CTBUH Journal International Journal on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat

Tall buildings: design, construction and operation | 2010 Issue IV

Hong Kong International Commerce Centre The Vertical Living Kids Research Project Tuned Liquid Dampers for Slender Tall Buildings Greening Modernism: Westraven Tower Educational Studio: The Remaking of Mumbai (II) Tallest World Records Talking Tall: Dormitowers Editor's Message

Editor It is with a mix of new ways for the Journal to inform and inspire Jan Klerks, CTBUH strong emotions that its readership. [email protected] I hand over the It was a great pleasure to see the Journal Associate Editors editorial reigns of the develop to its current level in such a short Zak Kostura, Arup CTBUH Journal to Jan [email protected] time. I am excited to transform my role into a Klerks from this Robert Lau, Roosevelt University liaison between the Journal and industry. As a [email protected] edition onwards. practicing structural engineer with Arup in Alongside the Antony Wood, CTBUH/Illinois Institute of Technology New York, I hope to offer perspectives and [email protected] sadness I feel ideas that will further enrich the content of the knowing that work pressures are now Journal. I look forward to my future work with Editorial Board preventing me from continuing as sole editor, I Ahmad Abdelrazaq, Samsung Corporation Jan in this role and offer him my full support as Hojjat Adeli, Ohio State University am delighted to stand at this particular he infuses the position of editor with his Mir Ali, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign vantage point and survey how tremendously unique understanding of (and curiosity in) the Richard W. Bukowski, Rolf Jensen & Associates, Inc. our publication has grown – in both size and Mahjoub Elnimeiri, Illinois Institute of Technology tall building industry. I would like to thank all Gary C. Hart, Weidlinger Associates stature – over the last three years. I will authors, co-editors, peer reviewers, Peter Irwin, RWDI continue my involvement within the editorial contributors and above all, the readers, who Tim Johnson, NBBJ board of the Journal. However the recent Gary Lawrence, Arup helped in making the Journal what it is today. Simon Lay, WSP Buildings Ltd. growth and lingering ambition embodied Sam Lee, Guangzhou Scientific Computing Consultants within the Journal calls for an editor who can Best Regards, Tony McLaughlin, invest what is needed to realize the potential Philip Oldfield, University of Nottingham Lester Partridge, Bassett Applied Research of this publication. I am pleased to pass the Jason Pomeroy, Broadway Malyan torch to Jan, who has been the CTBUH Swinal Samant, University of Nottingham Communications Manager for the past two Steve Watts, Davis Langdon LLP Zak Kostura Peter Weismantle, Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill years, and is a man with endless insight into Michael Willford, Arup

Design & Layout Tansri Muliani Zak has done a 1970’s building can be turned into an example [email protected] tremendous job in of sustainable retrofit in 2010. Published by bringing the CTBUH Another great paper in this issue studies the The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat Journal to the level it © CTBUH 2010 ways in which kids experience the dense and ISSN: 1946-1186 is now, and it is both urban environment. In addition, Antony a pleasure and a Wood’s High-rise Studio at the Illinois Institute Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat challenge to present S.R. Crown Hall, Illinois Institute of Technology of Technology is thinking beyond the current 3360 South State Street a Journal which lives constraints to imagine and test the future of Chicago, IL 60616 up to the reputation tall buildings and urban habitat; the results of t: +1 312 567 3487 which he has helped create. I’m very much these studies are very thought-provoking. To f: +1 312 567 3820 looking forward to building upon the works of learn more about the emerging trend of tall e: [email protected] the past, while taking future opportunities to www.ctbuh.org dormitory towers, we invited a British report on relevant and timely topics such as developer to share some insights on bringing Copyright tall buildings, urban density, the urban habitat students back into the city by building student Copyright 2010 Council on Tall Buildings and Urban and sustainability. Habitat. All rights reserved. No part of this publication towers. may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any This Journal issue features all of these. The case means, electronic or mechanical, without permission in To conclude, I would like encourage all to writing from the publisher. study presents the supertall International provide feedback on specific articles or the Commerce Centre in Hong Kong, which is Journal by sending a Letter to the Editor. I am Image Copyright located on top of one of the busiest hubs of CTBUH Journal has endeavored to determine the looking forward to hearing from you. copyright holders of all images. Those uncredited have public transportation in the world. We also been sourced from listed authors or from within CTBUH have a look at some of the technical and Best Regards, stability implications of building tall and Print This Journal is printed by Source4, Chicago. slender in very dense, compact urban environments. The green redevelopment of Front cover: Hong Kong ICC, view from Hong Kong Island. Back cover: Hong Kong ICC Façade Detail. the Westraven Tower in Utrecht, the Jan Klerks © Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates Netherlands, also demonstrates how an old

2 | Editors' Message CTBUH Journal | 2010 Issue IV Visit www.ctbuh.org for more on the global tall building industry and Inside the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat

News and Events Features

04 CTBUH Leader's Message 29 Letters 12 Case Study: International Commerce Centre

atop rail stations such as New York’s Met Life the combination of strong central planning, a (Hong Kong Special Administrative Region “More than an iconic statement, the Hong Kong Building over Grand Central Station (1960) and powerful transit authority (Hong Kong’s MTRC), 2009). ICC’s success as a development stems Tim Johnson, CTBUH Trustee Feedback and Comments ICC fundamentally alters the way tall buildings more recently KPF’s JR Central Towers in and an innovative development culture. from is its seamless connections with Central, Nagoya, Japan (2002) established fundamental Hong Kong International Airport, and are seen today. Rather than just being objects in principles for integrating the tall building with mainland China via a network of high-speed transit. In Hong Kong, the practice has Kowloon Station Development rail, subway, buses, and ferry terminals (see isolation, transit integrated tall buildings achieved a level of integration and scale Sited above Kowloon Station, ICC is integrated Figure 1). Comprising over one million square without precedent. This is made possible by meters (10.77 million square feet) of built-up David Malott with a public transportation infrastructure that represent a sustainable model for future high- carries 11 million passenger journeys per day area on 135,630 square meters (1.46 million Author square feet) of reclaimed land, the Kowloon David Malott, Director rise development.” Station Development (KSD) is billed as a “super 05 CTBUH News and Events Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates PC Soaring 484 meters (1,587 feet) above Victoria Harbor, the International Commerce Centre transport city.” According to Sun Hung Kai 44 Tall Buildings in Numbers 6F,119 Madang Lu, Xintiandi Properties Group, the developer of ICC , “The Shanghai 200021, China (ICC) is the essence of Hong Kong in one destination: high-powered finance, global tourism, density of construction around the station t: +86 21 2326 7777 luxury shopping, and world-class hospitality, all gathered in a single tower built over a f: +86 21 2326 7788 sophisticated transportation network spanning the Pearl River Delta. reflects how modern rail can provide a catalyst www.kpf.com for the creation of a highly-compact and The iconic image of twin lighthouses on opposite shores of the harbor is underlined by the efficient ‘vertical city’ (Luk et al. 2003).” Antony Wood, David Malott Tallest World Records three-minute subway link between ICC, sited at the tip of Kowloon Peninsula, with the central David Malott specializes in the design and planning of supertall buildings and complex mixed-use business district across on Hong Kong Island. With the design of ICC, the Architects addressed KSD features nearly 675,000 square meters developments. With over 15 years of experience as an (7.27 million square feet) of high-rise residen- architectural designer and project director working on the challenge of bridging this divide, using expressive formal gestures and innovative projects throughout Asia, he has contributed to the firm’s technologies that connect the tower with Hong Kong’s mass transit infrastructure. tial and service apartments, 100,000 square strong presence in China, Japan, and Hong Kong. He was meters (1.07 million square feet) of retail, made a director of the firm in 2009. CTBUH Executive Director 232,500 square meters (2.50 million square Since joining KPF in 1998, David has served as Senior Poetry of Motion alternative of urban sprawl. Amongst feet) of class ‘A’ office space, and two hotels – Designer for some of the firm’s most recognized high-income societies, Hong Kong ranks as the achievements, including the 492-meter Shanghai World This case study explores the design of the the W and the Ritz-Carlton – the latter of which Financial Center, awarded the Best Tall Building Worldwide most efficient in annual per capita energy use building at three scales of connectivity. ICC, at is located at the top of ICC. This small city is by the Council of Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat in 2008, at 2,600 kgoe (kilograms of oil equivalent) and the 490-meter International Commerce Center in the macro level, forms part of a sustainable built entirely around Kowloon Station, linked Hong Kong. He also played a key role in the design of compared to 4,180 kgoe in Germany; 7,885 46 Talking Tall: Dormitowers urban network. The tower’s internal by a superblock podium that spans the rail Roppongi Hills in Tokyo, the largest private-sector urban kgoe in the United States; and 10,350 kgoe in redevelopment project in Japan’s history, and the recently mechanisms and form both physically and corridor to create an elevated ground plane completed One Central luxury mixed-use development in the UAE (OECD 2007, OECD 2008). And while symbolically connect it to Kowloon Station. with gardens, public plazas, and outdoor cafés Macau. Hong Kong is associated with images of busy The details of the tower bring the poetry of on the station roof. The KSD superblock will Presently, he is leading the design of the 588-meter Ping streets and concrete jungles, only 2% of its An International Finance Center in Shenzhen, currently motion into being. extend into the future West Kowloon Cultural 05 What’s new: CTBUH Website Richard Simpson, UNITE under construction. With a floor area of over 460,000 total area is urban or built-up. Forest, grassland, District, a HK$21.6 billion (US$2.7 billion) square meters (5 million square feet) and 115 floors of and cropland constitute 72%, and wetlands retail, office, and observation facilities above grade, the government-financed venture that will feature PAIFC is targeted to be the world’s tallest and largest LEED Transit Integrated Tall Buildings: A and water bodies make up 25% of Hong 17 arts and culture venues including perform- certified building when completed in 2015. Sustainable Paradigm Kong’s total area (World Research Institute ing arts theatres, concert halls, museums, and 2003). Examples of building high-rise density Featuring new content now Group Plc. Beyond its picturesque profile, ICC speaks to a 15,000-seat outdoor performance venue the promise of the tall along a waterfront park. ...skeletal building as a sustainable paradigm, in which individual Connection to Mainland China available on the CTBUH buildings form part of In 2015, the introduction of the Express Rail If Miami is a city of a larger ecosystem of Link (XRL), connecting Hong Kong with the surfaces, of pink plaster and “ vertical centers linked major cities in the Pearl River Delta, will deco doodahs, this building by horizontal networks transform the region into a transportation is skeletal, naked. of public supercity of 120 million people, which will website 52 Reviews transportation. produce five percent of the world’s manufac- Rowan Moore, Architectural” Review's Increasing density in tured goods and one-third of China’s trade journalist, describing Herzog & de Meuron's city centers is more value. The XRL terminal, to be constructed 1111 Lincoln Road, Miami. From “1111 adjacent to ICC, will carry 100,000 passengers Lincoln Road”, The Architectural Review, effective in preserving per day across one of the world’s most heavily June 2010 land resources and Exhibition: Sullivan's Idea trafficked borders. Travel time from ICC to reducing energy usage than the Figure 1. Public transportation connections from ICC Figure 2. Vertical circulation zoning Shenzhen’s central business district will ® 06 Global News Book: Marina City. Bertrand 12 | International Commerce Centre CTBUH Journal | 2010 Issue IV CTBUH Journal | 2010 Issue IV International Commerce Centre | 13 Highlights from the CTBUH Goldberg's Urban Vision global news archive 53 Diary & Competitions Application of Tuned Liquid Dampers for the What's coming up? 30 Efficient Structural Design of Slender Tall Buildings tall building is a reinforced concrete framed field measurements of the as-built structure, residential tower standing on a three-level and experimental evaluation for the structure- Case Study podium (see Figure 2). Confined in a tight site TLD system (see Figure 3). “Tall, slender buildings on restricted sites area of approximately 27 × 27 meters (89 x 89 feet), the development is