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Carinotetraodon Travancoricus) and Phylogeny of Tetraodontidae

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Carinotetraodon Travancoricus) and Phylogeny of Tetraodontidae ACADEMY OF MARITIME EDUCATION AND TRAINING (AMET) (Declared as Deemed to be University u/s 3 of UGC Act 1956) 135, EAST COAST ROAD, KANATHUR, CHENNAI - 603 112. TAMILNADU, INDIA IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON CANCER PATIENTS AND ITS MANAGEMENT-THE UNTOLD STORY A Report on Internship In Department of Marine Biotechnology By NEETI KOTHARI AMBT19004 MAY 2020 1 | P a g e INTERNSHIP CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Ms. Neeti Kothari (Reg. No. AMBT19004) of M.Sc., Marine Biotechnology 1st Year II Semester has done the work titled ” Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Cancer Patients And Its Management-The Untold Story” as a part of Home Based Internship for a partial fulfilment of academic records. She has taken 45 hours to complete the work and her report was found to be excellent. Signature of the HOD Signature of the Mentor (Dr. L. Senthilnathan) (Dr. M. Jayaprakashvel) INTERNSHIP ALLOCATION REPORT 2019-20 Name of the Department: Marine Biotechnology (In view of advisory from the AICTE, internships for the year 2019-20 are offered by the Department itself to facilitate the students to take up required work from their home itself during the lock down period due to COVID-19 outbreak) Name of the Programme : M.Sc Marine Biotechnology Year of study and Batch/Group : I Year, Batch -12 Name of the Mentor : Dr. M. Jayaprakashvel Title of the assigned internship : Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Cancer Patients And Its Management-The Untold Story Nature of Internship : Individual/Group Reg No of Students who are assigned with this internship: Reg. No. AMBT19004 Total No. of Hours Required to complete the Internship: 45 Hours Signature of the Mentor Signature of the Internal Signature of HoD / Programme Examiner Head INTERNSHIP EVALUATION REPORT 2019-20 Name of the Department: Marine Biotechnology (In view of advisory from the AICTE, internships for the year 2019-20 are offered by the Department itself to facilitate the students to take up required work from their home itself during the lock down period due to COVID-19 outbreak) Name of the Student Neeti Kothari Register No and Roll No AMBT19004 Programme of study M.Sc Marine Biotechnology Year and Batch/Group I Year, Batch -12 Semester II Title of Internship Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Cancer Patients And Its Management-The Untold Story Duration of Internship ………45……..Hours Mentor of the Student Dr. M. Jayaprakashvel Evaluation by the Department Sl Criterion Max. Marks Marks No. Allotted 1 Regularity in maintenance of the diary. 10 9 2 Adequacy & quality of information recorded 10 9 3 Drawings, sketches and data recorded 10 9 4 Thought process and recording techniques used 5 5 5 Organization of the information 5 5 6 Originality of the Internship Report 20 19 7 Adequacy and purposeful write-up of the Internship 10 9 Report 8 Organization, format, drawings, sketches, style, 10 9 language etc. of the Internship Report 9 Practical applications, relationships with basic theory 10 9 and concepts 10 Presentation Skills 10 10 Total 100 93 Signature of the Mentor Signature of the Internal Signature of HoD Examiner /Programme Head CONTENTS Sl. No. TITLE PAGE No. 1 ABSTRACT 4 2 INTRODUCTION 5 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 7 4 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 21 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 23 6 REFERENCES 23 7 LIST OF FIGURES 9,10,12,14 3 | P a g e IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON CANCER PATIENTS AND ITS MANAGEMENT-THE UNTOLD STORY NEETI KOTHARI, AMET UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI ABSTRACT: Coronavirus which has been induced by SARS-Cov-2 (Systemic acquired respiratory syndrome-Covid-2) or COVID-19 is a novel virus first disclosed in Wuhan, China is becoming a globally occurring threat and a major healthcare issue of the year 2020. Cancer research has straightaway been affected by the emergence of this disease. Thousands of people, in at least 186 countries have been impacted by cancer during the outbreak of the pandemic which has affected the cancer care delivery system apart from having an effect on the overall health system. The cancer patients being in an immunosuppressive state are more susceptible to coronavirus infection due to the malignancy, the anticancer treatment and are dependent on the availability of medical facilities, which makes them enormously prone to the impact of the epidemic and these medical facilities mean their lives are on the line. Thus, it is a great challenge to manage the patients as well as to resume their routine treatment which made many oncologists to change their daily practice in cancer care and their recommendations. The safety and management of cancer patients in the current scenario of SARS-CoV-2 outbreak is extremely important and needs a well-established full-proof plan. Moreover, with