DOCSLIB.ORG

Guide to Stainless Steel Finishes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Guide to Stainless Steel Finishes Building Series, Volume 1 GUIDE TO STAINLESS STEEL FINISHES Euro Inox Euro Inox is the European market development associa- Full Members tion for stainless steel. The members of Euro Inox include: Acerinox, •European stainless steel producers www.acerinox.es • National stainless steel development associations Outokumpu, •Development associations of the alloying element www.outokumpu.com industries. ThyssenKrupp Acciai Speciali Terni, A prime objective of Euro Inox is to create awareness of www.acciaiterni.com the unique properties of stainless steels and to further their use in existing applications and in new markets. ThyssenKrupp Nirosta, To assist this purpose, Euro Inox organises conferences www.nirosta.de and seminars, and issues guidance in printed form Ugine & ALZ Belgium and electronic format, to enable architects, designers, Ugine & ALZ France specifiers, fabricators, and end users, to become more Groupe Arcelor, www.ugine-alz.com familiar with the material. Euro Inox also supports technical and market research. Associate Members British Stainless Steel Association (BSSA), www.bssa.org.uk Cedinox, www.cedinox.es Centro Inox, www.centroinox.it Informationsstelle Edelstahl Rostfrei, www.edelstahl-rostfrei.de Informationsstelle für nichtrostende Stähle SWISS INOX, www.swissinox.ch Institut de Développement de l’Inox (I.D.-Inox), www.idinox.com International Chromium Development Association (ICDA), www.chromium-asoc.com International Molybdenum Association (IMOA), www.imoa.info Nickel Institute, www.nickelinstitute.org Polska Unia Dystrybutorów Stali (PUDS), www.puds.com.pl GUIDE TO STAINLESS STEEL FINISHES Content Guide to Stainless Steel Finishes Introduction 2 Third Edition 2005 (Building Series, Vol. 1) Mill Finishes 3 ISBN 2-87997-173-X Mechanically Polished and Brushed Finishes 4 © Euro Inox 2005 Patterned Finishes 8 Dutch version ISBN 2-87997-027-X Bead Blasted Finishes 11 Finnish version ISBN 2-87997-015-6 Electro-Polished Finishes 12 French version ISBN 2-87997-026-1 Coloured Finishes 13 German version ISBN 2-87997-023-7 Electrolytically Coloured Finishes 13 Italian version ISBN 2-87997-024-5 Electrolytically Coloured and Patterned Finishes 14 Polish version ISBN 2-87997-079-2 Organic Coatings 15 Spanish version ISBN 2-87997-025-3 Specialist Decorative Finishes 16 Swedish version ISBN 2-87997-014-8 Annex A: Technical and Practical Aspects 18 Turkish version ISBN 2-87997-161-6 Annex B: EN 10088/2 20 Editor Euro Inox Registered office: 241 route d’Arlon 1150 Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg Phone +352 26 10 30 50 Fax +352 26 10 30 51 Executive office: Diamant Building, Bd. A. Reyers 80, 1030 Brussels, Belgium Phone +32 2 706 82 67 Fax +32 2 706 82 69 Disclaimer E-mail [email protected] Euro Inox has made every effort to ensure that the Internet www.euro-inox.org information presented in this document is technically correct. However, the reader is advised that the materi- Authors al contained herein is for general information purposes David Cochrane, Nickel Development Institute, only.Euro Inox, its members, staff, and consultants, Sidcup, U.K. (Text) specifically disclaim any liability or responsibility for Martina Helzel, circa drei, Munich, Germany loss, damage, or injury, resulting from the use of the (Concept and Layout) information contained in this publication. Acknowledgements Building Master / Architect, Designer / Photographer p.10 above: RWE AG / propeller z / propeller z Cover: Belgacom / Michel Jaspers / Detiffe p.10 below: Railtrack / Nicolas Grimshaw and Partners / Charles Birchmore p.2 above: Ballast Nedam Amstelveen / Zwarts en Jansma / Charles Birchmore p.11 left: Dr. K. / Planung Fahr + Partner PFP / Planung Fahr + Partner PFP p.2 below: Eurostar / Nick Derbyshire Design / Charles Birchmore p.11 right: Industrie- und Handelskammer zu Berlin / p.4 above: RATP / Atelier Bernard Kohn / Denis Sutton Nicolas Grimshaw and Partners / Werner Huthmacher p.4 below: RATP / Antoine Grumbach, Pierre Schaall / Denis Sutton p.12: GbR E. Stöckl, G. Stöckl, A. Brunnmeier / Heene Pröbst + Partner / p.5: Flensburger Sparkasse / Kreor Süd GmbH / Fotostudio Remmer Heene Pröbst + Partner p.6: Belgacom / Michel Jaspers / Detiffe p.13:Galbusera / G. Baroni, G. Genghini, M. Pellacini, Assostudio / Milena Ciriello p.7 above: Ayuntamiento de Elche / Pilar Amoros / Juan José Esteva p.14: Eurodisneyland S.A. / Frank O. Gehry and Associates Inc./ Charles Birchmore p.7 below: Blackstone Group / Sir Howard Robertson / David Cochrane p.15: State Hermitage Museum / Gerard Prins / Henk Prins p.7 background: Etablissement Public du Parc de la Vilette / Adrien Fainsilber / p.16: Esmepuli, S.L. / Esmepuli, S.L. / David Valverde Sonja Krebs p.17:Ostdeutsche Sparkassenakademie / Pysall, Stahrenberg & Partner / p.8: Eurostar / Nicolas Grimshaw and Partners / David Cochrane Lutz Hannemann. p.9: Tomas Kiang / Helmut Richter / Rupert Steiner 1 GUIDE TO STAINLESS STEEL FINISHES Introduction Stainless steels are a family of materials with a unique set of properties. Protected by a chromium oxide film at the surface which is formed by a reaction of the chromium in the steel and the oxygen in the atmosphere, stainless steels require no added surface protection against corrosion. In the event of the surface becoming damaged, the film immediately self repairs in the presence of oxygen. As illustrated later in this brochure this protective layer can be modified by chemical process to produce permanent The columns at Amstel- metallic colours. veen bus station in the Netherlands were clad Stainless steels are ideally suited to building with a pattern rolled stainless steel; an ideal applications. They are readily formable and surface for active pede- weldable and further information on their strian areas. physical properties is given in the European Standard EN 10088 Part 1. Standard mill finishes and mechanically treated surface finishes of appropriate hot In the Eurostar Inter- and cold rolled stainless steels are given in national Railway Station EN 10088 Part 2 in which the designations at Ashford, England, stainless steel panels for surface finishes are given by number, for were extensively used example, 1 for hot rolled, 2 for cold rolled, for the control desks and classified by a combination of number and refreshment area. and letter as 2J. This system provides basic in- formation on process route and description, but not on practical application. The purpose of this guide therefore is to : • show to the architect and designer the wide range of possible surfaces at his/her disposal • provide more detail on the processes involved • provide basic technical advice on their application 2 GUIDE TO STAINLESS STEEL FINISHES Mill Finishes Mill finishes, whether hot or cold rolled, are To maximise resistance to corrosion in the the basic supply condition for all stainless as-supplied condition, mill finish surfaces steel flat products. They are used universally are acid cleaned (pickled) to remove scale for standard building components but are formed during the hot rolling and annealing also the basis for subsequent finishing pro- process. cesses that alter the surface to meet more demanding architectural requirements. Four particular surface designations are im- portant for architectural and building appli- cations. These are: 1D, 2D, 2B and 2R. 1D 2D Hot rolled and annealed, and with the mill scale This is a more refined surface than 1D and is achieved removed, this surface condition is classified as a 1D by cold rolling, heat treating and pickling. The low finish. This surface, which is found on thicker sheets reflective matt surface appearance is suitable for and plate, is slightly coarse with very low reflectivity. industrial and engineering needs but, architecturally, It is primarily used for non-decorative purposes is suitable for less critical aesthetic applications. where the visual appearance is less relevant, for example, in unexposed support systems, and structural applications. 2B 2R This is produced as 2D, but a final light rolling using By bright annealing under Oxygen-free atmospheric highly polished rolls gives the surface a smooth, conditions following cold rolling using polished rolls, reflective, grey sheen. This is the most widely used a highly reflective finish, that will reflect clear surface finish in use today and forms the basis for images, is obtained. This ultra-smooth surface is less most polished and brushed finishes. likely to harbour airborne contaminants or moisture than any other mill finish, and it is easy to clean. 3 GUIDE TO STAINLESS STEEL FINISHES Mechanically Polished and Brushed Finishes The number of additional finishing processes polishing specification which can include a can be minimised by selecting, as the starting surface roughness Ra, and inspection crite- point, the closest mill finish to the desired ria. Reference samples should be prepared end result. to the agreed standard and held by each Applied finishes will have a direct bearing party. on the surface appearance and the environ- mental performance of the material, and should be carefully chosen. Mechanically polished and brushed finishes involve the use of abrasive materials that effectively cut the surface of the steel to some degree. A wide choice of uni-directional finishes is available, depending on the original stainless surface, type and texture of the belts and brushes, and the nature of the polishing process used. To achieve a consistent surface quality, it is advisable to agree with the contractor
Recommended publications
  • 6 W Elding Accessories Tungsten Electrodes Magnesium Aluminum