surrounded by Step 1: Structural optimization with present structural engineers with dynamic existing buildings, busy traffic and crowded analytical building model retail outlets. A shallow base width of just 13 An analytical building model was created problems that are difficult to resolve... This meters (43 feet) led to an extremely high using ETABS Building Analysis and Design performance-based design approach permits slenderness ratio of 1:12, making the structure Software (see Figure 4). The structural CTBUH potentially sensitive to dynamic wind load parameters of element layout, size and David Lee Martin Ng investigating separate structural systems and the material grade in the analytical model were evaluated in sensitivity analysis to identify their Authors Performance-Based Design 12 Case Study: International design of the corresponding optimal parameters most efficient deployment for providing David Lee, Executive Vice President From the design experiences in various (Building Engineering) sufficient lateral stiffness within the building building projects, it has been observed that AECOM Asia Company Ltd to achieve adequate static and dynamic building layout (see Figure 5). In this stage, the wind Grand Central Plaza, Tower 2 there is a discrepancy between the structural load derived from wind code was considered. 138 Shatin Rural Committee Road responses for an efficient structure.” parameters and the corresponding optimal Shatin, Hong Kong Review of the structural system will be carried Commerce Centre values for satisfactory static and dynamic t: +852 2737 9722 out in next design stage when more f: +852 2317 7609 performance. To assure that a slender structure The design of tall buildings has undergone a constant evolution during the past decade. Figure 1. Typical urban area in Hong Kong comprehensive loading information from wind e: [email protected] Advancements in material, structural systems, analysis, and construction techniques have could be designed to handle static and tunnel studies is available. The updates 50 CTBUH Research Meeting, dynamic responses in an efficient way, a Martin Ng, Project Engineer (Building Engineering) allowed for the design of lighter and more slender structures. However, this evolution leads to increase in material costs and the loss of normally involve the fine tuning of element performance-based design approach is AECOM Asia Company Ltd tall buildings being increasingly prone to potential motion problems under wind and usable floor area required for accommodating sizes because the wind load suggested in the David Malott Grand Central Plaza, Tower 2 devised through which separate structural wind code is usually conservative. 138 Shatin Rural Committee Road earthquake loading. This is particularly true in Hong Kong, where land which is suitable for larger stiffening elements. systems and their optimal parameters are Shatin, Hong Kong development is scarce (see Figure 1). In addition, the combination of high wind loads and designed. The proposed procedures followed t: +852 3105 8041 slender high-rise buildings means that controlling the motion in these buildings can be a Step 2: Wind tunnel testing Venice f: +852 2317 7609 critical factor in the design. Tuned Liquid Damper a rigorous process of preliminary analysis, wind e: [email protected] tunnel studies, analytical design of the TLD, Wind tunnel testing included wind characteris- David Lee This paper summarizes the experiences gained in a residential project on efficient design for This paper assesses a design alternative of tics and building responses influenced by ® David Lee has over 29 years of experience in managing building motion reduction using tuned liquid dampers. The potential advantages in terms of using an auxiliary damping system, which is a feasibility studies and design and construction supervision for a wide range of buildings and structural performance and cost of using an auxiliary damping system over the conventional method are much more efficient way of counteracting tall Review of the CTBUH Working projects including high-rise buildings, basements, discussed. Also, an outline of the design procedures for a tuned liquid damper is given. The building motion. A Tuned Liquid Damper (TLD) foundations, and associated geotechnical works. Recent notable projects included Resort Worlds at Sentosa improved performance of the building and recommendations for future designs are is the considered type of damping system as it Research (), Etihad Towers (Abu Dhabi), Shanghai IFC highlighted. offers benefits of a low initial cost and minimal and Wharf Wheelock Plaza (Shanghai), and Grand Lisboa (Macau). David has a special interest in wind maintenance over time. The damper is tuned engineering for tall buildings. He has been involved in Wind and Building Motion critical compared to along-wind. The wind to the natural frequency of the building so that Group Inaugural Meeting some of the slender tall buildings constructed in Hong it provides counteracting inertia force in the Kong, including The Summit, Harbourfront Landmark Wind has a major effect on the lateral loads of code normally contains limited information and York Place. related to loading due to cross-wind and wind out-of-phase motion with the building and a tall building in Hong Kong because of its leads to dissipation of the building vibration Martin Ng location in a typhoon-active region. The very tunnel testing, as those results will be valuable Martin Ng was involved in a variety of specialized in terms of supplementing this knowledge and reduction in motion. The effectiveness in research and consultancy projects, including a health first step for efficient structural design is to building acceleration reduction (being directly monitoring project for the and a research the most accurate wind load gap. vibration control study for the Stonecutters Bridge, related to occupant comfort), between the both in Hong Kong. During his PhD study he researched prediction and the associated structural The conventional method of preventing conventional method and the design and developed seismic control systems for buildings. responses. A static response could be assessed excessive wind induced motion is to increase 18 Can Tall Buildings be Since he joined AECOM, he has consulted on building alternative is compared. Design procedures for monitoring projects and has worked on the design of based on the loads suggested in the wind the stiffness of the building. This reduces the a slender building with a TLD are also outlined Figure 2. York Place under construction and completed auxiliary damping devices for Hong Kong and overseas code. However, load estimation related to amplitude of motion and the likeliness of 54 Profile: William Maibusch projects. and an overview of the experience gained for wind directional effect and the local resonance. As the stiffness of the building future designs is given. topography of the site is not comprehensive. increases, so does its natural frequency, and Step ONE Step TWO Step THREE Step FOUR Step FIVE When the building is more slender than typical therefore the chance of a close match Analycal building Wind tunnel test Preliminary design of Field measurement Experimental study to Child-Friendly? model determines physically idenfies the damper tank, for the as-built elevate control tall buildings, it becomes more dynamically between building frequency and dominant opmal structural crical response using analycal structure to idenfy performance of the A Hong Kong Case study layout for stac levels and effecve approach to obtain actual building structure-TLD system sensitive. For example, cross-wind in the form frequency of wind can be prevented. However, performance structural parame- TLD design parame- frequency for design by scaled physical CTBUH Trustee The considered case study project involves the ters to migate ters review of the model of vortex shedding can harmonize with the in a very slender building project, the penalty dynamic response damper tank structural design of a new 39-story residential building’s natural periods and will be more for increasing the stiffness could mean an and commercial building named York Place at The Vertical Living Kids Figure 3. Design procedures for tall slender buildings with tuned liquid damper Wanchai, Hong Kong. The 152-meter (499-foot)

