The Ukrainian Weekly 1985

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The Siloviki in Russian Politics

The Siloviki in Russian Politics Andrei Soldatov and Michael Rochlitz Who holds power and makes political decisions in contemporary Russia? A brief survey of available literature in any well-stocked bookshop in the US or Europe will quickly lead one to the answer: Putin and the “siloviki” (see e.g. LeVine 2009; Soldatov and Borogan 2010; Harding 2011; Felshtinsky and Pribylovsky 2012; Lucas 2012, 2014 or Dawisha 2014). Sila in Russian means force, and the siloviki are the members of Russia’s so called “force ministries”—those state agencies that are authorized to use violence to respond to threats to national security. These armed agents are often portrayed—by journalists and scholars alike—as Russia’s true rulers. A conventional wisdom has emerged about their rise to dominance, which goes roughly as follows. After taking office in 2000, Putin reconsolidated the security services and then gradually placed his former associates from the KGB and FSB in key positions across the country (Petrov 2002; Kryshtanovskaya and White 2003, 2009). Over the years, this group managed to disable almost all competing sources of power and control. United by a common identity, a shared worldview, and a deep personal loyalty to Putin, the siloviki constitute a cohesive corporation, which has entrenched itself at the heart of Russian politics. Accountable to no one but the president himself, they are the driving force behind increasingly authoritarian policies at home (Illarionov 2009; Roxburgh 2013; Kasparov 2015), an aggressive foreign policy (Lucas 2014), and high levels of state predation and corruption (Dawisha 2014). While this interpretation contains elements of truth, we argue that it provides only a partial and sometimes misleading and exaggerated picture of the siloviki’s actual role.
Organized Crime and the Russian State Challenges to U.S.-Russian Cooperation

Organized Crime and the Russian State Challenges to U.S.-Russian Cooperation J. MICHAEL WALLER "They write I'm the mafia's godfather. It was Vladimir Ilich Lenin who was the real organizer of the mafia and who set up the criminal state." -Otari Kvantrishvili, Moscow organized crime leader.l "Criminals Nave already conquered the heights of the state-with the chief of the KGB as head of a mafia group." -Former KGB Maj. Gen. Oleg Kalugin.2 Introduction As the United States and Russia launch a Great Crusade against organized crime, questions emerge not only about the nature of joint cooperation, but about the nature of organized crime itself. In addition to narcotics trafficking, financial fraud and racketecring, Russian organized crime poses an even greater danger: the theft and t:rafficking of weapons of mass destruction. To date, most of the discussion of organized crime based in Russia and other former Soviet republics has emphasized the need to combat conven- tional-style gangsters and high-tech terrorists. These forms of criminals are a pressing danger in and of themselves, but the problem is far more profound. Organized crime-and the rarnpant corruption that helps it flourish-presents a threat not only to the security of reforms in Russia, but to the United States as well. The need for cooperation is real. The question is, Who is there in Russia that the United States can find as an effective partner? "Superpower of Crime" One of the greatest mistakes the West can make in working with former Soviet republics to fight organized crime is to fall into the trap of mirror- imaging.
Reform and Human Rights the Gorbachev Record

