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Environmental Radioactivity at the National Research Centre, Pelindaba

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Environmental Radioactivity at the National Research Centre, Pelindaba PEL 216 ATOMIC ENERGY BOARD ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY AT THE NATIONAL NUCLEAR RESEARCH CENTRE, PELINDABA REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1970 BY D. VAN AS CONSTANCE M. VLEGGAAR PELINDABA PRETORIA REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA r OCTOBER, 1971 5 PEL 216 ATOMIC ENERGY BOARD ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY AT THE NATIONAL NUCLEAR RESEARCH CENTRE, PELINDAPA REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1970 by D. van As* Constance M. Vleggaar* * Isotopes and Radiation Division PELINDABA POSTAL ADDRESS: Private Bag 256, September, 1971 PRETORIA. OPSOMMING ABSTRACT 'n Hersiene omgewingsmoniteerprogram, toegespits op monitering van kritieke A revised environmental survey programme, with the emphasis on monitoring of paaie waardeur die algemene publiek aan raoioaktiwiteit blootgestel kan word, is ge- the critical paths of exposure of the general public, was introduced during the period durende die verslagtydperk in werking gesteL covered by this report. Resultate van bepalings van totale radioaktiwiteit asook van afsonderlike nukliede Results of determinations of both gross radioactivity and of individual nuclides in in monsters van vis en water (die kritieke materiale vir vrygelate vloeibare radio- samples of fish and water (which are critical materials for liquid effluent releases) from aktiewe afval) uit die Hartbeespoortdam en die Krokodilrivier afkomstig, word verstrek. the Hartbeespoort Dam and from the Crocodile River, are given and discussed. Ewe-eens word resultate van gammaspektrometriese en ^Sr-ontledings van melk, Results of gamma-spectrometric and ^°Sr analyses of milk, the critical material die kritieke materiaal vir vrygelate gasagtige afval, aangebied. for releases to the atmosphere, are presented. Die resultate van gereelde ondersoeke na die samestelling van vrygelate afval om Results of regular investigations of the composition of effluent releases, which are moontlike nuwe kritieke nukliede te kan opspoor, word ook verstrek, performed in order to be able to detect possible other critical nuclides, are given. Konsentrasies van radioaktiwiteit in neerslag en in lug, van kernbomtoetse afkom­ 1 .eveIs of deposited and airborne activity from nuclear bomb tests are reported. stig, word weergegee. /$6^; o ?£9£c /zz9 CONTENTS Page 1. PROGRAMME 6 1.1 Measurements ° 2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 6 2.1 Gamma Survey ° ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 2.2 Milk 6 2.3 Fish 7 The authors wish to express their thanks to 2.4 Water 7 Dr. J.K. Basson - for his continued interest in the enviion- 2.5 Sediment 7 (Director: Isotopes and Radiation) mental programme, 3. RADIOACTIVE EFFLUENT RELEASES TO THE ATMOSPHERE Mr. A.S. Robinson - who was responsible for the chemical AND THE CROCODILE RIVER 7 analyses, 3.1 Releases to the Atmosphere 7 3.2 Liquid Releases to the Crocodile River 7 Mr. P.S. Bothnia and - who were responsible for the collection 4. CONCLUSIONS 8 Mr. T.G. Prinsloo and preparation of samples as well as APPENDIX 8 the measurement of gross radioactivity. REFERENCES 9 TABLES J Ftl. 216- 6 PI I _>ic> - 7 1. PKOGKAMMI i.e. Tilapia Mossambica, Cyprinus Carpio and Clarias value of 126 pCi/I was measured at the beginning of June, and Samples from the dam, from the river and of drinking water Mossambica from the Hartbeespoort Dam and Crocodile measurable ,3lI concentrations in milk lasted until the end The survey of environmental radioactivity in and showed no activity other than natural k. In most cases River. Bulked samples of a particular species are measured of September. This period of high l31I levels in milk coin­ around the National Nuclear Research Centre at Pelindaba the Cs levels were below the minimum detectable level 90 cided with a series of French nuclear bomb tests in the l37 40 was started in 1964 and previous results were published in for gross beta activity, Sr and gamma-emitting nuclides. of 0,1 pCi/L The measured ^Sr, Cs and K concen­ 1-3 Southern Pacific Ocean and fresh fallout products were de­ a series of Pelindaba reports' *. The procedures for 1.1.4 Monthly sampling of drinking water from the Kosmos/ trations are given in table IX. tected over the whole of Southern Africa. sample taking, sample preparation and activity measure­ Schoemansville area and analyses for residual beta activity 2.5 Sediment An intensive monitoring programme of both milk and ments are described in these reports as well as in PEL (total beta minus ^K activity), ^Sr and gamma-spectro- Sediment samples from the Hartbeespoort Dam and air samples in Cape Town and at Pelindaba enabled the 109 . A review article by Van As and Basson* ' has been metric analyses on quarterly bulked samples. the Crocodile River were collected during December, 1970 authors to determine the relationship between * I concen­ published» discussing the purpose, extent