    6 W Elding Accessories Tungsten Electrodes Magnesium Aluminum

    Sylvania Tungsten Vendor Code: SYL Tungsten Electrodes Magnesium Magnesium alloys are in 3 groups. They are: (1) aluminum-zinc-magnesium, (2) aluminum-magnesium and (3) manganese-magnesium. Since magnesium will absorb a number of harmful ingredients and oxidize rapidly when subjected to welding heat, TIG welding in an inert gas atmosphere is distinctly advantageous. The welding of magnesium is similar, in many respects, to the welding of aluminum. Magnesium was one of the first metals to be welded commercially by the inert-gas nonconsumable process (TIG). Accessories Welding Aluminum The use of TIG welding for aluminum has many advantages for both manual and automatic processes. Filler metal can be either wire or rod and should be compatible with the base alloy. Filler metal must be Ground Dia. Length Electrodes dry, free of oxides, grease or other foreign matter. If filler metal becomes damp, heat for 2 hours at Part No. (inches) (inches) 250˚ F before using. Although AC high-frequency stabilized current is recommended, DC reverse polarity 0407G .040 7 has been successfully used for thicknesses up to 3/32". 1167G 1/16 7 Stainless Steel Pure 3327G 3/32 7 In TIG welding of stainless steel, welding rods having the AWS-ASTM prefixes of E or ER can be used as 187G 1/8 7 filler rods. However, only bare uncoated rods should be used. Stainless steel can be welded using AC high frequency stabilized current, however, for DC straight polarity current recommendations must be increased 5327G 5/32 7 6 25%. Light gauge metal less than 1/16" thick should always be welded with DC straight polarity using 0407GL .040 7 argon gas.
  • Basic Facts About Stainless Steel

    Basic Facts About Stainless Steel

    What is stainless steel ? Stainless steel is the generic name for a number of different steels used primarily for their resistance to corrosion. The one key element they all share is a certain minimum percentage (by mass) of chromium: 10.5%. Although other elements, particularly nickel and molybdenum, are added to improve corrosion resistance, chromium is always the deciding factor. The vast majority of steel produced in the world is carbon and alloy steel, with the more expensive stainless steels representing a small, but valuable niche market. What causes corrosion? Only metals such as gold and platinum are found naturally in a pure form - normal metals only exist in nature combined with other elements. Corrosion is therefore a natural phenomena, as nature seeks to combine together elements which man has produced in a pure form for his own use. Iron occurs naturally as iron ore. Pure iron is therefore unstable and wants to "rust"; that is, to combine with oxygen in the presence of water. Trains blown up in the Arabian desert in the First World War are still almost intact because of the dry rainless conditions. Iron ships sunk at very great depths rust at a very slow rate because of the low oxygen content of the sea water . The same ships wrecked on the beach, covered at high tide and exposed at low tide, would rust very rapidly. For most of the Iron Age, which began about 1000 BC, cast and wrought iron was used; iron with a high carbon content and various unrefined impurities. Steel did not begin to be produced in large quantities until the nineteenth century.
  • Building a Slip-Joint Folder

