Outline; Follow Them Very Carefully
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Nationalism in the French Revolution of 1789
The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Honors College 5-2014 Nationalism in the French Revolution of 1789 Kiley Bickford University of Maine - Main Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/honors Part of the Cultural History Commons Recommended Citation Bickford, Kiley, "Nationalism in the French Revolution of 1789" (2014). Honors College. 147. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/honors/147 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors College by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NATIONALISM IN THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1789 by Kiley Bickford A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for a Degree with Honors (History) The Honors College University of Maine May 2014 Advisory Committee: Richard Blanke, Professor of History Alexander Grab, Adelaide & Alan Bird Professor of History Angela Haas, Visiting Assistant Professor of History Raymond Pelletier, Associate Professor of French, Emeritus Chris Mares, Director of the Intensive English Institute, Honors College Copyright 2014 by Kiley Bickford All rights reserved. Abstract The French Revolution of 1789 was instrumental in the emergence and growth of modern nationalism, the idea that a state should represent, and serve the interests of, a people, or "nation," that shares a common culture and history and feels as one. But national ideas, often with their source in the otherwise cosmopolitan world of the Enlightenment, were also an important cause of the Revolution itself. The rhetoric and documents of the Revolution demonstrate the importance of national ideas. -
THE PHILOSOPHES Voltaire Montesquieu Rousseau
THE PHILOSOPHES Voltaire Montesquieu Rousseau Tuesday, January 21, 2014 Philosophes - public intellectuals dedicated to solving the problems of the World http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RxG_d94F3Dg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Xd_zkMEgkI Tuesday, January 21, 2014 Philosophes - public intellectuals dedicated to solving the problems of the World - wrote for a broad, educated public audience http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RxG_d94F3Dg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Xd_zkMEgkI Tuesday, January 21, 2014 Philosophes - public intellectuals dedicated to solving the problems of the World - wrote for a broad, educated public audience - fought to eradicate bigotry, religious fanaticism, superstition http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RxG_d94F3Dg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Xd_zkMEgkI Tuesday, January 21, 2014 Philosophes - public intellectuals dedicated to solving the problems of the World - wrote for a broad, educated public audience - fought to eradicate bigotry, religious fanaticism, superstition - promoted “Natural Rights” - intellectual freedom, freedom of the press and religion, human progress http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RxG_d94F3Dg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Xd_zkMEgkI Tuesday, January 21, 2014 Philosophes - public intellectuals dedicated to solving the problems of the World - wrote for a broad, educated public audience - fought to eradicate bigotry, religious fanaticism, superstition - promoted “Natural Rights” - intellectual freedom, freedom of the press and religion, human progress - spread their ideas through books, essays, letters pamphlets http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RxG_d94F3Dg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Xd_zkMEgkI Tuesday, January 21, 2014 PHILOSOPHES Tuesday, January 21, 2014 PHILOSOPHES - Paris was headquarters Tuesday, January 21, 2014 PHILOSOPHES - Paris was headquarters Tuesday, January 21, 2014 PHILOSOPHES - Paris was headquarters - they met in salons and coffee houses to share ideas Tuesday, January 21, 2014 PHILOSOPHES - Paris was headquarters - they met in salons and coffee houses to share ideas -Mme. -
France: the Revolt of Democratic Christianity and the Rise of Public Opinion
The Enlightenment and religion 4 France: the revolt of democratic Christianity and the rise of public opinion This chapter focuses on the emergence of religious toleration in France and the degree to which it was brought about by broad po- litico-religious struggle rather than by the philosophes.1 The discus- sion will, therefore, not provide the usual Enlightenment studies degree of focus upon the philosophes. Much of the research neces- sary for a revision of the role of the philosophes in France has been accumulating for several decades, but there has not yet been an at- tempt to bring together the various strands and integrate them into a critique of their role. Albeit slowly, from the mid 1960s a revision of the status of Pierre Bayle as a Calvinist fideist (discussed in earlier chapters) rather than an early philosophe has gradually gained ac- ceptance.2 Again rather slowly and mostly from the 1980s, there have been efforts to demonstrate that Christianity occupied a more important place in the development of the French Enlightenment than had hitherto been accepted.3 In particular there has been in- creased recognition of the role of Jansenism, especially in the land- mark suppression of the Jesuits.4 Much of the tale I recount in this chapter is, therefore, already well-known and I am indebted to the research of a number of scholars (some of whom have already been cited in earlier chapters) including R. Barny, C. J. Betts, P. R. Campbell, A. Kors, P. J. Korshin, Elizabeth Labrousse, M. Linton, J. McManners, W. -
