THE PHILOSOPHES Voltaire Montesquieu Rousseau Tuesday, January 21, 2014 Philosophes - public intellectuals dedicated to solving the problems of the World http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RxG_d94F3Dg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Xd_zkMEgkI Tuesday, January 21, 2014 Philosophes - public intellectuals dedicated to solving the problems of the World - wrote for a broad, educated public audience http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RxG_d94F3Dg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Xd_zkMEgkI Tuesday, January 21, 2014 Philosophes - public intellectuals dedicated to solving the problems of the World - wrote for a broad, educated public audience - fought to eradicate bigotry, religious fanaticism, superstition http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RxG_d94F3Dg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Xd_zkMEgkI Tuesday, January 21, 2014 Philosophes - public intellectuals dedicated to solving the problems of the World - wrote for a broad, educated public audience - fought to eradicate bigotry, religious fanaticism, superstition - promoted “Natural Rights” - intellectual freedom, freedom of the press and religion, human progress http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RxG_d94F3Dg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Xd_zkMEgkI Tuesday, January 21, 2014 Philosophes - public intellectuals dedicated to solving the problems of the World - wrote for a broad, educated public audience - fought to eradicate bigotry, religious fanaticism, superstition - promoted “Natural Rights” - intellectual freedom, freedom of the press and religion, human progress - spread their ideas through books, essays, letters pamphlets http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RxG_d94F3Dg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Xd_zkMEgkI Tuesday, January 21, 2014 PHILOSOPHES Tuesday, January 21, 2014 PHILOSOPHES - Paris was headquarters Tuesday, January 21, 2014 PHILOSOPHES - Paris was headquarters Tuesday, January 21, 2014 PHILOSOPHES - Paris was headquarters - they met in salons and coffee houses to share ideas Tuesday, January 21, 2014 PHILOSOPHES - Paris was headquarters - they met in salons and coffee houses to share ideas -Mme. de Geoffrin - famous hostess of such a salon - she provided a platform to promote discussion, spread of Enlightenment ideals Tuesday, January 21, 2014 PHILOSOPHES - Paris was headquarters - they met in salons and coffee houses to share ideas -Mme. de Geoffrin - famous hostess of such a salon - she provided a platform to promote discussion, spread of Enlightenment ideals Denis Diderot - edited Encyclopedia- a 17-volume collection of Enlightenment literature Tuesday, January 21, 2014 Conflicts w/ Church and State Tuesday, January 21, 2014 Conflicts w/ Church and State David Hume - Scottish, atheist philos. - The Natural History of Religion - argued the belief in God rested on superstition rather than on reason. Tuesday, January 21, 2014 Conflicts w/ Church and State David Hume - Scottish, atheist philos. - The Natural History of Religion - argued the belief in God rested on superstition rather than on reason. Deists - believed in a benevolent God who put the world in motion, but did not intercede in daily life Tuesday, January 21, 2014 Conflicts w/ Church and State David Hume - Scottish, atheist philos. - The Natural History of Religion - argued the belief in God rested on superstition rather than on reason. Deists - believed in a benevolent God who put the world in motion, but did not intercede in daily life - Philos. campaigned against judicial use of torture Tuesday, January 21, 2014 Conflicts w/ Church and State David Hume - Scottish, atheist philos. - The Natural History of Religion - argued the belief in God rested on superstition rather than on reason. Deists - believed in a benevolent God who put the world in motion, but did not intercede in daily life - Philos. campaigned against judicial use of torture - attacked the Church & state for its support of colonization and slavery Tuesday, January 21, 2014 Views on colonies, slavery, natives, lower classes Tuesday, January 21, 2014 Views on colonies, slavery, natives, lower classes - Raynal - French clergyman who wrote about the horrors of colonization and slavery Tuesday, January 21, 2014 Views on colonies, slavery, natives, lower classes - Raynal - French clergyman who wrote about the horrors of colonization and slavery natives - seen by some Philosophes as primitive & innocent, or as violent and savage by others Tuesday, January 21, 2014 Views on colonies, slavery, natives, lower classes - Raynal - French clergyman who wrote about the horrors of colonization and slavery natives - seen by some Philosophes as primitive & innocent, or as violent and savage by others - slavery - widely condemned by Philosophes Tuesday, January 