30 | Application of Tuned Liquid Damper CTBUH Journal | 2010 Issue IV CTBUH Journal | 2010 Issue IV Application of Tuned Liquid Damper | 31 Research Project 55 CTBUH Organizational Carolyn Whitzman Structure & Member Listings

24 Greening Modernism: The Remaking of Mumbai (II) Westraven Tower 38 A CTBUH-IIT Educational Design Studio “Many of the projects this year were inspired particularly by the sustain- Jeroen Hendriks ability implications of land use and how to incorporate ‘horizontal’ land- consuming functions vertically in the sky, thus challenging the traditional functions of office, residential, and hotel which predominate in tall build- Mumbai Skyline © Seth Ellsworth ings. The end results are thus one that require a projection into the future for the viewer...” 30 Application of Tuned Liquid Written by Antony Wood, CTBUH Executive Director/Illinois Institute of Technology The CTBUH/IIT 2010 spring semester student design project undertaken between January and May 2010 was a continuation of the 2009 studio, thanks to the continued sponsorship support of the Remaking of Mumbai Federation (for a full description of last year's studio and the resulting design responses, see CTBUH Journal 2010 Issue I). Once again, 12 advanced architectural students from the Illinois Institute of Technology and I Dampers for the Efficient set out from the white frozen landscape that is January in Chicago, to the riot of color, sound and smells that is Mumbai at any time of the year! Once there, we had a week of studying the were clearly to have an influence on the interesting to see the differences between the historic C-ward district of the Indian city (for an design schemes to follow, as was also the six resulting projects for the same site, though IIT students' in collaboration with students from Sir JJ College of Architecture IIT student with C-Ward skyline in the background © Seth Ellsworth insight on this area, and Mumbai generally, see influence of infamous French skyscraper- all were inspired by the same motivation to © Mark Swingler Structural Design of Slender the report of last year’s fieldtrip, in CTBUH climber Alain Robert who also spoke at the create tall buildings beyond the largely space right in the city centre, but are used by Zoroastrian (Parsi) – with the traditions and stored above the conceptual “ground” created Journal 2009 Issue I), and collaborating with event (read on...). commercial or sculptural approaches that very few (living!) people at any given time. customs of burial/cremation influencing the (very much in the spirit of the European the students of Sir JJ College of Architecture in Unlike last year, where we worked across five predominate around the world today: tall Such a significant cemetery currently exists detailed design of each zone. Thus in the stacked cemeteries seen commonly in Greece seeking to understand the city and Indian adjoining sites in the C-ward and developed a buildings that relate physically, adjacent to the project site, and the Moksha Hindu zone, the processes are primarily of or Spain) connected by a series of ramps. culture. This year, the students also attended combined scheme for a linked vertical city of environmentally and culturally to place. Tower design thus proposed to incorporate cremation, whereas in the Muslim and Perhaps the most evocative – though smallest the CTBUH 2010 World Conference, “Remaking Tall Buildings the future (see image of last year’s scheme Many of the projects this year were inspired the existing graves into a new “vertical Christian zones above, the bodies are buried. – zone is that for the Zoroastrian community at Sustainable Cities in the Vertical Age”, which below), this year each pair of students particularly by the sustainability implications of cemetery” in the sky, which would also In the Muslim zone the bodies are buried the top of the building where, according to was happening in Mumbai during our visit, developed a different scheme for the same land use and how to incorporate “horizontal” accommodate the departed in the future. below the conceptual “ground” created, and their traditions, vultures pick the bones of the and thus had the opportunity to hear from site, which was located closer west to the land-consuming functions vertically in the sky, This cemetery is divided into four zones thus one descends on hydraulic platforms dead clean in the funerary tower (in this such luminaries as Charles Correa, Ken Yeang Arabian Sea/Marine Drive, in close proximity to thus challenging the limited traditional according to the four predominant religions in below the landscaped plane to visit the burial modern age, assisted by solar-photovolatic- and William Baker. Some of these presentations David Lee & Martin Ng the Marine Lines railway terminus. It was thus functions of office, residential, hotel which crypts. In the Christian zone the bodies are induced decay of the bodies). the area: Hindu, Muslim, Christian and predominate in tall buildings. The end results The expression of the building is very much were thus one that require a projection into one of a cemetery swept vertically, with the the future for the viewer, based on the facades of the building – stretched between overarching theme that the dense, vertical the four, separate corner circulation cores – cities of the future need to become much representing the horizontal landscape plain of more radical and intensified in all aspects – a typical cemetery through which the bodies energy use, function, form and connection to are inserted, now turned through 90 degrees. name but four – than they are currently... These full-height vegetated walls also have 38 CTBUH–IIT Educational major climatic benefits to both the building Moksha Tower – Vertical Cemetery and city, through helping condition the Mumbai's horizontal density leaves little room for (largely open) internal areas, reduce heat island the living, let alone the dead. effect, etc. The internal spaces – including significant public green spaces – provide for Traditional cemeteries take up significant areas Design Studio: The funeral, memorial and reflection as with a of land. In a city like Mumbai, where there is traditional cemetery. precious little landscaped space for everyday urban usage and recreation, it is ironic that The proposition is clearly a radical one, but The resulting collaborative design scheme from last year’s Mumbai studio (2009), with five linked towers suggesting a these cemeteries take up significant open Moksha Tower (Vertical Cemetary) – Yalin Fu and Ihsuan Lin, 2010 would bring back the adjoining cemetery ® Remaking of Mumbai (II) vision for the future (See CTBUH Journal 2010 Issue I, p. 22-33) 38 | Tall and Green: The Remaking of Mumbai CTBUH Journal | 2010 Issue IV CTBUH Journal | 2010 Issue IV Tall and Green: The Remaking of Mumbai | 39 Antony Wood “Tall buildings are a different proposition to just undertaking functional develop- ment of lower-rise buildings. There is something more significant in creating a building that adds a little bit more personality to the city's urban landscape, which will be viewed for generations to come.” Richard Simpson, page 46