    Building a Slip-Joint Folder

    Building a Slip Joint Folder By Steve Culver, Master Smith [email protected] www.culverart.com Part 1 of 2 This is part 1of 2 of Building a Slip Joint Folder by Steve Culver, Master Smith. This is a step by step tutorial on building a slip joint folder with a single bolster. Raw materials for the knife: ATS-34 steel for the blade and spring, 410 stainless sheet for the liners and bolsters, amber stag for the handle material. Page 1 of 23 Surface grinding a few thousands off each side of the ATS-34 to remove the mill scale. I will also surface grind the liner and bolster material as I believe that removing the mill finish helps with making a sound connection when spot welding the bolsters to the liners. Tracing around the pattern onto the ATS-34 for drilling the blade pivot and spring pin holes. Page 2 of 23 Drilling the blade pivot and spring pin holes. The spring pattern is aligned with the previously drilled rear pin hole and clamped to the ATS-34. The center pin hole is drilled through the hole in the pattern. Page 3 of 23 The ATS-34 is covered with layout dye, then the patterns for the blade and spring are aligned with pins and the outlines of the patterns are scribed onto the ATS-34 with an Exacto knife. Sawing out the blade and spring. Page 4 of 23 Profile grinding the blade on my KMG belt grinder. I have carefully adjusted the platen to 90 degrees to the work rest.
  • 5.1 GRINDING Definitions

    5.1 GRINDING Definitions

    UNIT-V GRINDING AND BROACHING 5.1 Grinding Definitions Cutting conditions in grinding Wheel wear Surface finish and effects of cutting temperature Grinding wheel Grinding operations Finishing Processes Introduction Finishing processes 5.1 GRINDING Definitions Abrasive machining is a material removal process that involves the use of abrasive cutting tools. There are three principle types of abrasive cutting tools according to the degree to which abrasive grains are constrained, bonded abrasive tools: abrasive grains are closely packed into different shapes, the most common is the abrasive wheel. Grains are held together by bonding material. Abrasive machining process that use bonded abrasives include grinding, honing, superfinishing; coated abrasive tools: abrasive grains are glued onto a flexible cloth, paper or resin backing. Coated abrasives are available in sheets, rolls, endless belts. Processes include abrasive belt grinding, abrasive wire cutting; free abrasives: abrasive grains are not bonded or glued. Instead, they are introduced either in oil-based fluids (lapping, ultrasonic machining), or in water (abrasive water jet cutting) or air (abrasive jet machining), or contained in a semisoft binder (buffing). Regardless the form of the abrasive tool and machining operation considered, all abrasive operations can be considered as material removal processes with geometrically undefined cutting edges, a concept illustrated in the figure: The concept of undefined cutting edge in abrasive machining. Grinding Abrasive machining can be likened to the other machining operations with multipoint cutting tools. Each abrasive grain acts like a small single cutting tool with undefined geometry but usually with high negative rake angle. Abrasive machining involves a number of operations, used to achieve ultimate dimensional precision and surface finish.
  • TUFFAK® Polycarbonate Sheet Fabrication Guide (At Curbell Plastics)

    TUFFAK® Polycarbonate Sheet Fabrication Guide (At Curbell Plastics)