Thomas Paine and the American Revolution Vikki J.Vickers “MY PEN and MY SOUL HAVE EVER GONE TOGETHER” Thomas Paine and the American Revolution
STUDIES IN AMERICAN POPULAR HISTORY AND CULTURE Edited by Jerome Nadelhaft University of Maine A ROUTLEDGE SERIES STUDIES IN AMERICAN POPULAR HISTORY AND CULTURE JEROME NADELHAFT, General Editor HOLLYWOOD AND THE RISE OF PHYSICAL CULTURE Heather Addison HOMELESSNESS IN AMERICAN LITERATURE Romanticism, Realism, and Testimony John Allen NO WAY OF KNOWING Crime, Urban Legends, and the Internet Pamela Donovan THE MAKING OF THE PRIMITIVE BAPTISTS A Cultural and Intellectual History of the Antimission Movement, 1800–1840 James R.Mathis WOMEN AND COMEDY IN SOLO PERFORMANCE Phyllis Diller, Lily Tomlin, and Roseanne Suzanne Lavin THE LITERATURE OF IMMIGRATION AND RACIAL FORMATION Becoming White, Becoming Other, Becoming American in the Late Progressive Era Linda Joyce Brown POPULAR CULTURE AND THE ENDURING MYTH OF CHICAGO, 1871–1968 Lisa Krissoff Boehm AMERICA’S FIGHT OVER WATER The Environmental and Political Effects of Large-Scale Water Systems Kevin Wehr DAUGHTERS OF EVE Pregnant Brides and Unwed Mothers in Seventeenth-Century Massachusetts Else L.Hambleton NARRATIVE, POLITICAL UNCONSCIOUS, AND RACIAL VIOLENCE IN WILMINGTON, NORTH CAROLINA Leslie H.Hossfeld VALIDATING BACHELORHOOD Audience, Patriarchy, and Charles Brockden Brown’s Editorship of the Monthly Magazine and American Review Scott Slawinski CHILDREN AND THE CRIMINAL LAW IN CONNECTICUT, 1635–1855 Changing Perceptions of Childhood Nancy Hathaway Steenburg BOOKS AND LIBRARIES IN AMERICAN SOCIETY DURING WORLD WAR II Weapons in the War of Ideas Patti Clayton Becker MISTRESSES OF THE TRANSIENT -
(1712–78) Jean-Jacques Rousseau Was One of the Greatest Philosophers in Western History
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–78) Jean-Jacques Rousseau was one of the greatest philosophers in western history. His critiques of the French education and political systems have become classics for the comprehensive solutions they proposed. In particular, his concept of the “general will” in politics and society has been used widely by modern politicians to condone any number of actions. The following entry is designed to give you more in-depth information about this famous philosopher. After a brief biography, several sections on Rousseau’s main works are offered to familiarize you with his ideas. Biography Jean-Jacques Rousseau was born to a middle-class family in Geneva, which was, at the time, an independent Calvinist republic in association with the Swiss Confederacy. Rousseau’s mother died shortly after his birth, and his father left when he was ten. An uncle brought up Jean-Jacques and his older brother, but at the age of fifteen or sixteen the younger Rousseau ran away after enduring a series of abusive apprenticeships. Rousseau’s decision to depart Geneva marked the beginning of a lifetime of wanderings. He took odd jobs in Turin and Savoy before meeting Madame Louise de Warens, then 29 and newly divorced from her husband. Madame de Warens acted as Rousseau’s mentor, and, for a time, his lover, but most importantly for Rousseau’s future development, she gave him a place to educate himself. Rousseau stayed at de Warens’ residence at Chambery for four years before travelling to Paris in 1742. Like many other aspiring intellectuals at the time, Rousseau hoped to find success in the cafes and salons of Paris, which was rapidly becoming a center of European Enlightenment thought. -
De Sade's Theatrical Passions
06.puchner 4/19/05 2:28 PM Page 111 Martin Puchner Sade’s Theatrical Passions The Theater of the Revolution The Marquis de Sade entered theater history in 1964 when the Royal Shakespeare Company, under the direction of Peter Brook, presented a play by the unknown author Peter Weiss entitled, The Persecution and Assassination of Jean-Paul Marat as Performed by the Inmates of the Asylum of Charenton Under the Direction of the Marquis de Sade.1 Marat/Sade, as the play is usually called, became an extraordinary success story.2 By com- bining narrators with techniques developed in a multi-year workshop entitled “Theater of Cruelty,” Marat/Sade managed to link the two modernist visionaries of the theater whom everybody had considered to be irreconcilable opposites: Bertolt Brecht and Antonin Artaud. Marat/Sade not only fabricated a new revolutionary theater from the vestiges of modernism, it also coincided with a philosophical and cul- tural revision of the French revolution that had begun with Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer’s The Dialectics of Enlightenment (1944/69) and found a preliminary culmination in Michel Foucault’s History of Madness (1972). At the same time, the revival of Sade was fu- eled by the first complete publication of his work in French (1967) and by Roland Barthes’ landmark study, Sade Fourier Loyola (1971).3 Marat/Sade had thus hit a theatrical and intellectual nerve. Sade, however, belongs to theater history as more than just a char- acter in a play.Little is known about the historical Sade’s life-long pas- sion for the theater, about his work as a theater builder and manager, an actor and director. -
