, welding rods having the AWS-ASTM prefixes of E or ER can be used as 187G 1/8 7 filler rods. However, only bare uncoated rods should be used. Stainless steel can be welded using AC high frequency stabilized current, however, for DC straight polarity current recommendations must be increased 5327G 5/32 7 6 25%. Light gauge metal less than 1/16" thick should always be welded with DC straight polarity using 0407GL .040 7 argon gas. -
Basic Facts About Stainless Steel
What is stainless steel ? Stainless steel is the generic name for a number of different steels used primarily for their resistance to corrosion. The one key element they all share is a certain minimum percentage (by mass) of chromium: 10.5%. Although other elements, particularly nickel and molybdenum, are added to improve corrosion resistance, chromium is always the deciding factor. The vast majority of steel produced in the world is carbon and alloy steel, with the more expensive stainless steels representing a small, but valuable niche market. What causes corrosion? Only metals such as gold and platinum are found naturally in a pure form - normal metals only exist in nature combined with other elements. Corrosion is therefore a natural phenomena, as nature seeks to combine together elements which man has produced in a pure form for his own use. Iron occurs naturally as iron ore. Pure iron is therefore unstable and wants to "rust"; that is, to combine with oxygen in the presence of water. Trains blown up in the Arabian desert in the First World War are still almost intact because of the dry rainless conditions. Iron ships sunk at very great depths rust at a very slow rate because of the low oxygen content of the sea water . The same ships wrecked on the beach, covered at high tide and exposed at low tide, would rust very rapidly. For most of the Iron Age, which began about 1000 BC, cast and wrought iron was used; iron with a high carbon content and various unrefined impurities. Steel did not begin to be produced in large quantities until the nineteenth century. -
The Nickel Silvers
Copper Development Association The Nickel Silvers Design Data and Applications 1965 Please note this publication is provided as an archive copy. The information given may therefore not be current. The Nickel Silvers Design Data and Applications 1965 Copper Development Association Copper Development Association is a non-trading organisation sponsored by the copper producers and fabricators to encourage the use of copper and copper alloys and to promote their correct and efficient application. Its services, which include the provision of technical advice and information, are available to those interested in the utilisation of copper in all its aspects. The Association also provides a link between research and user industries and maintains close contact with other copper development associations throughout the world. Website: www.copperinfo.co.uk Email: [email protected] Copyright: All information in this document is the copyright of Copper Development Association Disclaimer: Whilst this document has been prepared with care, Copper Development Association can give no warranty regarding the contents and shall not be liable for any direct, indirect or consequential loss arising out of its use Contents Contents ...............................................................................................................................................................1 Introduction .........................................................................................................................................................2 -
The Stainless Steel Family
The Stainless Steel Family A short description of the various grades of stainless steel and how they fit into distinct metallurgical families. It has been written primarily from a European perspective and may not fully reflect the practice in other regions. Stainless steel is the term used to describe an extremely versatile family of engineering materials, which are selected primarily for their corrosion and heat resistant properties. All stainless steels contain principally iron and a minimum of 10.5% chromium. At this level, chromium reacts with oxygen and moisture in the environment to form a protective, adherent and coherent, oxide film that envelops the entire surface of the material. This oxide film (known as the passive or boundary layer) is very thin (2-3 namometres). [1nanometre = 10-9 m]. The passive layer on stainless steels exhibits a truly remarkable property: when damaged (e.g. abraded), it self-repairs as chromium in the steel reacts rapidly with oxygen and moisture in the environment to reform the oxide layer. Increasing the chromium content beyond the minimum of 10.5% confers still greater corrosion resistance. Corrosion resistance may be further improved, and a wide range of properties provided, by the addition of 8% or more nickel. The addition of molybdenum further increases corrosion resistance (in particular, resistance to pitting corrosion), while nitrogen increases mechanical strength and enhances resistance to pitting. Categories of Stainless Steels The stainless steel family tree has several branches, which may be differentiated in a variety of ways e.g. in terms of their areas of application, by the alloying elements used in their production, or, perhaps the most accurate way, by the metallurgical phases present in their microscopic structures: . -
Titanium, Aluminum Or Steel?
