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Zambia Railways and the Economic Development Of ZAMBIA RAILWAYS AND THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF ZAMBIA, 1967-1991 BY BEATRICE KAPANDA A Dissertation Submitted to the University of Zambia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in History THE UNIVERSITY OF ZAMBIA LUSAKA 2017 DECLARATION I, BEATRICE KAPANDA, do declare that this dissertation was solely composed and written by me. Sources of information have been adequately acknowledged. This dissertation has not been submitted for a degree at the University of Zambia or any another university. Signed………………………………… Date…………………………………… i COPYRIGHT All rights reserved. No part of this dissertation maybe reproduced or stored in any form or by any means without prior permission from the author or the University of Zambia. ii APPROVAL This dissertation by Beatrice Kapanda is approved as fulfilling the requirement for the award of the degree of Master of Arts in History by the University of Zambia. EXAMINERS NAME SIGNATURE DATE 1.………………………………… ………………………. ……………………... 2………………………………… …………………….…. …………………….. 3………………………………… ……………………….. ..……………………. iii DEDICATION I dedicate this work to the memory of my dear late parents, Morgan Nonde Kapanda and Selita Mulenga Kapanda who never lived long to see my achievements in my education. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I give glory to God for my life and strength to work on this study. I am deeply grateful to my supervisor Mr. Friday E. Mulenga whose valuable advice, comments and suggestions made it possible for me to write this dissertation. My thanks go to my dear husband, Kelvin Simataa and my daughters, Dorothy, Chomba, Nasilele, Nalukena and my nephew Alex, who really knew what it felt like to be on their own. I say thank you for your support. I also wish to express my gratitude to the teaching staff in the Department of Historical and Archaeological Studies, especially Professor B. J. Phiri who co-ordinated our postgraduate programme, the late Professor M.C. Musambachime, Dr T.W.S. Kalusa, Dr W.S. Kalikiti, Dr E.K. Chiputa, Professor F.B. Musonda and Miss Dorothy Mwansa. Their comments and observations during my proposal presentation not only gave direction, but also gave me encouragement. To the following institutions, Zambia Railways Archives, National Archives of Zambia, Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines Archives, United National Independence Party Archives and University of Zambia Library, my deepest appreciation for allowing me to consult the collections in their care. Also deserving of special gratitude are my coursemates especially Charity Mbalazi, Nyambe Sitali, Alfred Mukalula and Allan Phiri who did a great deal to cheer me up in difficult times. To Santebe. Mbozi I say thank you for your support during the proposal preparations. I finally wish to convey my heartfelt thanks to all those I interviewed and those who made comments on my work either positively or negatively as such comments improved my work. v ABBREVIATIONS AAC Anglo- American Corporation AGIP Azienda Generale Italian Petroli (Italian Oil Company) B.R Botswana Railways BSA Co. British South Africa Company C.F.B Caminho de Ferrode Benguela Railways C.F.M Caminho de Ferro de, Mozambique DRC Democratic Republic of Congo CNR Canadian National Railways CNDA Canadian National Development Agency FNDP First National Development Plan FRG Federal Republic of Germany GDP Gross Domestic Product MPTW Ministry of Power, Transport and Works MMD Movement for Multiparty Democracy NAMBOARD National Agriculture Marketing Board NCCM Nchanga Consolidated Copper Mines NCZ Nitrogen Chemicals of Zambia N.R.Z National Railways of Zimbabwe PSO Public Service Obligation RCM Roan Copper Mines RST Roan Selection Trust Group TAZARA Tanzania Zambia Railway Authority UDI Unilateral Declaration of Independence UNIP United National Independence Party USAID United States Agency for International Development URS Unitary Railway System S.A.T.S South African Transport Services S.C.Z Societe National des Chemis de Ferrode Benguela Railway vi ZAMOX Zambia Oxygen ZIMCO Zambia Industrial and Mining Corporation ZRB Zambia Railways Board ZR Zambia Railways ZSC Zambia Sugar Company vii OLD AND NEW NAMES OF SOME TOWNS REFERRED TO IN THE DISCUSSION Old names New names Broken Hill Kabwe Zaire Democratic Republic of Congo Elizabethville Lubumbashi Northern Rhodesia Zambia Southern Rhodesia Zimbabwe Wankie Hwange viii ABSTRACT The study has examined the history of Zambia Railways (ZR), its importance and performance in the economic development of Zambia from 1967-1991. It also examined the challenges that ZR faced during the same period. Historically, railway transport played a vital role in the economic activities of post-independence Zambia. Its capacity to transport goods in bulk has had a profound appeal especially in the major economic sectors of the country both locally and in foreign trade. Despite its crucial role in Zambia’s economic activities little is known about ZR’s importance and performance in the major economic sectors of Zambia. This has created a gap in the railway historiography of Zambia which this study attempts to fill. The study focused on the freight traffic as this is the major facility offered by ZR. Both primary and secondary sources comprising numerical and textual data were used in achieving the objectives. Much of the information on which the study is based was derived from archival research, primarily in the ZR Archive in Kabwe, the National Archives of Zambia in Lusaka, and the United National Independence Party (UNIP) Archives in Lusaka, Zambia Consolidated Copper Mine (ZCCM) Archives in Ndola and Central Statistical Office in Lusaka The findings of the study are that at the inception of ZR in 1967, the UNIP government made substantial investments in order to sustain it and improve its efficiency. The study argues that ZR’s performance both locally and externally showed a steady rise in the first decade of its operations, but began to decline after 1976. The decline was mainly attributed to the world economic depression of the mid-1970s, which also affected ZR’s major customers. Thus, the low production in the major economic activities of Zambia especially the mining sector which largely affected ZR’s freight performance. The ix downward trend continued well up to the 1991. ZR however, continued to dominate in the external trade transport sector, even in the face of heightened challenges from the road transport sector. x TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ......................................................................................................................... i COPYRIGHT .............................................................................................................................. ii APPROVAL............................................................................................................................... iii DEDICATION ........................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................ v ABBREVIATIONS.................................................................................................................... vi OLD AND NEW NAMES OF SOME TOWNS REFERRED TO IN THE DISCUSSION ... viii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................ix LIST OF ILLUSTRATTIONS.................................................................................................xiii LIST OF TABLES .....................................................................................................................xiv CHAPTER ONE ......................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Historical background ........................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Location Extension of Zambia Railways………………………………………………..….6 1.3 Statement of the Problem ...................................................................................................... 9 1.4 Objectives............................................................................................................................ 10 1.5 Rationale ............................................................................................................................. 10 1.6 Literature Review................................................................................................................ 10 1.7 Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 17 1.8 Organisation of the Study.................................................................................................... 18 1.9 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 18 CHAPTER TWO ...................................................................................................................... 20 ESTABLISHMENT AND EXPANSION OF ZAMBIA RAILWAYS .................................... 20 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 20 2.2 Background of Zambia Railways .......................................................................................
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