21, 2014 Views on colonies, slavery, natives, lower classes - Raynal - French clergyman who wrote about the horrors of colonization and slavery natives - seen by some Philosophes as primitive & innocent, or as violent and savage by others - slavery - widely condemned by Philosophes -Abolitionists began to petition gov’ts to ban slavery Tuesday, January 21, 2014 Views on colonies, slavery, natives, lower classes - Raynal - French clergyman who wrote about the horrors of colonization and slavery natives - seen by some Philosophes as primitive & innocent, or as violent and savage by others - slavery - widely condemned by Philosophes -Abolitionists began to petition gov’ts to ban slavery Philosophes - saw lower classes as ignorant, violent, superstitious - pinned hopes on elite, enlightened rulers Tuesday, January 21, 2014 MONTISQUIEU Tuesday, January 21, 2014 MONTISQUIEU - Attacked Absolutism - called it “despotism” Tuesday, January 21, 2014 MONTISQUIEU - Attacked Absolutism - called it “despotism” - promoted idea of Separation of Powers to prevent abuses in government Tuesday, January 21, 2014 MONTISQUIEU - Attacked Absolutism - called it “despotism” - promoted idea of Separation of Powers to prevent abuses in government - admired English Constitutionalism Tuesday, January 21, 2014 MONTISQUIEU - Attacked Absolutism - called it “despotism” - promoted idea of Separation of Powers to prevent abuses in government - admired English Constitutionalism -SPIRIT OF THE LAWS - opposed divine right of kings and absolutism Tuesday, January 21, 2014 VOLTAIRE Tuesday, January 21, 2014 VOLTAIRE Philosophical Dictionary - attacked organized Christianity as a source of fanaticism and brutality among humans Tuesday, January 21, 2014 VOLTAIRE Philosophical Dictionary - attacked organized Christianity as a source of fanaticism and brutality among humans - champion of religious toleration & free speech Tuesday, January 21, 2014 VOLTAIRE AKA -Francois-Marie Arouet - a deist Philosophical Dictionary - attacked organized Christianity as a source of fanaticism and brutality among humans - champion of religious toleration & free speech Tuesday, January 21, 2014 VOLTAIRE AKA -Francois-Marie Arouet - a deist Philosophical Dictionary - attacked organized Christianity as a source of fanaticism and brutality among humans - champion of religious toleration & free speech - His motto - “Crush the infamous thing!” (the thing was bigotry and ignorance) Tuesday, January 21, 2014 The Individual and Society Tuesday, January 21, 2014 The Individual and Society - shift from theological focus to secular study of society & the individual Tuesday, January 21, 2014 The Individual and Society - shift from theological focus to secular study of society & the individual - 2 major results of secular focus: Tuesday, January 21, 2014 The Individual and Society - shift from theological focus to secular study of society & the individual - 2 major results of secular focus: a. secularization of political life Tuesday, January 21, 2014 The Individual and Society - shift from theological focus to secular study of society & the individual - 2 major results of secular focus: a. secularization of political life b. foundation for the social sciences of the modern era Tuesday, January 21, 2014 The Individual and Society - shift from theological focus to secular study of society & the individual - 2 major results of secular focus: a. secularization of political life b. foundation for the social sciences of the modern era Enlightenment = origin of modernity - the belief that human reason, rather than theological doctrine, should be set the patterns of social & political life Tuesday, January 21, 2014 Adam Smith vs. Jean-Jacques Rousseau Tuesday, January 21, 2014 Adam Smith vs. Jean-Jacques Rousseau - views on the individual & society differed Tuesday, January 21, 2014 Adam Smith vs. Jean-Jacques Rousseau - views on the individual & society differed Smith - the best expression of opportunity for the individual lay in free-market capitalism (founder of modern economics) Tuesday, January 21, 2014 Adam Smith vs. Jean-Jacques Rousseau - views on the individual & society differed Smith - the best expression of opportunity for the individual lay in free-market capitalism (founder of modern economics) Rousseau - emphasized needs of community over those of the individual - his work led to both democracy and communism Tuesday, January 21, 2014 PHYSIOCRATS Tuesday, January 21, 2014 PHYSIOCRATS - Early political economists - sought to explain the relationship between commerce and people and gov’t Tuesday, January 21, 2014 PHYSIOCRATS - Early political economists - sought to explain the relationship between commerce and people and gov’t - Adam Smith - English economist who promoted capitalism Tuesday, January 21, 2014 PHYSIOCRATS - Early political economists - sought to explain the relationship between