Titanium, Aluminum or Steel? Thomas G Stoebe Professor Emeritus, University of Washington, Seattle, WA and National Resource Center for Materials Technology Education Edmonds Community College 20000 68 Ave West Lynnwood, WA 98036 425-890-4652; [email protected] Copyright Edmonds Community College 2008 Abstract: Testing of metals is usually undertaken with sophisticated instruments. However, you can demonstrate to your students the basic differences between certain classes of metals using the simple spark test, presented here. You can even have your students test their “titanium” sports equipment to see if it really titanium! In many cases, they will find that the name “titanium” is used for marketing but little will be found in the product. In the process, students see the visible result of the carbon content in steel, and the lack of carbon in other materials, plus realize the reactivity of titanium metal. Module Objective: This simple demonstration provides an introduction to materials and materials testing. Even though this technique is limited to certain metals, it helps the student understand that different materials are different, and that materials that look alike are not necessarily the same. It also provides an opportunity to describe ferrous and non-ferrous materials and their basic differences, and one effect of heating on these different materials. Titanium is sufficiently reactive in air that it gives off sparks even with no carbon present. Since so many products today indicate that they are made of titanium, this test also provides a simple means to test for titanium in a product. This demonstration can also be expanded into a lab experiment to identify unknown materials. -
Copper Alloys
THE COPPER ADVANTAGE A Guide to Working With Copper and Copper Alloys www.antimicrobialcopper.com CONTENTS I. Introduction ............................. 3 PREFACE Conductivity .....................................4 Strength ..........................................4 The information in this guide includes an overview of the well- Formability ......................................4 known physical, mechanical and chemical properties of copper, Joining ...........................................4 as well as more recent scientific findings that show copper has Corrosion ........................................4 an intrinsic antimicrobial property. Working and finishing Copper is Antimicrobial ....................... 4 techniques, alloy families, coloration and other attributes are addressed, illustrating that copper and its alloys are so Color ..............................................5 adaptable that they can be used in a multitude of applications Copper Alloy Families .......................... 5 in almost every industry, from door handles to electrical circuitry to heat exchangers. II. Physical Properties ..................... 8 Copper’s malleability, machinability and conductivity have Properties ....................................... 8 made it a longtime favorite metal of manufacturers and Electrical & Thermal Conductivity ........... 8 engineers, but it is its antimicrobial property that will extend that popularity into the future. This guide describes that property and illustrates how it can benefit everything from III. Mechanical -
Handbook : Brass, Bronze, Copper, Nickel Silver
•ui#:.r fc ::* £ \ ' TONKt* * i i "t ' 1 .'.'. i HANDBOOK tt BRASS • BRONZE • COPPER NICKEL SILVER I fc Anacon dA from mine to consumer • IftUitilHlli'l J July 1, 1935 3 h * THE AMERICAN BRASS COMPANY 3 * *.. Copyright, 1935 The American Brass Company Printed in U. S. A. C THE AMERICAN BRASS COMPANY General Offices WATERBURY, CONNECTICUT, U.S.A. Manufacturing Plants ANSONIA, CONN. TORRINGTON, CONN. WATERBURY, CONN. BUFFALO, N. Y. DETROIT, MICH. KENOSHA, WIS. Offices and Agencies BOSTON, MASS. 140 Federal Street PROVIDENCE, R. I. 131 Dorrance Strei 1 NEW YORK, N. Y. 25 Broadway SYRACUSE, N. Y. 207 East Genesee Street Place NEWARK, N. J. 20 Branford WASHINGTON, D. C. 1511 K Street, N. W. PHILADELPHIA, PA. 117 South Seventeenth Strei t PITTSBURGH, PA. 535 Smithfield Street CLEVELAND. OHIO 925 Euclid Avenue DAYTON, OHIO 52 North Main Street CINCINNATI, OHIO 101 West Fourth Street CHICAGO, ILL. 1326 West Washington Boulevard ST. LOUIS, MO. 408 Pine Street ATLANTA. GA. 10 Forsyth Street HOUSTON, TEXAS 609 Fannin Street DENVER, COLO. 818 Seventeenth Street LOS ANGELES, CALIF. 411 Weai Fifth Street SAN FRANCISCO, CALIF. 235 Montgomery Street SEATTLE, WASH. 1358 Fourth Avenue THE AMERICAN BRASS COMPANY OF ILLINOIS 1326 West Washington Boulevard, Chicago, 111. In Canada ANACONDA AMERICAN BRASS LIMITED Main Office and Mill NEW TORONTO, ONTARIO Montreal Agency: 1010 St. Catherine Street, W. * 3 CABLE ADDRESSES "AMBRAC" Waterbury, Conn. "AMBRAC" 25 Broadway, New York Codes Used All Standard Cable and Telegraph THE AMERICAN BRASS COMPANY - Tl ANACONDA -