CTBUH Journal | 2010 Issue IV Content | 3 The CTBUH Global News Archive is an online resource for all the latest news on tall buildings, urban development and sustainable construction from around the world. Each issue, the CTBUH Journal publishes selected feeds from Global News the online archive. For comprehensive industry news, visit the Global News Archive at: http://news.ctbuh.org

London Skyline Going Up contract values, which again has led to some projects starting up again. All such projects are In May 2009, the Planning Officer for the City running major value engineering exercises and of , Peter Rees, told UK-based Building contractors are hiring engineering teams to Design Magazine that, “If a major project has review previous designs with a fresh pair of not started in the city already, it is unlikely to eyes to seek out alternative design options.” start. I’m not thinking years, I’m thinking decades. … After the Wall Street crash, it took Phillip Oldfield, academic at the University of 20 years to recover.” Merely one year later, news Nottingham, notes the following, “One reason I articles read that previously mothballed tall feel that many of these towers were not ‘lost’ to building projects in London are being the economy and are now being realized is the resurrected. This development is credited to a quality of their design. The Heron Tower with recent surge in the amount charged for rent its stacked ‘villages’ of office space, the and a looming shortage of high quality office super-mixed-use London Bridge Tower with its space. As a result, in June of this year, Rees sustainable credentials, 122 Leadenhall Street corrects himself in an interview for the London with its outstanding ground floor interface, all Evening Standard, “How quickly history rights represent unique and progressive tall building itself. As of this moment I'm not aware of any design. A more long term trend that will occur project that's still on hold. People are either on or perhaps is already occurring in the UK, is the site, in the process of tendering or are construction of residential and mixed-use concluding deals.” towers. I think people are beginning to want to live in the city again, with the sustainability and Given the current global financial situation, this recreational benefits it brings, and this will might come as an interesting surprise. We bring a new generation of residential towers asked a few of our UK-based CTBUH members into being.” how they perceive this development. Advisory Group member Simon Lay of WSP reports the CTBUH's UK Country Leader and Davis following, “We are indeed seeing some Langdon partner Steve Watts noted about this 122 Leadenhall Street © British Land interesting signs of limited recovery. This is development, “Essentially, the limited pool of most evident in London where there has been contractors with the necessary experience and landmark buildings were hit by price increases some movement from large investment banks capabilities could pick and choose their of around 20% in just one year. With agents and insurers to seek out new premises, projects, and they would price risks, real or telling anyone willing to listen that there is a perhaps seeking to strike a long-term deal perceived, accordingly. They were also looking growing shortage of good, quality office space while the rental market is low. There are also to limit their exposure to such schemes, in the Capital, and returning rental values in some signs that clients with access to funding preferring to earn their returns on more 2013–14, developers have started to dust off are seeking to take advantage of depressed straightforward buildings. Thus, a number of their on-hold designs with a view to getting them delivered as quickly as possible. And that means there is little or no appetite to ...cities compromise planning permissions by fundamentally changing the design, even with rationalization in mind. But finance is still The 21st century will not be dominated by America or China, problematic. It is no coincidence that some of Brazil“ or India, but by the city. In an age that appears increasingly these projects have Middle Eastern backing. unmanageable, cities rather than states are becoming the islands of Sovereign wealth funds have provided the governance on which the future world order will be built. This new money that banks did not have, and have appreciated the long-term value of trophy world is not – and will not be – one global village, so much as a assets – investments with the bonus of a weak network of different ones. Sterling on their side. And whilst there are ” some signs that finance may be being Parag Khanna, senior research fellow at the New America Foundation. released, funders have a different and more From “Beyond City Limits”, Foreign Policy, Sept/Oct 2010. robust approach to risks, and will require a significant pre-let.”