100TH-CONGRESS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES [ 1023 REFORM AND HUMAN RIGHTS THE GORBACHEV RECORD REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES BY THE COMMISSION ON SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE MAY 1988 Printed for the use of the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1988 84-979 = For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Congressional Sales Office U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 COMMISSION ON SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE STENY H. HOYER, Maryland, Chairman DENNIS DeCONCINI, Arizona, Cochairman DANTE B. FASCELL, Florida FRANK LAUTENBERG, New Jersey EDWARD J. MARKEY, Massachusetts TIMOTHY WIRTH, Colorado BILL RICHARDSON, New Mexico WYCHE FOWLER, Georgia EDWARD FEIGHAN, Ohio HARRY REED, Nevada DON RITTER, Pennslyvania ALFONSE M. D'AMATO, New York CHRISTOPHER H. SMITH, New Jersey JOHN HEINZ, Pennsylvania JACK F. KEMP, New York JAMES McCLURE, Idaho JOHN EDWARD PORTER, Illinois MALCOLM WALLOP, Wyoming EXECUTIvR BRANCH HON. RICHARD SCHIFIER, Department of State Vacancy, Department of Defense Vacancy, Department of Commerce Samuel G. Wise, Staff Director Mary Sue Hafner, Deputy Staff Director and General Counsel Jane S. Fisher, Senior Staff Consultant Michael Amitay, Staff Assistant Catherine Cosman, Staff Assistant Orest Deychakiwsky, Staff Assistant Josh Dorosin, Staff Assistant John Finerty, Staff Assistant Robert Hand, Staff Assistant Gina M. Harner, Administrative Assistant Judy Ingram, Staff Assistant Jesse L. Jacobs, Staff Assistant Judi Kerns, Ofrice Manager Ronald McNamara, Staff Assistant Michael Ochs, Staff Assistant Spencer Oliver, Consultant Erika B. Schlager, Staff Assistant Thomas Warner, Pinting Clerk (11) CONTENTS Page Summary Letter of Transmittal .................... V........................................V Reform and Human Rights: The Gorbachev Record ................................................
The KGB in Kremlin Politics

FINAL REPORT TO NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR SOVIET AND EAST EUROPEAN RESEARC H TITLE : THE KGB IN KREMLIN POLITIC S AUTHOR : Jeremy R. Azrael Rand Corporation/UCLA CONTRACTOR : Rand/UCLA PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR : Jeremy R. Azrael COUNCIL CONTRACT NUMBER : 801-4 DATE : September, 198 8 The work leading to this report was supported by funds provided b y the National Council for Soviet and East European Research . Th e analysis and interpretations contained in the report are those o f the author . CONTENT S PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY i v INTRODUCTION 1 THE SECRET POLICE AND THE ELIMINATION OF BERIA 4 THE SECRET POLICE IN THE MALENKOV-KHRUSHCHEV STRUGGLE 6 THE KGB AND THE " ANTI-PARTY GROUP " 1 1 THE KGB AND " THE ZHUKOV AFFAIR " 1 6 THE REPLACEMENT OF SEROV 2 0 CHAIRMAN SHELEPIN 2 2 THE FALL OF SHELEPIN 2 7 THE 1967 SETTLEMENT 3 0 THE DOWNFALLS OF AKHUNDOV AND SHELEST 3 3 THE RISE OF ANDROPOV 3 7 THE KGB AND THE BREZHNEV - ANDROPOV SUCCESSION 4 3 THE INTERREGNUM 4 6 THE CHEBRIKOV - GORBACHEV ALLIANCE 5 0 THE BREAKDOWN OF THE CHEBRIKOV - GORBACHEV ALLIANCE 5 3 CONCLUSION 6 5 BIBLIOGRAPHY WORKS CITED 68 PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT S This report has been prepared in fulfillment of a contract betwee n the RAND-UCLA Center for the Study of Soviet International Behavior an d the National Council for Soviet and East European Research . The autho r is indebted to both of these organizations for generous financial an d moral support . Sincere thanks also go to , Lilita Dzirkals and Te d Karasik, for their expert research assistance ; to Valerie Bernstein, to r her devoted secretarial services ; to Julia Azrael, for her help as a proofreader and editor ; and to Frank Fukuyama, Harry Gelman, and othe r colleagues who gave me the benefit of their critical comments an d suggestions on a draft version of the text .
Vienna Review Meeting of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe

[COMMITTEE PRINT) 10TH CONGRESS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES CSCE COMMISSION ON SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE 100TH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION THE VIENNA REVIEW MEETING OF THE CONFERENCE ON SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE COMPILATION OF SPEECHES (JANUARY 27, 1987-APRIL 10, 1987) Printed for the use of the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe [COMMITTEE PRINT] . 100TCONRE 1 CSCE 10t SCONGE S HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES | 100-1-3 COMMISSION ON SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE 100TH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION THE VIENNA REVIEW MEETING OF THE CONFERENCE ON SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE COMPILATION OF SPEECHES (JANUARY 27, 1987-APRIL 10, 1987) Printed for the use of the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 72-374 WASHINGTON: 1987 . For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Congressional Sales Office U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 COMMISSION ON SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE STENY H. HOYER, Maryland, Chairman DENNIS DECONCINI, Arizona, Cochairman DANTE B. FASCELL, Florida FRANK LAUTENBERG, New Jersey EDWARD J. MARKEY, Massachusetts TIMOTHY WIRTH, Colorado BILL RICHARDSON, New Mexico WYCHE FOWLER, Georgia EDWARD FEIGHAN, Ohio HARRY REID, Nevada DON RITTER, Pennsylvania ALFONSE M. D'AMATO, New York CHRISTOPHER H. SMITH, New Jersey JOHN HEINZ, Pennsylvania JACK F. KEMP, New York JAMES McCLURE, Idaho JOHN EDWARD PORTER, Illinois MALCOLM WALLOP, Wyoming EXECUTIVE BRANCH HON. RICHARD SCHIFTER, Department of State HON. RICHARD NORMAN PERLE, Department of Defense Vacancy, Department of Commerce SAMUEL G. WISE, Staff Director MARY SUE HAFNER, Deputy Staff Director and General Counsel JANE S. FISHER, Senior Staff Consultant (QI) COMMISSION ON SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES 237HOUSE OFFICE BUILDING ANNEX 2 WASHINGTON,DC 20515 (202) 225-1901 On January 27, 1987, the 35 signatory nations to the Helsinki Final Act resumed discussions in Vienna of the third follow-up meeting of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe.
The Ukrainian Weekly 1988

Іі5Ьегі by the Ukrainian National Association Inc.. a frattrnal non-profit association| ШrainianWeekl Y Vol. LVI No. 9 THE UKRAINIAN WEEKLY SUNDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 1988 25 cents Ukraine's nuclear power program Soviet, U.S. expects to meet in D.C. attacked by academicians, writers to discuss abuse of psycliiatiy by Dr. David R. Marples further meeting about the three above- MOSCOW - Top Soviet and Ame many dissidents remain committed in mentioned nuclear stations took place rican officials agreed, during a visit to psychiatric wards and those officials In an issue of Literaturna Ukraina in the republic on August 25, 1987. the Soviet capital by Secretary of State and physicians responsible for such from January a group of Ukrainian The twin targets of the article are the George Shultz last week, to a March 18 abuses remain in their posts, according academicians has mounted the stron Ministry of Atomic Power Engineering meeting in Washington between Soviet to Sergei Grigoryants, a Moscow dis gest criticism thus far of the expansive of the USSR and "gigantomania" in and U.S. experts to discuss Soviet sident and chief editor of the unofficial program for constructing nuclear power nuclear plant building. The ministry is psychiatric practices, reported The New Glasnost magazine. plants in the republic. The article attacked with venom. The writers state York Times on February 23. The Soviets reportedly adopted a new appeared just before the Soviet an that it has taken a militant position on The announcement was viewed as a set of legal rights for mental patients at nouncement that a nuclear plant in the nuclear power development, pushing positive sign by Washington officials, the beginning of the year, including a Krasnodar area was being abandoned ahead with plans to build a further 6,000 who have long been concerned with new statute which gives patients and as a result of public protests.
1996 They Went on Trial in Gjirokastër, but the Trial Was Adjourned