    TUFFAK® polycarbonate sheet Fabrication guide / Technical manual Table of Contents Page Introduction ..................................... 3 Typical Properties ................................ 4 TUFFAK Product Selection Guide................ 5-6 Chemical / Environmental Resistance ............7-13 Cleaning Recommendations ...................14-15 Fabrication / Machining........................16-21 Fabrication / Laminate & Heavy Gauge Sheet .. 22-25 Thermoforming ...............................26-31 Troubleshooting Guide .......................32-40 Brake Bending, Cold Forming, Annealing .......41-42 Bonding Applications.........................43-45 Mechanical Fastening.........................46-49 Finishing.....................................50-52 Glazing Guidelines ...........................53-58 2 Contact Technical Service Group with additional questions: 800.628.5084 [email protected] 3 TUFFAK Sheet Typical Properties* Property Test Method Units Values PHYSICAL Specific Gravity ASTM D 792 – 1.2 Refractive Index ASTM D 542 – 1.586 Light Transmission, Clear @ 0.118˝ ASTM D 1003 % 86 Light Transmission, I30 Gray @ 0.118˝ ASTM D 1003 % 50 Light Transmission, K09 Bronze @ 0.118˝ ASTM D 1003 % 50 Light Transmission, I35 Dark Gray @ 0.118˝ ASTM D 1003 % 18 Water Absorption, 24 hours ASTM D 570 % 0.15 Poisson’s Ratio ASTM E 132 – 0.38 MECHANICAL Tensile Strength, Ultimate ASTM D 638 psi 9,500 Tensile Strength, Yield ASTM D 638 psi 9,000 Tensile Modulus ASTM D 638 psi 340,000 Elongation ASTM D 638 % 110 Flexural Strength ASTM D
  • The Stainless Steel Family

    The Stainless Steel Family

    The Stainless Steel Family A short description of the various grades of stainless steel and how they fit into distinct metallurgical families. It has been written primarily from a European perspective and may not fully reflect the practice in other regions. Stainless steel is the term used to describe an extremely versatile family of engineering materials, which are selected primarily for their corrosion and heat resistant properties. All stainless steels contain principally iron and a minimum of 10.5% chromium. At this level, chromium reacts with oxygen and moisture in the environment to form a protective, adherent and coherent, oxide film that envelops the entire surface of the material. This oxide film (known as the passive or boundary layer) is very thin (2-3 namometres). [1nanometre = 10-9 m]. The passive layer on stainless steels exhibits a truly remarkable property: when damaged (e.g. abraded), it self-repairs as chromium in the steel reacts rapidly with oxygen and moisture in the environment to reform the oxide layer. Increasing the chromium content beyond the minimum of 10.5% confers still greater corrosion resistance. Corrosion resistance may be further improved, and a wide range of properties provided, by the addition of 8% or more nickel. The addition of molybdenum further increases corrosion resistance (in particular, resistance to pitting corrosion), while nitrogen increases mechanical strength and enhances resistance to pitting. Categories of Stainless Steels The stainless steel family tree has several branches, which may be differentiated in a variety of ways e.g. in terms of their areas of application, by the alloying elements used in their production, or, perhaps the most accurate way, by the metallurgical phases present in their microscopic structures: .
  • Titanium, Aluminum Or Steel?

    Titanium, Aluminum Or Steel?

    Titanium, Aluminum or Steel? Thomas G Stoebe Professor Emeritus, University of Washington, Seattle, WA and National Resource Center for Materials Technology Education Edmonds Community College 20000 68 Ave West Lynnwood, WA 98036 425-890-4652; [email protected] Copyright Edmonds Community College 2008 Abstract: Testing of metals is usually undertaken with sophisticated instruments. However, you can demonstrate to your students the basic differences between certain classes of metals using the simple spark test, presented here. You can even have your students test their “titanium” sports equipment to see if it really titanium! In many cases, they will find that the name “titanium” is used for marketing but little will be found in the product. In the process, students see the visible result of the carbon content in steel, and the lack of carbon in other materials, plus realize the reactivity of titanium metal. Module Objective: This simple demonstration provides an introduction to materials and materials testing. Even though this technique is limited to certain metals, it helps the student understand that different materials are different, and that materials that look alike are not necessarily the same. It also provides an opportunity to describe ferrous and non-ferrous materials and their basic differences, and one effect of heating on these different materials. Titanium is sufficiently reactive in air that it gives off sparks even with no carbon present. Since so many products today indicate that they are made of titanium, this test also provides a simple means to test for titanium in a product. This demonstration can also be expanded into a lab experiment to identify unknown materials.
  • Main Steel Your Perfect Supply Chain