The Philosophes (The Enlightenment
GS/World History, Jan 7 •Entry Task: On a piece of paper, please make a chart like the one on the board. Then read, “Coffeehouse Culture” •Announcements: • We are going to briefly look at your song lyrics (with your permission) after each description. If you’d rather perform, let me know • Parent/Guardian Survey PHI LOSOPHE ENLI GHTENMENT PHI LOSOPHER Madame Goffrin’s SALON – a gathering, focused on conversation “ Dare to know! Have courage to use your own reason!” I mmanuel K ant (1784 ) WHO’ S WHO of t he E nl i ght enment PRECURSORS T homas H obbes: L eviathan PRECURSORS (F ranci s B acon), N ewt on and L ocke NEWTON R at i onal V i ew of the Universe L OCK E R el i gi ous T ol erat i on L OCK E R at i onal V i ew of G over nment NATURAL RI GHTS Life L i ber t y P r oper t y THE PHI LOSOPHES FRA N CE PRUSSI A USA Vol t ai r e K ant Jef f er son D i der ot SCOTL A N D F r ankl i n M ont esqui eu Pai ne R ousseau Smi t h WOM EN’ S RI GHTS •From England •Wrote “The Vindication of the Rights of Woman” in 1792 VOLTAI RE F rench P hi l osophe, A ut hor, & P l aywri ght NOTABLE WORKS • L etters on England • Philosophical D ictionary • E l ement s of N ewt on’ s Philosophy V oltaire writing hi s book on N ewton’s phi l osophy W ho i s the woma n? CHÂTELET F rench M athemati ci an, P hysi ci st, and A uthor “a great man whose onl y f aul t was being a woman.” -- V ol t ai re A DV OCATE of R el i gi ous T ol erat i on CRITIC of Christianity (“ Reveal ed” Rel i gi on) N atural Religion DI DEROT F rench A uthor and Editor T he E ncyclopédi e was a col l abor at i ve ef f or t t o compi l e and di st r i but e a wi de var i et y of knowl edge f r om an “ enl i ght ened” per spect i ve. -
THE FRENCH PHILOSOPHES and THEIR ENLIGHTENING MEDIEVAL PAST by John Frederick Logan
THE FRENCH PHILOSOPHES AND THEIR ENLIGHTENING MEDIEVAL PAST by John Frederick Logan The Enlightenment's scorn for the Middle Ages is well known. "Centuries of ignorance," "barbarous times," "miserable age"-such descriptions of medie- val life and culture seem to justify the assumption that a contempt for the Middle Ages was a uniform and central characteristic of the French Enlight- enment. B. A. Brou, for example, sees the medieval period as an epitome of everything despised by the philosophes: the men of the Enlightenment, he asserted, "rejected authority, tradition, and the past. Thus there was disdain for the Middle Ages."' Summarizing the philosophes' view of the medieval period, the French critic Edmond EstBve similarly declared that Bayle . .scarcely knew the M~ddleAges and did not like them. HISdisciples and successors knew this period no better and detested ~t even more. The historians spoke of it because, nonetheless, one could not cross out five or six centuries of our past-whatever distaste one might have. But they affected reluctance in all sorts of ways before approaching the subjecL2 Such interpretations of the attitude towards medieval history prevalent among the philosophes are quite understandable: the colorful, often-quot- ed comments of Voltaire on the decadence and ignorance of the past come immediately to mind. Furthermore, the task of the modern interpreter of Enlightenment historiography becomes much lighter if he can neatly and quickly dispense with the philosophes' view of the Middle Ages; a uniformly negative attitude toward the medieval period provides a most useful contrast to the sympathetic approach of many nineteenth century historians. -
Contemporary Political Theory As an Anti-Enlightenment Project
Dennis C. Rasmussen Brown University Contemporary Political Theory as an Anti-Enlightenment Project [NB: I am aware that the argument of this paper – that the majority of contemporary political theorists seek to dissociate themselves from the Enlightenment – isn’t actually much of an argument. I am currently beginning a book project that will seek to defend the Enlightenment (to some extent or another) from the attacks of its contemporary critics; the material gathered here includes part of the introduction and the introductions to each of the five substantive chapters, along with a few underdeveloped remarks at the beginning and end that seek to tie things together. In other words, this material wasn’t written as a stand-alone paper, so I apologize if it seems incomplete – it is! I also apologize for the length; for those who don’t have the time or desire to read it all, the main line of argument comes in the first 18 pages, with the rest fleshing out some details. I will, however, be eager to hear your thoughts about the charges I have outlined, and especially if I have missed any major critics or criticisms of the Enlightenment.] Like it or not, we are all children of the Enlightenment, utterly incapable of escaping the clutches of ideals and arguments put forth over two centuries ago. Or so, at least, many critics of the Enlightenment seem to believe. Michel Foucault claims, for instance, that the Enlightenment has largely determined “what we are, what we think, and what we do today,”1 and John Gray insists that “all schools of contemporary political thought are variations on the Enlightenment project.”2 There is, of course, something to such claims: given the number of values, practices, and institutions that we have inherited from the eighteenth century, it is difficult to imagine what our world would look like without its Enlightenment heritage. -
