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İSTANBUL TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Sinan Cem EROĞLU Anabilim Dalı

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İSTANBUL TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Sinan Cem EROĞLU Anabilim Dalı İSTANBUL TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ KOPUZDAN ALTITELLİ KOPUZA UZANAN SÜREÇTE FİZİKSEL VE İCRA TEKNİKLERİ BAKIMINDAN MEYDANA GELEN DEĞİŞİM VE GELİŞMELER YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Sinan Cem EROĞLU Anabilim Dalı : Türk Müziği Programı : Türk Müziği HAZİRAN 2011 İSTANBUL TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ KOPUZDAN ALTITELLİ KOPUZA UZANAN SÜREÇTE FİZİKSEL VE İCRA TEKNİKLERİ BAKIMINDAN MEYDANA GELEN DEĞİŞİM VE GELİŞMELER YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Sinan Cem EROĞLU (415091033) Tezin Enstitüye Verildiği Tarih : 6 MAYIS 2011 Tezin Savunulduğu Tarih : 6 HAZİRAN 2011 Tez Danışmanı : Doç. Cihangir TERZİ (İTÜ) Diğer Jüri Üyeleri : Prof. Adnan KOÇ (İTÜ) Yrd. Doç. Dr. M. Ali ÖZDEMİR (MÜ) HAZİRAN 2011 ÖNSÖZ İnsanoğluna ait en eski müzik aletlerinden birisi olan kopuz, tarihsel süreç içinde bir çok toplum tarafından çalınmış ve kutsal sayılmıştır. Günümüz müziğinde önemli ve karakteristik bir çalgı olan kopuz, son çeyrek asırda halk müziği çalgı ailesinin bir mensubu olan altıtelli kopuzun oluşması için de önemli bir köşe taşı olmuştur. Çalışmanın hazırlanması sırasında bilgilerine başvurduğum; başta tez danışmanım, İ.T.Ü. Türk Müziği Devlet Konservatuarı Müzik Teorisi Bölüm Başkanı Doç. Cihangir TERZİ’ye, çalışmanın yapılmasında ki en önemli esin kaynağım olan aynı zamanda çok değerli fikirlerine başvurduğum altıtelli kopuzun yaratıcısı Erkan OĞUR’a, altıtelli kopuzun ortaya çıkmasında çok önemli katkıları olan ve çalışmam için önemli bilgilerine başvurduğum lütiye, babam Kemal EROĞLU’na, notasyon konusunda ki yardımları için Arş. Gör. Dr. Tolgahan ÇOĞULU’ya, çalışmamı büyük bir sabırlı okuyarak yazım yanlışlarını farketmemi sağlayan İlayda Özne TEZCAN’a sonsuz teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Nisan 2011 Sinan Cem EROĞLU ii iii İÇİNDEKİLER Sayfa ÖNSÖZ .......................................................................................................................iii İÇİNDEKİLER...........................................................................................................v KISALTMALAR......................................................................................................vii ÇİZELGE LİSTESİ ................................................................................................. ix ŞEKİL LİSTESİ ........................................................................................................xi RESİM LİSTESİ .....................................................................................................xii ÖZET.........................................................................................................................xv SUMMARY.............................................................................................................xvii 1. GİRİŞ.....................................................................................................................1 2. KOPUZ..................................................................................................................5 2.1 Kopuz Sözcüğünün Etimolojisi........................................................................5 2.2 Kopuzla İlgili Efsaneler..................................................................................13 2.3 Kopuzun Tarihçesi .........................................................................................15 2.3.1 Hititlerde kopuz .....................................................................................15 2.3.2 Eski Ön Asya, Mezopotamya ve Mısır’da kopuz..................................16 2.3.3 Orta Asya’da kopuz...............................................................................18 2.3.4 Uygurlarda kopuz ..................................................................................19 2.3.5 Kırgızlarda kopuz ..................................................................................20 2.3.6 Afganistan’da kopuz..............................................................................21 2.3.7 Kazakistan’da kopuz..............................................................................21 2.3.8 Kıpçaklarda kopuz.................................................................................23 2.3.9 Lehlilerde kopuz....................................................................................23 2.3.10 Macarlarda kopuz ................................................................................24 2.3.11 Litvanlarda kopuz................................................................................24 2.3.12 Çeklerde kopuz....................................................................................24 2.3.13 Kopuzun çalındığı diğer bölgeler ........................................................24 2.3.14 Osmanlılarda kopuz.............................................................................27 2.3.15 Anadolu’da kopuz................................................................................28 2.4 Kopuzun Fiziksel Özellikleri...........................................................................29 2.4.1 Teller......................................................................................................30 2.4.2 At kılından yapılan teller .......................................................................30 2.4.3 Bağırsaktan yapılan teller ......................................................................31 2.4.4 İpek teller...............................................................................................31 2.4.5 Metal (Madeni) teller.............................................................................33 2.4.6 Kopuzun yapıldığı ağaçlar.....................................................................33 2.4.7 Kopuzun göğsüne gerilen deriler...........................................................33 2.4.8 Kopuzda ağaç ses tablosu kullanımına geçilmesi..................................33 2.5 Kopuzun Gelişimi............................................................................................33 2.6 Kopuz Çeşitleri................................................................................................34 2.7 Günümüz Türkiye’sinde Kopuz ......................................................................42 2.8 Günümüz Müziğinde Kopuz ...........................................................................46 2.8.1 Kopuzun Fiziksel Özellikleri.................................................................47 2.8.1.1 Gövde......................................................................................47 2.8.1.2 Ses Tablosu (Göğüs)...............................................................47 iv 2.8.1.3 Klavye .....................................................................................48 2.8.1.4 Perdeler ...................................................................................48 2.8.1.5 Eşik .........................................................................................60 2.8.1.6 Akort Burguları.......................................................................61 2.8.1.7 Teller .......................................................................................61 2.8.1.8 Cila..........................................................................................62 2.9 Kopuzun İcra Şekilleri.....................................................................................62 2.10 Kopuz Çeşitleri..............................................................................................63 2.10.1 Üç telli kopuz.......................................................................................63 2.10.1.1 Akort şekillleri ......................................................................66 2.11 Etimolojik Olarak Kopuzdan Bağlamaya Geçiş............................................68 3. ALTITELLİ KOPUZUN TÜRETİLMESİNDE ETKEN OLAN DİĞER ÖNEMLİ ÇALGILAR..........................................................................69 3.1 Klasik Gitar ve Tarihçesi.................................................................................69 3.2 Klasik Gitar Hakkında Genel Bilgiler .............................................................72 3.3 Lut....................................................................................................................74 3.4 Fiziksel Özellikler............................................................................................75 3.5 Akort Sistemleri...............................................................................................77 4. ALTITELLİ KOPUZ..........................................................................................81 4.1 Altıtelli (Kopuz) Oğur sazına Genel Bakış......................................................81 4.1.1 Teller......................................................................................................83 4.1.2 Eşik ........................................................................................................83 4.1.3 Akort Sistemleri.....................................................................................87 4.2 Sekiztelli Oğur Sazı.........................................................................................88 4.3 On Üçtelli Oğur Sazı .......................................................................................89 5. ALTITELLİ KOPUZDA İCRA TEKNİKLERİ VE NOTASYON................91 5.1 Altıtelli Kopuzun İcrasında ve Öğretiminde Ortak Standartların Belirlenmesi.....................................................................................................91 5.2 Notasyon..........................................................................................................91
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