THE PHILOSOPHES
Voltaire
Montesquieu
Rousseau
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 Philosophes - public intellectuals dedicated to solving the problems of the World
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RxG_d94F3Dg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Xd_zkMEgkI Tuesday, January 21, 2014 Philosophes - public intellectuals dedicated to solving the problems of the World
- wrote for a broad, educated public audience
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RxG_d94F3Dg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Xd_zkMEgkI Tuesday, January 21, 2014 Philosophes - public intellectuals dedicated to solving the problems of the World
- wrote for a broad, educated public audience - fought to eradicate bigotry, religious fanaticism, superstition
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RxG_d94F3Dg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Xd_zkMEgkI Tuesday, January 21, 2014 Philosophes - public intellectuals dedicated to solving the problems of the World
- wrote for a broad, educated public audience - fought to eradicate bigotry, religious fanaticism, superstition
- promoted “Natural Rights” - intellectual freedom, freedom of the press and religion, human progress
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RxG_d94F3Dg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Xd_zkMEgkI Tuesday, January 21, 2014 Philosophes - public intellectuals dedicated to solving the problems of the World
- wrote for a broad, educated public audience - fought to eradicate bigotry, religious fanaticism, superstition
- promoted “Natural Rights” - intellectual freedom, freedom of the press and religion, human progress
- spread their ideas through books, essays, letters pamphlets http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RxG_d94F3Dg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Xd_zkMEgkI Tuesday, January 21, 2014 PHILOSOPHES
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 PHILOSOPHES
- Paris was headquarters
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 PHILOSOPHES
- Paris was headquarters
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 PHILOSOPHES
- Paris was headquarters - they met in salons and coffee houses to share ideas
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 PHILOSOPHES
- Paris was headquarters - they met in salons and coffee houses to share ideas
-Mme. de Geoffrin - famous hostess of such a salon - she provided a platform to promote discussion, spread of Enlightenment ideals
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 PHILOSOPHES
- Paris was headquarters - they met in salons and coffee houses to share ideas
-Mme. de Geoffrin - famous hostess of such a salon - she provided a platform to promote discussion, spread of Enlightenment ideals
Denis Diderot - edited Encyclopedia- a 17-volume collection of Enlightenment literature
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 Conflicts w/ Church and State
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 Conflicts w/ Church and State David Hume - Scottish, atheist philos. - The Natural History of Religion - argued the belief in God rested on superstition rather than on reason.
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 Conflicts w/ Church and State David Hume - Scottish, atheist philos. - The Natural History of Religion - argued the belief in God rested on superstition rather than on reason.
Deists - believed in a benevolent God who put the world in motion, but did not intercede in daily life
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 Conflicts w/ Church and State David Hume - Scottish, atheist philos. - The Natural History of Religion - argued the belief in God rested on superstition rather than on reason.
Deists - believed in a benevolent God who put the world in motion, but did not intercede in daily life
- Philos. campaigned against judicial use of torture
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 Conflicts w/ Church and State David Hume - Scottish, atheist philos. - The Natural History of Religion - argued the belief in God rested on superstition rather than on reason.
Deists - believed in a benevolent God who put the world in motion, but did not intercede in daily life
- Philos. campaigned against judicial use of torture
- attacked the Church & state for its support of colonization and slavery
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 Views on colonies, slavery, natives, lower classes
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 Views on colonies, slavery, natives, lower classes - Raynal - French clergyman who wrote about the horrors of colonization and slavery
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 Views on colonies, slavery, natives, lower classes - Raynal - French clergyman who wrote about the horrors of colonization and slavery natives - seen by some Philosophes as primitive & innocent, or as violent and savage by others
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 Views on colonies, slavery, natives, lower classes - Raynal - French clergyman who wrote about the horrors of colonization and slavery natives - seen by some Philosophes as primitive & innocent, or as violent and savage by others
- slavery - widely condemned by Philosophes
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 Views on colonies, slavery, natives, lower classes - Raynal - French clergyman who wrote about the horrors of colonization and slavery natives - seen by some Philosophes as primitive & innocent, or as violent and savage by others
- slavery - widely condemned by Philosophes
-Abolitionists began to petition gov’ts to ban slavery
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 Views on colonies, slavery, natives, lower classes - Raynal - French clergyman who wrote about the horrors of colonization and slavery natives - seen by some Philosophes as primitive & innocent, or as violent and savage by others
- slavery - widely condemned by Philosophes
-Abolitionists began to petition gov’ts to ban slavery
Philosophes - saw lower classes as ignorant, violent, superstitious - pinned hopes on elite, enlightened rulers
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 MONTISQUIEU
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 MONTISQUIEU - Attacked Absolutism - called it “despotism”
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 MONTISQUIEU - Attacked Absolutism - called it “despotism” - promoted idea of Separation of Powers to prevent abuses in government
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 MONTISQUIEU - Attacked Absolutism - called it “despotism” - promoted idea of Separation of Powers to prevent abuses in government
- admired English Constitutionalism
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 MONTISQUIEU - Attacked Absolutism - called it “despotism” - promoted idea of Separation of Powers to prevent abuses in government
- admired English Constitutionalism
-SPIRIT OF THE LAWS - opposed divine right of kings and absolutism
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 VOLTAIRE
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 VOLTAIRE
Philosophical Dictionary - attacked organized Christianity as a source of fanaticism and brutality among humans