the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) cancer care has been neglected, delayed, and discontinued. These decisions taken during the pandemic will have severe out- turn on the cancer mortality for years to come. Countries must isolate, test, treat and trace to benchmark the coronavirus pandemic. Oncologist must confirm that the cancer patients should spend more time at home and less time out and should communicate to their patients to pass on right information regarding the Covid-19 outbreaks. In this review paper we focus on the challenges faced, its impact and cancer management during the pandemic and its outcomes on the population. Finally, we focus on strategies that are followed in cancer management with review of national and international guidelines. It is hoped that this review will help in recognizing and dealing with SARS-CoV-2, and provide a reference for future studies. Keywords: Cancer, Pandemic, Covid-19, Oncology. 4 | P a g e INTRODUCTION: In the month of December, 2019, Wuhan, Hubei, China, witnessed a gigantic outbreak of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which is a highly contagious disease. The World Health Organization (WHO) has proclaimed the ongoing outbreak to be a global public health crisis. Currently, the research going on SARS-CoV-2 is in its primary stages. Fighting the pandemic has become the main challenge throughout the globe. Zhong Nanshan (Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong), head of the National Health Commission's team investigating the novel coronavirus outbreak, pointed out that SARS-CoV-2 carried the risk of human-to-human transmission on Jan 20, 2020(Heng Mei, X.D.,01 May 2020). During the Mid-December,2019, a case of pneumonia was reported in Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China (PRC). Its clinical characteristics were very much similar to those of viral pneumonia. After analysis of respiratory samples, the experts at the PRC Centres for Disease Control declared that the pneumonia is none other than the novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP), which was caused by a novel coronavirus. Officially the disease was named ‘COVID-19’ by the World Health Organization (WHO). The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) named the virus as ‘severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2’ (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 has high transmission and infectivity rate but a low mortality rate, when compared with severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-CoV and MERS- CoV, respectively). After the outbreak of the pandemic, around 12,784 people have died and more than 2,92,142 confirmed cases have been reported in at least 186 countries, territories, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) by 21st March, 2020. Europe has turned into a new epi-centre for COVID-19 with mortality and morbidity increasing daily. Coronaviruses are enveloped non-segmented positive-sense RNA viruses of the family Coronaviridae and the order Nidovirales. They have a diameter of 80–120 nm and are of four types: α-coronavirus, β-coronavirus, δ-coronavirus and γ- coronavirus. The genome sequence homology of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS is approximately 79%. Transmission of Covid-19 involves 3 factors and are source of infection, route of transmission and susceptibility. Bats are considered to be the natural hosts of SARS-CoV-2 with pangolins and snakes to be intermediate hosts. A study from Peking University suggested that SARS- 5 | P a g e CoV-2 infection is probably caused by snakes, but a later study found no evidence that snakes are the hosts of SARS-CoV-2. A study from Wuhan Institute of Virology showed 96.2% similarity in the gene sequence between SARS-CoV-2 and bat coronavirus using sequencing technology. This implied that bats are the potential source of SARS-CoV-2. Using macrogenomic sequencing, molecular biological detection and electron microscopic analysis, it showed 99% similarity between SARS-CoV-2 isolated from pangolins and the virus strains currently infecting humans. (Xu et al.,2020). The most common routes of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 are Droplets and Close contact, in addition with aerosol transmission. In addition, researchers have detected SARS-CoV-2 in samples of stool, gastrointestinal tract, saliva and urine. Based on the information obtained, evidence has stipulated that the digestive tract may be a route of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Covid-19 produces an acute viral infection in humans with an incubation period of 3 days which is similar to SARS-CoV with an incubation period of 2–10 day. The most common symptoms of COVID-19 are fever (87.9%), cough (67.7%), fatigue (38.1%), diarrhoea (3.7%) and vomiting (5.0%). Moreover, severe cases show several complications such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute heart injury and secondary infection. Approximately 2.5 million individuals live with, or have a history of, cancer in the UK, with 1000 new diagnoses each day.
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