6 | Global News CTBUH Journal | 2010 Issue IV Four clocks with a 43-meter (141-foot) diameter have been installed on all faces of the 601-meter (1,972-foot) tall Mecca Royal Clock Hotel Tower. The Holy Mecca Clock was set in motion one minute after midnight on August 11, the first day of the holy month of Ramadan, by order of King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al-Saud of Saudi Arabia. The clock was designed by German and Swiss engineers and will be visible from more than 25 kilometers (16 miles) away. Upon completion in 2011, besides becoming the second tallest building in the world, the clock tower will be the tallest building in Saudi Arabia and the tallest and largest hotel tower in the world. EverRich 2 © DWP Architects On August 3, the Port Authority of New York Vietnam Projects and New Jersey signed a tentative deal to move the Condé Nast headquarters to 1 World For an area in District 7 of Ho Chi Minh City, the Trade Center, the 541-meter (1,776-foot) Vietnamese architects DWP designed a self- skyscraper, formerly known as Freedom Tower, sustaining community in a single continuous is currently under construction in New York loop, resembling a roller coaster. At 630,000 City. Introducing a high-profile tenant such as square meters (6.8 million square feet) and the worldwide magazine publishing company reaching heights of 45 floors, the EverRich 2 is considered a milestone in the development project is substantial by any measure. There of New York’s future tallest tower. Signing a are 3,100 apartment units ranging from 120 to private anchor tenant will help spur interest 250 square meters (1,300 to 2,700 square feet) from other potential tenants, which may each with two floors of mixed retail and public produce higher rents. space at ground level. The architects have produced a clever design that maintains good views from all apartments, and incorporates a number of sustainable ideas including natural ventilation, sky gardens, green roofs and elevation shading treatments that will make the building very efficient in terms of energy usage. Carnegie 57 © Christian de Portzamparc On May 7, Vietnam’s Ocean Bank and Petrovietnam Construction Corporation Project Progress publicly presented plans for a 102-story tower on a 25-acre area in Me Tri commune in The financially-challenged Carnegie 57 project Hanoi’s outlying district of Tu Liem, Vietnam. in New York City has seen its hopes of getting The 528-meter (1,732-foot) tall PVN Tower is completed increased dramatically. Abu Dhabi named after its main tenant PetroVietNam, based Aabar Investments is participating for being the trading name of Vietnam Oil and US$1.3 billion in the 75-story skyscraper, which Gas Group. The estimated investment cost will will stand at 306 meters (1,005 feet) tall when be more than US$1 billion. Construction of the completed in 2013. Funding issues delayed project is scheduled to begin in early 2011 and construction of the project after the is expected to be completed within three foundation of the building was completed. years. The building is considered to be a future With three quarters of the initial financing in icon of the Vietnam Oil and Gas Group. place, a work permit has been approved to continue working on the next phase of the tower. Mecca Royal Clock Hotel Tower © Dar al-Handasah Shair & Partners

CTBUH Journal | 2010 Issue IV Global News | 7 Case Study: International Commerce Centre

“More than an iconic statement, the Hong Kong ICC fundamentally alters the way tall buildings are seen today. Rather than just being objects in isolation, transit integrated tall buildings David Malott represent a sustainable model for future high- Author David Malott, Director rise development.”

Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates PC Soaring 484 meters (1,588 feet) above Victoria Harbor, the International Commerce Centre 6F,119 Madang Lu, Xintiandi Shanghai 200021, China (ICC) is the essence of Hong Kong in one destination: high-powered finance, global tourism, t: +86 21 2326 7777 luxury shopping, and world-class hospitality, all gathered in a single tower built over a f: +86 21 2326 7788 sophisticated transportation network spanning the Pearl River Delta. www.kpf.com The iconic image of twin lighthouses on opposite shores of the harbor is underlined by the David Malott David Malott specializes in the design and planning of three-minute subway link between ICC, sited at the tip of Kowloon Peninsula, with the central supertall buildings and complex mixed-use business district across on Hong Kong Island. With the design of ICC, the Architects addressed developments. With over 15 years of experience as an architectural designer and project director working on the challenge of bridging this divide, using expressive formal gestures and innovative projects throughout Asia, he has contributed to the firm’s technologies that connect the tower with Hong Kong’s mass transit infrastructure. strong presence in China, Japan, and Hong Kong. He was made a director of the firm in 2009. Since joining KPF in 1998, David has served as Senior Poetry of Motion alternative of urban sprawl. Amongst Designer for some of the firm’s most recognized high-income societies, Hong Kong ranks as the achievements, including the 492-meter Shanghai World This case study explores the design of the Financial Center, awarded the Best Tall Building Worldwide building at three scales of connectivity. ICC, at most efficient in annual per capita energy use by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat in at 2,600 kgoe (kilograms of oil equivalent) 2008, and the 490-meter International Commerce Center the macro level, forms part of a sustainable in Hong Kong. He also played a key role in the design of urban network. The tower’s internal compared to 4,180 kgoe in Germany; 7,885 Roppongi Hills in Tokyo, the largest private-sector urban kgoe in the United States; and 10,350 kgoe in redevelopment project in Japan’s history, and the recently mechanisms and form both physically and completed One Central luxury mixed-use development in symbolically connect it to Kowloon Station. the UAE (OECD 2007, OECD 2008). And while Macau. The details of the tower bring the poetry of Hong Kong is associated with images of busy Presently, he is leading the design of the 588-meter Ping streets and concrete jungles, only 2% of its An International Finance Center in Shenzhen, currently motion into being. under construction. With a floor area of over 460,000 total area is urban or built-up. Forest, grassland, square meters (5 million square feet) and 115 floors of and cropland constitute 72%, and wetlands retail, office, and observation facilities above grade, the PAIFC is targeted to be the world’s tallest and largest LEED Transit Integrated Tall Buildings: A and water bodies make up 25% of Hong certified building when completed in 2015. Sustainable Paradigm Kong’s total area (World Research Institute 2003). Examples of building high-rise density Beyond its picturesque profile, ICC speaks to the promise of the tall ...skeletal building as a sustainable paradigm, in which individual buildings form part of If Miami is a city of a larger ecosystem of surfaces,“ of pink plaster and vertical centers linked deco doodahs, this building by horizontal networks is skeletal, naked. of public transportation. Rowan Moore, Architectural” Review's Increasing density in journalist, describing Herzog & de Meuron's city centers is more 1111 Lincoln Road, Miami. From “1111 Lincoln Road”, The Architectural Review, effective in preserving June 2010 land resources and reducing energy usage than the Figure 1. Public transportation connections from ICC