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 VOLTAIRE
Philosophical Dictionary - attacked organized Christianity as a source of fanaticism and brutality among humans
- champion of religious toleration & free speech
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 VOLTAIRE AKA -Francois-Marie Arouet - a deist Philosophical Dictionary - attacked organized Christianity as a source of fanaticism and brutality among humans
- champion of religious toleration & free speech
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 VOLTAIRE AKA -Francois-Marie Arouet - a deist Philosophical Dictionary - attacked organized Christianity as a source of fanaticism and brutality among humans
- champion of religious toleration & free speech
- His motto - “Crush the infamous thing!” (the thing was bigotry and ignorance)
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 The Individual and Society
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 The Individual and Society - shift from theological focus to secular study of society & the individual
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 The Individual and Society - shift from theological focus to secular study of society & the individual
- 2 major results of secular focus:
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 The Individual and Society - shift from theological focus to secular study of society & the individual
- 2 major results of secular focus: a. secularization of political life
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 The Individual and Society - shift from theological focus to secular study of society & the individual
- 2 major results of secular focus: a. secularization of political life b. foundation for the social sciences of the modern era
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 The Individual and Society - shift from theological focus to secular study of society & the individual
- 2 major results of secular focus: a. secularization of political life b. foundation for the social sciences of the modern era
Enlightenment = origin of modernity - the belief that human reason, rather than theological doctrine, should be set the patterns of social & political life
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 Adam Smith vs. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 Adam Smith vs. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
- views on the individual & society differed
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 Adam Smith vs. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
- views on the individual & society differed
Smith - the best expression of opportunity for the individual lay in free-market capitalism (founder of modern economics)
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 Adam Smith vs. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
- views on the individual & society differed
Smith - the best expression of opportunity for the individual lay in free-market capitalism (founder of modern economics)
Rousseau - emphasized needs of community over those of the individual - his work led to both democracy and communism
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 PHYSIOCRATS
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 PHYSIOCRATS - Early political economists - sought to explain the relationship between commerce and people and gov’t
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 PHYSIOCRATS - Early political economists - sought to explain the relationship between commerce and people and gov’t
- Adam Smith - English economist who promoted capitalism
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 PHYSIOCRATS - Early political economists - sought to explain the relationship between commerce and people and gov’t
- Adam Smith - English economist who promoted capitalism
- laissez-faire - “leave alone” - gov’t should not interfere in business
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 PHYSIOCRATS - Early political economists - sought to explain the relationship between commerce and people and gov’t
- Adam Smith - English economist who promoted capitalism
- laissez-faire - “leave alone” - gov’t should not interfere in business
- wrote Wealth of Nations
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 ROUSSEAU
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 ROUSSEAU
- a social misfit, he both disdained and was supported by wealthy patrons
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 ROUSSEAU
- a social misfit, he both disdained and was supported by wealthy patrons
- said man was prone to good, but civilization was a source of human evil
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 ROUSSEAU
- a social misfit, he both disdained and was supported by wealthy patrons
- said man was prone to good, but civilization was a source of human evil - gov’t should submit to the general will of the people
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 ROUSSEAU
- a social misfit, he both disdained and was supported by wealthy patrons
- said man was prone to good, but civilization was a source of human evil - gov’t should submit to the general will of the people The Social Contract (1762) - promoted a conscious, calculated nationalism that made all people feel like they belonged
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 ROUSSEAU
- a social misfit, he both disdained and was supported by wealthy patrons
- said man was prone to good, but civilization was a source of human evil - gov’t should submit to the general will of the people The Social Contract (1762) - promoted a conscious, calculated nationalism that made all people feel like they belonged - an early Romantic
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 BACKLASH: - reason and secular science viewed as soulless
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 BACKLASH: - reason and secular science viewed as soulless
- some sought “inner enlightenment” of the spirit
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 BACKLASH: - reason and secular science viewed as soulless
- some sought “inner enlightenment” of the spirit - Pietism -German Lutheran movement
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 BACKLASH: - reason and secular science viewed as soulless
- some sought “inner enlightenment” of the spirit - Pietism -German Lutheran movement - John Wesley - Anglican revivalist
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 BACKLASH: - reason and secular science viewed as soulless
- some sought “inner enlightenment” of the spirit - Pietism -German Lutheran movement - John Wesley - Anglican revivalist
- Great Awakening -American colonial religious revival of the 1740’s (George Whitfield)
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 BACKLASH: - reason and secular science viewed as soulless
- some sought “inner enlightenment” of the spirit - Pietism -German Lutheran movement - John Wesley - Anglican revivalist
- Great Awakening -American colonial religious revival of the 1740’s (George Whitfield)
- birth of Romanticism, which would mature in the early 19th century
Tuesday, January 21, 2014 John Wesley - Anglican”itinerant” preacher - preached to the masses in England
George Whitfield - itinerant preacher - stressed individualism in spiritual matters
Tuesday, January 21, 2014