The Effect of Copper on Crevice Corrosion of Stainless Steels
MATERIALS SELECTION & DESIGN The Effect of Copper on Crevice Corrosion of Stainless Steels ROGER FRANCIS, FNACE, RFMaterials, Crevice corrosion leaks on super Examination and Testing Glossop, Derbyshire, United Kingdom duplex stainless steel sprinkler heads An initial examination of the S32760 GLENN BYRNE, Rolled Alloys, Blackburn, occurred in a firewater sprinkler sys sprinkler heads showed severe crevice cor- Lancashire, United Kingdom tem operating at 22 °C. Tests showed rosion of the threads, despite the relatively that copper deposits from corroding low temperature in the accommodation copper alloys could act as very effi module. Just outside the creviced area, cient cathodes and stimulate dissolu coppery-colored deposits were clearly visi- tion during the regular breakdown ble. It was thought that these deposits might have originated from the reduction and repassivation of the passive film of soluble copper corrosion products in crevices. Several other service fail formed during the corrosion of the bronze ures have occurred because of a simi sprinkler heads. lar mechanism, which had not been To determine whether this was possi- previously reported. ble, 50-mm square plates (3-mm thick) were fitted with polyacetal crevice washers, as described in ASTM G78.2 The washers Superduplex stainless steels (SS) such as were loaded with nylon-coated disc springs UNS S32760 and UNS S32750 have been to produce a load of 27 N/mm2, which pro- widely used in seawater systems because of vided a tight crevice similar to that found their excellent resistance to crevice corro- in a screwed joint. The samples were sion. Reviews of service experience have immersed in synthetic seawater containing shown satisfactory performance with Alloy 50-mg/L cupric ions at 20 °C and the water Z100 (UNS S32760) up to ~40 °C.1 was continuously aerated with compressed In the late 1990s, there were some air. -
Pickling and Passivating Stainless Steel
Pickling and Passivating Stainless Steel Materials and Applications Series, Volume 4 Euro Inox Euro Inox is the European market development Full Members association for stainless steel. The members of the Euro Acerinox Inox include: www.acerinox.es • European stainless steel producers • National stainless steel development associations Outokumpu • Development associations of the alloying element www.outokumpu.com industries. ThyssenKrupp Acciai Speciali Terni The prime objectives of Euro Inox are to create awareness www.acciaiterni.com of the unique properties of stainless steels and to further ThyssenKrupp Nirosta their use in existing applications and in new markets. www.nirosta.de To achieve these objectives, Euro Inox organises UGINE & ALZ Belgium conferences and seminars, and issues guidance in UGINE & ALZ France printed and electronic form, to enable designers, Arcelor Mittal Group specifiers, fabricators and end users to become more www.ugine-alz.com familiar with the material. Euro Inox also supports technical and market research. Associate Members Acroni www.acroni.si ISBN 978-2-87997-224-4 (First Edition 2004 ISBN 2-87997-047-4) British Stainless Steel Association (BSSA) www.bssa.org.uk Czech version 978-2-87997-139-1 Cedinox Finnish version 2-87997-134-9 www.cedinox.es French version 978-2-87997-261-9 Centro Inox German version 978-2-87997-262-6 www.centroinox.it Dutch version 2-87997-131-4 Informationsstelle Edelstahl Rostfrei Polish version 2-87997-138-1 www.edelstahl-rostfrei.de Spanish version 2-87997-133-0 Institut de Développement de l’Inox (I.D.-Inox) Swedish version 2-87997-135-7 www.idinox.com Turkish version 978-2-87997-225-1 International Chromium Development Association (ICDA) www.icdachromium.com International Molybdenum Association (IMOA) www.imoa.info Nickel Institute www.nickelinstitute.org Polska Unia Dystrybutorów Stali (PUDS) www.puds.com.pl SWISS INOX www.swissinox.ch Content Pickling and Passivating Stainless Steel 1.