-¨ªæ∂π≤∂≠"∂µ™¨πµ¨´'∞∫ª∂π∞®µ∫ -"' µµº®≥1¨∑∂πª Øªª∑æææ™∂µ™¨πµ¨´Ø∞∫ª∂π∞®µ∫∂πÆ INTRODUCTION The Network of Concerned Historians (NCH) forwards to its participants news about the domain where history and human rights intersect, as reported by the American Association for the Advancement of Science [AAAS, Washington]; Amnesty International [AI, London]; Article 19 [A19, London]; Human Rights Watch [HRW, Washington/New York]; Index on Censorship [IOC, London]; International PEN Writers in Prison Committee [PEN, London]; Scholars at Risk [SAR, New York]; World University Service [WUS, Amsterdam]; and other sources. The fact that NCH presents this news does not imply that it shares the views and beliefs of the historians and others mentioned in it. ALBANIA In September 1995 Elvira Shapllo, a historian, Vladimir Qiriaqi, an archeologist, and two others were briefly detained on charges of ‘distributing anti-constitutional writings’, an offence punishable by up to three years’ imprisonment. They were the authors of a guide book to Gjirokastër which apparently con- tained a photograph of former Communist ruler Enver Hoxha, a native of the town. In February 1996 they went on trial in Gjirokastër, but the trial was adjourned. The court was due to reconvene in March 1996. It appeared that the four defendants were not in detention. [AI Report 1996: 70; AI, Further Information on Urgent Action 50/96, 11 March 1996; IOC 3/96: 98; see also NCH #3.] In November 1995 police in Vlora and Durrës arrested and briefly detained some fifty people who tried to lay wreaths on the graves of partisans who died in the Second World War.
The Andrei Sakharov Museum and Public Center «Peace, Progress

mission/activities page 01 The Andrei Sakharov Museum and Public Center «Peace, Progress, Human Rights» The Andrei Sakharov Museum and Public Center is both a cultural institution and a public organization promoting the formation of civil society in Russia. It was established by the Public Commission for the Preservation of the Heritage of Academician Sakharov – Andrei Sakharov Foundation, chaired at the time by E. Bonner and, subsequently (since 2005), by S. Kovalev. The Museum and Public Center opened 21 May 1996, on the 75th anniversary of Sakharov's birth. Permanent exhibits, temporary exhibitions, the library, and museum collections are dedicated to three main issues: «Totalitarian past», «Conditions of freedom – issues that currently face Russia», «The life and activities of Andrei Sakharov». The Museum and Public Center often initiates and organ izes discussions on urgent societal and political issues and grants, free of charge, its facilities for sem inars, conferences and other public events to organizations whose goals do not contradict the mission of the Museum and Public Center. The Museum occupies a small mansion that was part of a 17th19th century estate last owned by the Usachev – Naydenov merchant family. The premises housing the Museum and Public Center have been granted by the Moscow City Government free of rent until 2021. Reconstruction of the building was accomplished by architect Grigory Sayevich, and the permanent collection was designed by architect Yevgeni Ass. Exposition equipment was developed, produced and mounted by Bioinjector IPK. The design of the Round Table Room incorporates works by artists Svetlana Assiryants and Daniel Mitlyansky and Maksim Mitlyansky.
David Sheldon Boone Charging Him with Selling the Security Apparatus

CHAPTER 2 INTRODUCTION In the early 1990s, the new Russian in the Leningrad KGB.1 Putin also quietly replaced counterintelligence service embarked on a mission fourteen presidential representatives in the regions to reclaim the former KGB’s internal security with former security offi cers. power, which had been diminished with the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. A spate of press FSB director Patrushev said that, in 1999, his service articles in early 1996 by spokesmen for the Federal stopped the activities of 65 foreign individual Security Service (FSB) boasted the service’s role in offi cers and prevented 30 Russian citizens from protecting the state from foreign subversion. FSB passing secrets to foreign intelligence services. In offi cers noted that the service has the responsibility 1998, the FSB foiled the activities of 11 intelligence to monitor foreign astronauts at “Star City” and to offi cers and caught 19 Russian citizens attempting to prevent the emigration of Russian scientists. The sell classifi ed information to foreign secret services. FSB has also bragged about the arrest of Israeli, And in 1996, then-FSB chief Nikolai Kovalyov said Turkish, and North Korean spies and the expulsion the FSB had exposed 400 employees of foreign of a British businessman and an Israeli diplomat. intelligence services and 39 Russians working for The government moves against ecologists further them during the period 1994-96. revealed a resurgence of FSB internal power. The Sutyagin case follows the sentencing in Although there continues to be mutually benefi cial December 2000 of retired US Navy offi cer Edmund cooperation between Washington and Moscow, Pope to 20 years for spying.
Chornobyl Effects in Byelorussia Revealed by Soviets Ukrainian