    Main Steel Your Perfect Supply Chain

    MAIN STEEL CORPORATE IDENTITY RANGED LOGO VERSIONS & COLOR PALETTE NOTE: PREFERRED VERSION 5-8-12 MAIN STEEL CORPORATE IDENTITY RANGED LOGO VERSIONS & COLOR PALETTE NOTE: PREFERRED VERSION 5-8-12 4C GRADIENT 4C GRADIENT USE: ALL 4C/DIGITAL PRINTING USE: ALL 4C/DIGITAL PRINTING NOTE: FOR WEB, STRAIGHT CONVERT TO RGB OR REFERENCE RGB/HEX VALUES BELOW. NOTE: FOR WEB, STRAIGHT CONVERT TO RGB OR REFERENCE RGB/HEX VALUES BELOW. 4C GRADIENT REVERSE USE: ALL 4C/DIGITAL PRINTING ON DARK BACKGROUND MAIN STEEL 3C SPOT COLOR YOUR PERFECTUSE: RESTRICTIVE PRINTING, EMBROIDERY 4C GRADIENT REVERSE SUPPLY CHAIN USE: ALL 4C/DIGITAL PRINTING ON DARK BACKGROUND GRAYSCALE MAIN STEEL CORPORATE IDENTITY RANGED LOGO VERSIONS & COLOR PALETTE USE: B/W PRINTING NOTE: PREFERRED VERSION 5-8-12 As part of the Shale-Inland family of companies, Main Steel is 4C GRADIENT USE: ALL 4C/DIGITAL PRINTING NOTE: FOR WEB, STRAIGHT CONVERT TO RGB a North American steel service center that provides stainless, OR REFERENCE RGB/HEX VALUES BELOW. aluminum, high nickel alloys, and carbon steel to a wide range of Atlanta, GA 404-873-2881 industries. Our in-house processing allows us to deliver parts ready 4C GRADIENT REVERSE USE: ALL 4C/DIGITAL PRINTING ON DARK BACKGROUND for the next stage of processing or assembly. Chicago, IL 800-624-6785 u Serving customers in a broad range of markets, including transportation, Dallas, TX 800-947-9823 fabrication, petrochemical and food service 3C SPOT COLOR Houston, TX 800-231-8890USE: RESTRICTIVE PRINTING, EMBROIDERY LINE ART u 8 locations nationwide
  • 5V Crimp Detail Manual

    5V Crimp Detail Manual

    Table of Contents Important Information 2 Installation Information 4 Technical Information 5 Trims and Flashings Illustration 6 Roofing Installation Details Fascia Cover (FC-5/FC-7/FC-9) 8 Eave Drip (ED-1) 9 Eave Flashing (EF-3) 10 Preformed Valley (PV-1/PV-2) 11 End Wall Flashing (EW-1) 12 Side Wall Flashing (SW-1) 13 Transition Flashing (TF-1) 14 Gambrel Flashing (GF-1) 15 Gable Rake (GR-2) 16 Gable Rake (GR-4) 17 High Side Eave (HS-2) 18 Hip Cap (RC-2) 19 Ridge Cap (RC-3) 20 Ridge Cap (RC-8) 21 Vented Ridge with Venturi Vent 22 Vented Ridge with Miami Dade Profile Vent 23 Pipe Boot 24 Fastener Guide 25 Sealants and Accessories 26 Helpful Formulas 27 Flashing Angle Specifier Chart 28 5V-Crimp Important Information Miami-Dade County and Local Code Compliance Southeastern Metals’ 26 Gauge 5V-Crimp products are Finishes Miami-Dade County approved and comply with the 40-year warranted SemCoat Plus is a fluoroceram most recent testing requirements. Contact our techni- premium coating manufactured by BASF/Morton cal department for a copy of our current Miami-Dade International Inc. It contains 70% Kynar 500 or Hylar County NOA compliance report if one is required for 5000 PVDF resin over Galvalume ASTM-A792 your purposes. structural steel grade 50. Building codes for metal roofing applications vary 35-year warranted SemCoat SP is a siliconized poly- by county and project. For information regarding ester premium coating applied to a galvanized steel pertinent building code requirements and ordinances, substrate coated with zinc (G90).
  • The Identification and Prevention of Defects on Anodized Aluminium Parts