THE POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY of JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU the Impossibilityof Reason
qvortrup.cov 2/9/03 12:29 pm Page 1 Was Rousseau – the great theorist of the French Revolution – really a Conservative? THE POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY OF JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU This original study argues that the author of The Social Contract was a constitutionalist much closer to Madison, Montesquieu and Locke than to revolutionaries. Outlining his profound opposition to Godless materialism and revolutionary change, this book finds parallels between Rousseau and Burke, as well as showing that Rousseau developed the first modern theory of nationalism. The book presents an inte- grated political analysis of Rousseau’s educational, ethical, religious and political writings. The book will be essential readings for students of politics, philosophy and the history of ideas. ‘No society can survive without mutuality. Dr Qvortrup’s book shows that rights and responsibilities go hand in hand. It is an excellent primer for any- one wishing to understand how renewal of democracy hinges on a strong civil society’ The Rt. Hon. David Blunkett, MP ‘Rousseau has often been singled out as a precursor of totalitarian thought. Dr Qvortrup argues persuasively that Rousseau was nothing of the sort. Through an array of chapters the book gives an insightful account of Rousseau’s contribution to modern philosophy, and how he inspired individuals as diverse as Mozart, Tolstoi, Goethe, and Kant’ John Grey, Professor of European Political Thought,LSE ‘Qvortrup has written a highly readable and original book on Rousseau. He approaches the subject of Rousseau’s social and political philosophy with an attractively broad vision of Rousseau’s thought in the context of the development of modernity, including our contemporary concerns. -
Europe and the French Imperium: Napoleon As Enlightened Despot Geoffrey Bruun As with Most Charismatic Figures, It Has Been Diff
Europe and the French Imperium: Napoleon as Enlightened Despot Geoffrey Bruun As with most charismatic figures, it has been difficult to evaluate Napoleon objectively from a historical perspective. Even before his death, a number of myths were developing about him. Since then much of the debate among scholars has dealt with whether Napoleon should be considered a defender or a destroyer of the revolution, whether his rise to power reversed the revolutionary tide or consolidated it. In the following selection Geoffrey Bruun argues that Napoleon should be viewed more as an eighteenth-century enlightened despot than as anything else. The major misconception which has distorted the epic of Napoleon is the impression that his advent to power was essentially a dramatic reversal, which turned back the tide of democracy and diverted the predestined course of the revolutionary torrent. That this Corsican liberticide could destroy a republic and substitute an empire, seemingly at will, has been seized upon by posterity as the outstanding proof of his arrogant genius. To reduce his career to logical dimensions, to appreciate how largely it was a fulfillment rather than a miscarriage of the reform program, it is necessary to forget the eighteenth century as the seedtime of political democracy and remember it as the golden era of the princely despots, to recall how persistently the thinkers of that age concerned themselves with the idea of enlightened autocracy and how conscientiously they laid down the intellectual foundations of Caesarism. Napoleon was, to a degree perhaps undreamed of in their philosophy, the son of the philosophes, and it is difficult to read far in the political writings of the time without feeling how clearly the century prefigured him, how ineluctably in Vandal's phrase l'idee a precede l'homme. -
Edmund Burke and His Impact on the British
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2010 Edmund Burke and his impact on the British political, social and moral response during the French Revolution (1790-1797) Guy Brendan Gonzalez Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Gonzalez, Guy Brendan, "Edmund Burke and his impact on the British political, social and moral response during the French Revolution (1790-1797)" (2010). LSU Master's Theses. 2706. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/2706 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EDMUND BURKE AND HIS IMPACT ON THE BRITISH POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND MORAL RESPONSE DURING THE FRENCH REVOLUTION (1790-1797) A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College [inverted pyramid in partial fulfillment of the form] requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in The Department of History by Guy Brendan Gonzalez B.A., Loyola University of New Orleans, 2006 May 2010 Table of Contents Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………….iii Chapter 1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………...1 Chapter 2 Contextual Background for Burke’s Political and Moral Philosophy …….....4 Chapter 3 November 1790 – January 1793 ………….……………………………………13 Burke‟s Reflections and A Letter to a Member of the National Assembly………………….13 Support for the Bourbons…………………………………………………………………….15 Purs vs.