12 | Hong Kong International Commerce Centre CTBUH Journal | 2010 Issue IV atop rail stations such as New York’s Met Life the combination of strong central planning, a (Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Building over Grand Central Station (1960) and powerful transit authority (Hong Kong’s MTRC), 2009). ICC’s success as a development stems more recently KPF’s JR Central Towers in and an innovative development culture. from is its seamless connections with Central, Nagoya, Japan (2002) established fundamental Hong Kong International Airport, and principles for integrating the tall building with mainland China via a network of high-speed transit. In Hong Kong, the practice has Kowloon Station Development rail, subway, buses, and ferry terminals (see achieved a level of integration and scale Sited above Kowloon Station, ICC is integrated Figure 1). Comprising over one million square without precedent. This is made possible by with a public transportation infrastructure that meters (10.77 million square feet) of built-up carries 11 million passenger journeys per day area on 135,630 square meters (1.46 million square feet) of reclaimed land, the Kowloon Station Development (KSD) is billed as a “super transport city.” According to Sun Hung Kai Properties Group, the developer of ICC, “The density of construction around the station reflects how modern rail can provide a catalyst for the creation of a highly-compact and efficient ‘vertical city’ (Luk et al. 2003).” KSD features nearly 675,000 square meters (7.27 million square feet) of high-rise residen- tial and service apartments, 100,000 square meters (1.07 million square feet) of retail, 232,500 square meters (2.50 million square feet) of class “A” office space, and two hotels – the W and the Ritz-Carlton – the latter of which is located at the top of ICC. This small city is built entirely around Kowloon Station, linked by a superblock podium that spans the rail corridor to create an elevated ground plane with gardens, public plazas, and outdoor cafés on the station roof. The KSD superblock will extend into the future West Kowloon Cultural District, a HK$21.6 billion (US$2.7 billion) government-financed venture that will feature 17 arts and culture venues including perform- ing arts theatres, concert halls, museums, and a 15,000-seat outdoor performance venue along a waterfront park.

Connection to Mainland China In 2015, the introduction of the Express Rail Link (XRL), connecting Hong Kong with the major cities in the Pearl River Delta, will transform the region into a transportation supercity of 120 million people, which will produce five percent of the world’s manufac- tured goods and one-third of China’s trade value. The XRL terminal, to be constructed adjacent to ICC, will carry 100,000 passengers per day across one of the world’s most heavily trafficked borders. Travel time from ICC to Figure 2. Vertical circulation zoning Shenzhen’s central business district will

CTBUH Journal | 2010 Issue IV Hong Kong International Commerce Centre | 13 Can Tall Buildings be Child-Friendly? The Vertical Living Kids Research Project

“The challenge for urban planners, developers, and researchers is to respond to children’s articulate and nuanced understanding of their environmental preferences, and to proactively Carolyn Whitzman plan for child-friendly cities, including in the Author high-density environments increasingly being Carolyn Whitzman, Associate Professor Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning University of found in both inner city and suburban locales. Parkville, Victoria 3010 Australia Children should ‘belong’ in high-rise flats, just

t: +61 3 8344 8723 f: +61 3 8344 5532 as they should belong everywhere else in a truly e: [email protected]

Carolyn Whitzman inclusive city.” Dr. Carolyn Whitzman is an Associate Professor in Urban Planning at the University of Melbourne. She is the author of Suburb, Slum, Urban Village: Transformations Australian skylines have undergone a profound change in recent years, with the emergence of in a Toronto Neighbourhood 1875–2002 (University of new high-rise residential developments occurring in tandem with economic restructuring and British Columbia Press, 2009), The Handbook of Community Safety, Gender, and Violence Prevention: changing household demographics. The Vertical Living Kids research project is sparked by a practical planning tools (Earthscan, 2008), and the precipitous decline in children’s independent mobility across Australia, and by the fact that co-author of Safe Cities: guidelines for planning, design, and management (Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1995). there is virtually no Australian research or media coverage of children living in central city Previously, she worked for the City of Toronto on apartments rather than more traditional suburbs. As intensification of Australian cities healthy city initiatives. Dr. Whitzman has an international reputation for her work on the prevention becomes orthodox in Australian planning circles, consideration must be given to how these of violence. Current research interests include the environments can support children’s health and wellbeing, and their right to the city. development and evaluation of integrated violence prevention initiatives at the local government level, increasing independent mobility for children, and the policy implications of planning for healthy and The Vertical Living Kids Research Project Foundation [VicHealth] (Whitzman & Mizrachi equitable cities in a national and international context. The research project entitled: “Vertical Living 2009). The research project had two objectives: Kids: Creating Supportive High-rise Environ- to explore the built and social environmental ments for Children in Melbourne, Australia” was determinants of children’s independent conducted from July 2008 to December 2009 mobility (CIM) in central Melbourne’s high-rise and funded by the Victorian Health Promotion housing, and to uncover international best practice in planning policy for these communi- ties. Children’s independent mobility is defined ...legacy as the freedom of those under 18 to explore public space without adult accompaniment (Hillman et al. 1990). Forty children and their parents (18 living in public housing and 22 in We’re here as stewards to protect this New York City privately owned housing) – aged 8 to 12 and icon… I’m not concerned about the views from my building, all in grades 4 to 6 of primary school – partici- “ pated. We used a range of qualitative and I’m concerned about the views of my building and its quantitative techniques, including children legacy. being provided with a disposable camera for a week and then creating an annotated collage Anthony ”Malkin, owner of the Empire State Building in response to a nearby proposed 1,200 foot of their pictures, a travel activity diary filled out development. From “King Kong 2.0 as Tower Topples NYC Skyline", The Architect's Newspaper, by children, GPS and accelerometers to August 25, 2010. measure energy expended and geographic

