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The Philosophes (The Enlightenment

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The Philosophes (The Enlightenment GS/World History, Jan 7 •Entry Task: On a piece of paper, please make a chart like the one on the board. Then read, “Coffeehouse Culture” •Announcements: • We are going to briefly look at your song lyrics (with your permission) after each description. If you’d rather perform, let me know • Parent/Guardian Survey PHI LOSOPHE ENLI GHTENMENT PHI LOSOPHER Madame Goffrin’s SALON – a gathering, focused on conversation “ Dare to know! Have courage to use your own reason!” I mmanuel K ant (1784 ) WHO’ S WHO of t he E nl i ght enment PRECURSORS T homas H obbes: L eviathan PRECURSORS (F ranci s B acon), N ewt on and L ocke NEWTON R at i onal V i ew of the Universe L OCK E R el i gi ous T ol erat i on L OCK E R at i onal V i ew of G over nment NATURAL RI GHTS Life L i ber t y P r oper t y THE PHI LOSOPHES FRA N CE PRUSSI A USA Vol t ai r e K ant Jef f er son D i der ot SCOTL A N D F r ankl i n M ont esqui eu Pai ne R ousseau Smi t h WOM EN’ S RI GHTS •From England •Wrote “The Vindication of the Rights of Woman” in 1792 VOLTAI RE F rench P hi l osophe, A ut hor, & P l aywri ght NOTABLE WORKS • L etters on England • Philosophical D ictionary • E l ement s of N ewt on’ s Philosophy V oltaire writing hi s book on N ewton’s phi l osophy W ho i s the woma n? CHÂTELET F rench M athemati ci an, P hysi ci st, and A uthor “a great man whose onl y f aul t was being a woman.” -- V ol t ai re A DV OCATE of R el i gi ous T ol erat i on CRITIC of Christianity (“ Reveal ed” Rel i gi on) N atural Religion DI DEROT F rench A uthor and Editor T he E ncyclopédi e was a col l abor at i ve ef f or t t o compi l e and di st r i but e a wi de var i et y of knowl edge f r om an “ enl i ght ened” per spect i ve. “ P oet r y must have somet hi ng in it that is barbaric, vast and wi l d.” -- D i der ot hi s hands woul d pl ai t t he pr i est ’ s ent r ai l s for want of a rope to strangl e ki ngs -- L es E l eut her omanes Pat r oness: W hen C at her i ne t he G r eat hear d t hat D i der ot was br oke, she bought his library… then paid him “to be her librarian.” POLI TI CAL THEORY M ont esqui eu & R ousseau M ONTESQUI EU The Spirit of t he L aws GOVERNM ENT O rgani zed on Enl i ght enment P rinciples SEPARATI ON LEGISLATIVE EXECUTIVE JUDICIAL M ar t ha Ormiston (N oun Project) SEPAR ATI ON LEGI SLATI VE EXECUTIVE JUDICIAL M akes E nf or ces Judges L aws L aws D i sput es CHECK S E ach br anch has oversight over the ot her br anches. Erin Gillaspy (The Noun Project) E xecut i ve C hecks t he L egi sl at i ve U ni ver sal exper i ence, i n al l ages and count r i es, however , t eaches t hat POWER ca n only be restrained by POWER and not by reason and j ust i ce. -- T he South Carolina Exposition (1828) M ont esqui eu’ s wor k was based on empi r i cal met hods, st udyi ng hi st or y to find out what forms of gover nment had wor ked best . ROUSSEAU T he S oci al Cont ract B ut ever ywher e he is in chains. P hot o by R anden P eder son W hat makes a gover nment LEGI TI M ATE? FREEDOM ? Submi ssi on t o t he GENERAL WI LL Pr ussi an Philosophe W hat i s K ant ’ s 1784 essay i s a gr eat st ar t i ng point for understanding the core principles of the E nlightenment. Critique of R el at i onshi p B et ween REASON EXPERI& ENCE ETHI CS U ni ver sal [M oral] L aw T he Fat her of M odern E conomi cs Photo by Andreas Pr aef cke A n I nqui ry i nt o t he N at ure and Causes of t he WEALTHof NATI ONS Photo by Andreas Pr aefcke Photo by Andreas Pr aefcke “It is not from the benevol ence of t he but cher , t he br ewer , or the baker, that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to t hei r own i nt er est .” Photo by David Blackwell. Photo by Andreas Pr aefcke S el f -love is the instrument of our pr eser vat i on… it is necessar y, i t i s dear t o us, i t gi ves us pl easur e, and we must conceal i t . -- V ol t ai re Photo by E d U thman Pol i t i ci an & Philosopher J ohn Trumbull, T he D ecl ar at i on of I ndependence Pol i t i ci an & I nventor LI GHTNI NG ROD P rot ect s bui l di ngs f rom li ghtni ng Art Credit: Wdchk Photo by liz west B I FOCA L S Pr of essi onal R evolutionary FEVER MODEL OF REVOLUTION Much like an illness, revolutions can also be studied in stages This stage in an illness is when the cause of the sickness first comes into contact with the individual, infecting them, but not yet causing any symptoms to present themselves. What would this stage be like in a revolution? In a revolution, this stage would involve the political, social, intellectual, or economic causes. In some cases, these causes could fester for many years before showing themselves in the form of actual revolutionary action. This stage in an illness is when sickness starts to affect the person in observable ways. Temperature may rise. A cough might present itself. The individual might become weak and queasy. What would this stage be like in a revolution? In a revolution, this stage would be the first to involve direct action resulting from the social, political, intellectual, or economic causes of the incubation stage. This stage might involve the publication of works calling for a change, street level riots by the common people, or more direct attempts at changing the society. This is the critical stage in an illness where two things can happen. The individual either breaks the fever after a heightened stage of illness or the individual gets progressively worse and does not recover. What would this stage be like in a revolution? Crisis Stage In a revolution, this stage would be the make or break part of the struggle. It may involve conflict where sides for and against the revolution compete. This competition could take the form of debate or full-scale war. Successful revolutions survive this stage. Those that do not are usually considered failed rebellions. This stage involves recovering from the illness. The individual might be weakened from the experience, but he or she will eventually emerge healthy and with new knowledge and experience that might prevent the illness from occurring again. What would this stage be like in a revolution? Convalescence In a revolution, this stage would involve recovering from the extreme disruptions of the crisis stage. In general, the political, social, intellectual, or economic causes of the revolution must be addressed in some way, though not necessarily to the satisfaction of all revolutionaries. .
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