    The Identification and Prevention of Defects on Anodized Aluminium Parts

    The Identification and Prevention of Defects on Anodized Aluminium Parts Chiswick Park, London, extruded and anodised aluminium louvres. by Ted Short, Aluminium Finishing Consultant © Metal Finishing Information Services Ltd 2003. 1 Reproduction of any part of this document by any means without the prior written permission of the publisher is strictly prohibited. Table of Contents - Click a heading to view that section Summary .................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Categorisation of Defects........................................................................................................................................................... 6 Defect recognition – General ...................................................................................................................................................... 7 Part 1. Pitting Defects ................................................................................................................................................................ 9 1a. Atmospheric corrosion of mill finish sections ........................................................................................................................... 9 1b. Finger print corrosion of
  • Understanding Surface Quality: Beyond Average Roughness (Ra)

    Understanding Surface Quality: Beyond Average Roughness (Ra)

    Paper ID #23551 Understanding Surface Quality: Beyond Average Roughness (Ra) Dr. Chittaranjan Sahay P.E., University of Hartford Dr. Sahay has been an active researcher and educator in Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering for the past four decades in the areas of Design, Solid Mechanics, Manufacturing Processes, and Metrology. He is a member of ASME, SME,and CASE. Dr. Suhash Ghosh, University of Hartford Dr. Ghosh has been actively working in the areas of advanced laser manufacturing processes modeling and simulations for the past 12 years. His particular areas of interests are thermal, structural and materials modeling/simulation using Finite Element Analysis tools. His areas of interests also include Mechanical Design and Metrology. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2018 Understanding Surface Quality: Beyond Average Roughness (Ra) Abstract Design of machine parts routinely focus on the dimensional and form tolerances. In applications where surface quality is critical and requires a characterizing indicator, surface roughness parameters, Ra (roughness average) is predominantly used. Traditionally, surface texture has been used more as an index of the variation in the process due to tool wear, machine tool vibration, damaged machine elements, etc., than as a measure of the performance of the component. There are many reasons that contribute to this tendency: average roughness remains so easy to calculate, it is well understood, and vast amount of published literature explains it, and historical part data is based upon it. It has been seen that Ra, typically, proves too general to describe surface’s true functional nature. Additionally, the push for complex geometry, coupled with the emerging technological advances in establishing new limits in manufacturing tolerances and better understanding of the tribological phenomena, implies the need for surface characterization to correlate surface quality with desirable function of the surface.
  • Standard Details & Total Systems

    Standard Details & Total Systems

    AGRICULTURAL LIGHT COMMERCIAL RESIDENTIAL GRANDRIB 3 PLUS, GRANDRIB, GRG ,MIGHTI-RIB, PROCLAD, HORIZON CLIMAGUARD, FABRIB, ENDURACOTE, FABRAL, FABRAL CORE are registered trademarks of OmniMax International, Inc. STANDARD DETAILS & TOTAL SYSTEMS UL is the trademark of UL LLC FOR METAL ROOFING AND SIDING Galvalume is the trademark of BIEC International Inc. © Fabral 2018 All rights reserved. Fabral.com 98-32-161 05/2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS Installation Instructions ......... 3 Trim Details Estimating & Roof Types ........ 5 Post Frame .............................................23 Load Tables & Testing ........... 6 Residential .............................................38 Roof & Wall Systems System Components Steel Exposed Fastener Panels Flashing and Trim ..................................47 Grandrib 3 ............................................... 7 Soffits.....................................................47 Grandrib 3 Plus ....................................... 7 Underlayment .........................................47 GRG ......................................................... 7 CondenStop® ..........................................47 Mighti-Rib ............................................... 8 Polycarbonate Panels .............................47 5V Crimp ................................................. 8 Liner Panels ...........................................47 ProClad ................................................... 8 Snow Retention ......................................49 Prime Rib ...............................................