and value of the 1.1.5 Monthly sampling of water from the Crocodile River to indicate the possible sedimentation of released activity. trations in air and that in milk under conditions of both dry environmental monitoring programme. More detailed re­ at a point above our effluent release point, with analyses as The gross beta activities were normal and comparable to fallout and washing out by rain (9). From these results it sults on fallout radioactivity in South Africa are reported for drinking water. the values for previous years. No gamma-emitting nuclides appears that the maximum permissible concentration of 13lI in articles by Basson, Van As, Van der Westhuizen and Because of the problems encountered in trying to ob­ other than ,37Cs and *°K were detected. The results of these in air would lead to a milk concentration which is a factor Vleggaar*°) and by Van As and Basson ' . tain representative fish samples from the river-dam com­ determinations are presented in tables X and XI and show i3 500 to 900 times in excess of the derived working limit for In the report for 1969, PEL 205 \ a revised pro­ plex, indicator materials which are easier to sample or have no significant changes from previous years. gramme was suggested which places the emphasis on the higher concentration factors may also be gathered and milk, depending on whether dry fallout or rainout persists. analysed. No increases in radioactivity in milk could be detected monitoring of only those materials which, due to their pro­ 3. RADIOACTIVE EFFLUENT RELEASES TO THE due to releases from the NNRC. ^Sr and 1 Cs levels perties of concentration of hazardous nuclides and their use 1.1.6 Quarterly sampling of water from the Hartbeespoort ATMOSPHERE AND THE CROCODILE RIVER and/or consumption by the population, would be the principle Dam from four representative points with analyses for (table III) were not significantly different from those of W previous years. 3.1 Releases to the Atmosphere routes, i.e. critical paths, through which human beings residual beta activities on individual samples and Sr and 2.3 Fish would be exposed. This programme was implemented during gamma-spectrometric analyses on quarterly bulked samples. Releases to the atmosphere are monitored in the 1970 and the results are given in this report. 1.1.7 Annual sampling and analyses of sediment at the in­ Samples of fish from the different edible species in reactor stack and the waste disposal building stack by (8) As critical paths may vary according to the compo­ flow to the Hartbeespoort Dam of the Crocodile River, and both the Hartbeespoort Dam and the Crocodile River were means of May packs which are changed and measured for 131 sition of releases to the environment, monthly bulked samples in the Crocodile River itself. collected during February, April, August and November. The gross alpha, gross beta and I (particulate and gaseous) of liquid effluent were analysed to determine the presence species Cyprinus Carpio was scarce and could only be ob­ on a weekly basis. Whenever normal background levels are of individual nuclides. Weekly samples of airborne effluent 2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION tained during November. The gross beta activity in the fillet exceeded, gamma-spectroscopic analyses are performed. released through the reactor stack and the waste disposal of the different species are given in table IV. These values No monitoring is normally done for gaseous activity other Gross alpha activity is expressed as the equivalent (8) .K I31l building stack were collected by means of May packs . 241 are normal and show no significant change from previous Am activity and gross beta activity as the equivalent than I. Individual elements of this monitoring system were measur­ years. 10 204TI activity, i.e. 2,3 the equivalent ^K activity. The measured releases are given in table Xlr \ As ed for gross alpha activity, gross beta activity and * I. 2.1 Gamma Survey Bulked samples were analysed by gamma spectro­ the maximum permissible levels of releases for unknown Whenever appreciable amounts of gross activity are detected, scopy. Only the fission product 137Cs (most probably orig­ alpha emitters are 118,4 mCi/month and that for unknown The gamma survey serves the purpose of establishing more detailed analyses for individual nuclides are made. inating from deposited fallout} and the naturally occurring beta emitters 2,96 Ci/month, it can be calculated that, re­ a network of points of known background activity which, in 40K could be observed. The concentrations of ^Sr,I3 Cs lative to the permitted values, the actual releases were only case of an emergency, can be used for a rapid determination 1.1 Measurements and 40K 0,001% in the case of alpha emitters and 0,08% for beta of the extent of the contaminated area. No significant vari­ are given in table V. The present environmental programme consists of: emitters. ations from the radiation levels measured in previous sur­ 2.4 Water 3.2 Liquid Releases to the Crocodile River 1.1.1 Annual measurement of gamm* radiation at 77 points veys could be detected (table I).
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