18 | The Vertical Living Kids Research Project CTBUH Journal | 2010 Issue IV Public Housing Kids (18 children) Private Housing Kids (22 children) equating to just over 4,000 people (City of Melbourne 2008, Appendix 19). Nearby green open space (13 children) Commercial spaces (18 children), major downtown shopping centers (12 children): milk bars, fast food shops, One of the few Australian studies to compare laneway shops downtown children’s experiences in both public and Commercial spaces such as milk bars and other local Public spaces not specifi cally designated for children (17 private high-rise flats – conducted by Ross shops (8 children) children): Federation Square (large multi-purpose public space), Southbank promenade (riverside walk, with lots of King and colleagues in Sydney (King 1974) – shops and restaurants), City Library found significant differences between the two Play spaces (12 children): skate parks, adventure play- samples. Children residing in public housing grounds, tennis courts, Flagstaff Gardens (mid-size park generally played with friends living in the same adjacent to downtown) block and had more independent mobility Private amenities within apartments (7 children): com- within smaller ranges. Children residing in munal green spaces, pools, tennis courts, but 4 of these children complained about restrictions on use private high-rise housing generally engaged in Train stations and tram stops they use to get to places (7 more home-based and structured activities, children) but also had a greater range in terms of Table 1. Places children like and regularly use distances travelled. The children in private housing generally responded to nearby facilities more positively, although child Public Housing Kids (18 children) Private Housing Kids (22 children) densities were greater in public housing (King Aspects of their housing estates (13 children): boring parks Public transport and road safety concerns (12 children): 1974). In short, “apartment children do not live (for little children), “druggies” or “hobos” on the estate, lifts diffi cult intersections to cross, noise from roads, volume of in a vacuum” but are “embedded in more breaking down, graffi ti and maintenance, limited variety traffi c (particularly truck traffi c), tram stops dirty and trams encompassing social, cultural, and spatial of shops crowded, approached by beggars at tram stops, people smoking at tram stops systems that may alleviate or exacerbate any General personal safety concerns (6 children): “angry” or effects which may occur” as the result of the “scary drunks” (particularly near pubs), graffi ti (“bozos high-rise design (Van Vliet 1983, 227). trashing places”) Landmarks that are “boring” (4 children): State Library, Arts Center Research Findings Table 2. Places children are concerned about / do not like Our research, undertaken 35 years later, largely mirrored the results of the 1974 King’s study. territory covered, a parental survey, and a the Australian urban citizenry” (Jamieson & Children in public high-rise housing desk-top policy review. In Australia, high-rise Jacobs 1996, 78). As a result, both developers experienced relatively high levels of housing is defined as buildings comprising of and planners involved in the massive independent mobility: 62% of their journeys four or more stories (Australian Bureau of redevelopment of Melbourne’s waterfront and were undertaken either alone or with other Statistics 2004, 166). We interviewed children central business district in the 1980’s and children, while only 17% of trips taken by the living in buildings between 4 to 50 stories 1990’s assumed that new residential towers private high-rise sample were undertaken high. would be populated by childless households, without adult accompaniment. 85% of parents We embarked on this research because the and accordingly designed and advertised in our admittedly small sample of 28 (20 of concept of children growing up in high-rise them as family-free zones, without sufficient whom living in privately owned housing) said housing is still treated as something abnormal community services, facilities, and open space that their children were allowed to travel in the Australian context. This is despite for families (Costello 2005; Fincher 2007). without a parent to school, 59% allowed them widespread high-rise public housing However, families with children are found in to travel to park or playground by the age of constructed in the 1960’s, private market these new central city flats. In 2001, 20% of the 12. In comparison, a recent study in apartments being promoted as part of urban population in high-rise units across Australia Melbourne’s suburbs found that only 59% of intensification from the 1980’s onwards, and were living as a family containing children girls and 65% of boys aged 8 to 12 regularly the fact that children routinely live in high-rise (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2004, 169). In walked or cycled to school, and 40% of girls environments in many cities in the world, 2006, parents with children below the age of and 48% of boys who regularly walked or including London, New York, Singapore, and 12 comprised 7%, 5% and 9% of households cycled to parks, ovals, and playgrounds Hong Kong (Costello 2005). Partly, the issue residing in Docklands, Melbourne Central (Timperio et al. 2004, 42). was that high-rise housing was conflated with Business District, and Southbank respectively The geographies of children in public housing social issues in public housing; with the (City of Melbourne 2008, Appendix 2). By 2021, were dominated by local, designated play high-rise form itself “considered to be alien to children aged 14 and below will comprise spaces that were perceived as unsatisfactory the architectural and housing preferences of 7.7% of the total population of these areas, by the children (see Figure 1 and Table 1

CTBUH Journal | 2010 Issue IV The Vertical Living Kids Research Project | 19 About the Council

The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, based at the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago, is an international not-for-profit organization supported by architecture, engineering, planning, development and construction professionals. Founded in 1969, the Council’s mission is to disseminate multi-disciplinary information on tall buildings and sustainable urban environments, to maximize the international interaction of professionals involved in creating the built environment, and to make the latest knowledge available to professionals in a useful form. The CTBUH disseminates its findings, and facilitates business exchange, through: the publication of books, monographs, proceedings and reports; the organization of world congresses, international, regional and specialty conferences and workshops; the maintaining of an extensive website and tall building databases of built, under construction and proposed buildings; the distribution of a monthly international tall building e-newsletter; the maintaining of an international resource center; the bestowing of annual awards for design and construction excellence and individual lifetime achievement; the management of special task forces/working groups; the hosting of technical forums; and the publication of the CTBUH Journal, a professional journal containing refereed papers written by researchers, scholars and practicing professionals. The Council is the arbiter of the criteria upon which tall building height is measured, and thus the title of "The World’s Tallest Building" determined. CTBUH is the world’s leading body dedicated to the field of tall buildings and urban habitat and the recognized international source for information in these fields.

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