SWAZILAND TECHNOLOGY NEEDS ASSESSMENT REPORT 1 CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION Revised Draft 15 June 2016 Prepared by Deepa Pullanikkatil (PhD), CANGO Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 6 1.1 Background of TNA project ........................................................................................................................ 6 1.2 Existing national policies related to technological innovation, adaptation to climate change and development priorities ............................................................................................................................................. 7 1.3 Vulnerability assessments in the country .................................................................................................. 11 1.4 Sector selection ......................................................................................................................................... 14 1.4.1 An Overview of Expected Climate Change and its Impacts in Sectors Vulnerable to Climate Change ... 14 1.4.2 Process and results of sector selection .................................................................................................. 24 Chapter 2 Institutional arrangement for the TNA and the stakeholder involvement ................................. 26 2.1 National TNA team ................................................................................................................................... 26 2.2 Stakeholder Engagement Process followed in the TNA – Overall assessment ......................................... 27 Chapter 3 Technology prioritisation for Water Resources ........................................................................ 29 3.1 Key Climate Change Vulnerabilities in Water Sector ............................................................................... 29 3.2 Decision context and overview of technologies in Water sector ............................................................... 30 3.3 Adaptation Technology Options for Water Sector and their main Adaptation benefits ............................ 33 3.4 Criteria and process of technology prioritisation ...................................................................................... 34 3.5 Results of technology prioritisation .......................................................................................................... 36 Chapter 4 Technology prioritisation for Agriculture Sector ..................................................................... 39 4.1 Key Climate Change Vulnerabilities in Agriculture Sector ...................................................................... 39 4.2 Decision context and overview of existing technologies in Agricultural sector ........................................ 39 4.3 Adaptation Technology Options for Agriculture Sector and their main Adaptation benefits .................... 42 4.4 Criteria and process of technology prioritisation ...................................................................................... 46 4.5 Results of technology prioritisation .......................................................................................................... 48 Chapter 5 Technology prioritisation for Forestry and Biodiversity Sector ............................................... 50 5.1 Key Climate Change Vulnerabilities in Forestry and Biodiversity Sector ................................................ 50 5.2 Decision context and overview of technologies for forests and biodiversity sector .................................. 50 5.3 Adaptation Technology Options for Forestry and Biodiversity Sector and their main Adaptation benefits 54 5.4 Criteria and process of technology prioritisation ...................................................................................... 55 5.5 Results of technology prioritisation .......................................................................................................... 57 Chapter 6 Validation workshop ........................................................................................................... 58 Chapter 7 Summary and Conclusions .................................................................................................. 60 List of References ....................................................................................................................................... 61 Annex I: Technology Factsheets for selected technologies ........................................................................ 66 Annex II: List of stakeholders involved ..................................................................................................... 109 APPENDIX ...................................................................................................................................................... 113 1 List of Tables Table 1 Climate Change related disasters in Swaziland from 2001 to 2011. ........................................................ 12 Table 2 Export of agricultural produce from Swaziland 2007-2011 ..................................................................... 17 Table 3 Dams in Swaziland, their capacity, use, surface area, date established and source river ....................... 19 Table 4 Endangered and threatened species of fish, amphibians, birds and mammals in Swaziland .................. 20 Table 5 Documents that indicate sectors to be affected by climate change ........................................................ 23 Table 6 Questions asked during brainstorming of sector prioritization ................................................................ 25 Table 7 Projects and programmes in water sector ............................................................................................... 31 Table 8 Water sector technology options for Swaziland and how they help in climate change adaptation ........ 33 Table 9 Technology rankings for Water sector ..................................................................................................... 37 Table 10 Prioritized technologies for water sector and weighted scores ............................................................. 38 Table 11 Agricultural projects in Swaziland .......................................................................................................... 40 Table 12 Adaptation technology options for agriculture sector ........................................................................... 42 Table 13 Technology prioritization in the agriculture sector ................................................................................ 47 Table 14 Technologies prioritized in Agriculture sector ........................................................................................ 48 Table 15 Project and programmes that support forestry and biodiversity management in Swaziland ............... 51 Table 16 Adaptation technologies for forestry and biodiversity sector ................................................................ 54 Table 17 Ranking of technologies in Forestry and Biodiversity sector .................................................................. 56 Table 18 Technologies prioritized in Forestry and Biodiversity sector .................................................................. 57 Table 19 Technologies retained for Technology Action Plans ............................................................................... 60 List of Figures Figure 1 Timeline of events for Swaziland with regards to environment and climate change management ....... 10 Figure 2 Average Monthly temperature and rainfall patterns for Swaziland comparing 1900-1930 and 1990- 2012 ...................................................................................................................................................................... 13 Figure 3 Organization of the national TNA process in Swaziland ......................................................................... 27 Figure 4 Some of the participants at the Sector prioritization workshop ............................................................. 28 Figure 5 Stakeholders at the workshop for prioritization of technologies ............................................................ 28 Figure 6 Working group participants prioritization and ranking technologies ..................................................... 36 Figure 7 Stakeholders at the validation workshop reviewing the adaptation report ........................................... 58 2 ACRONYMS ABS Access and Benefit Sharing ACC Anti-Corruption Commission CBFIM Community-based Fire Management CDM Clean Development Mechanism CITES Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species COP Conference of Parties COSPE Co-operation for the Development of Emerging Countries DFID Department for International Development (UK) DNA Designated National Authority DRM Digital Radio Mondiale DRR Disaster Risk Reduction EPR Emergency Preparedness and Response ERC Energy Research Centre EST Environmentally Sound Technology EW Early Warning EWS Early Warning System. FANRPAN Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network FAO Food and Agricultural Organization GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global Environment Facility GHG Green House Gases GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit HASSP Harmonised Seed Security Project IACG Inter Agency Consultative Group IFAD International Fund for Agricultural