A special 95th anniversary tribute to the Ukrainian National Association appears on pages 5 through 9. ffl llshedJ)jMh^ Association Inc.. a fraternal non-profit association^ Vol. LVII No. 8 THE UKRAINIAN WEEKLY SUNDAY, FEBRUARY 19,1989 50 cents Chornobyl effects Ukrainian Language Society conference reveals defiance by Bohdan Nahaylo Among the speakers were the senior his "retirement." in Byelorussia rainianfigure of thWeekle Ukrainian literary com The speakerys rejecte d the principle of On February 11-12 the Taras Shev- munity, Oles Honchar, and the head of Russian-native language bilingualism revealed by Soviets chenko Ukrainian Language Society the Kiev branch of the Writers' Union of and demanded that Ukrainian be made held its inaugural conference in Kiev. Ukraine, Ivan Drach. the sole official language of the Ukrain JERSEY CITY, N.J — Almost one- The meeting of this important informal The Ukrainian authorities were re ian SSR, though on the understanding fifth of Byelorussia's agricultural land patriotic association, which is named presented by the republic's ideological that the rights of Russian and other was contaminated by radioactive fall after the national poet of Ukraine, secretary, Yuriy Yelchenko, and the minority languages in Ukraine be out from the April 1986 Chornobyl turned into an impressive manifestation deputy chairman of the Ukrainian SSR guaranteed legal protection. nuclear disaster, Pravda, the Soviet of Ukrainian national assertiveness and Council of Ministers, Maria Orlyk. In Ukraine, it was stressed', Ukrainian Communist daily newspaper reported of protest against the reactionary What they witnessed must have left should be recognized as the republic's on February 11.
A Report from the International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights

A Report from the International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights THE MOSCOW HELSINKI GROUP - TEN YEARS - THEIR VISIO N THEIR ACHIEVEMENT THE PRICE THEY PAID MAY 12, 1976 - MAY 12, 1986 International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights Rummelhardtgasse 2/18 A-1090 Vienna i AUSTRIA THE MOSCOW HELSINKI GROUP TEN YEARS THEIR VISION THEIR ACHIEVEMENT THE PRICE THEY PAID May 12, 1976 - May 12� 1986 INTERNATIONAL ®):1� .. 11:•� FEDERATION FOR HUMAN RIGHTS Rurrrnelhardtgasse 2/18 A-1090 Vienna Tel. 222/42.73.87 Bank account: Creditanstalt Bankverein 0221-00283/00 � International Helsinki Federation for Karl Johannes von Schwarzenberg Human Rights (IHF) Chairman Aase Lionaes Deputy Chairman Heinz Wittgenstein The IHF is a non-governmental organ1zat1on Deputy Chairman that =��ks to promote compliance of the signatory states with the human rights EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR provisions of the Helsinki Final Act. The Gerald Nagler IHF represents national Helsinki Human Rights Committees in Austria, Canada, Denmark, the INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEfS Federal Republic of Germany, the Netherlands, Lord Eric Avebury Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Helsinki Subcoim,ittee of the Parliamentary Human Rights Group Kingdom and the United States. Its Inter (United Kingdom) national Secretariat is in Vienna. Stein Ivar Aarsaether Norwegian Helsinki Co1m1ittee Pieter van Oijk Helsinki Co1m1ittee of the Netherlands Rudolf F ri edri eh Swiss Helsinki Co1m1ittee Lennart Gro 11 Swedish Helsinki Committee Bound copies are available for AS 85,- 1--) Jeri Laber (1_1:::;:[) �:i: 2::1.cl-1: US Helsinki Watch David Matas International Helsinki Federation Canadian Helsinki Co1m1ittee for Human F-:ights Anton Pelinke Austrian Helsinki Co1m1ittee Rummelhardtgasse 2/18 Annemarie Renger 10S'O 'v'i enna.
CORRESPONDENCE Freedom for Nations! Freedom for Individuals!

GW ISSN 0001 — 0545 ABN B 20004 F CORRESPONDENCE Freedom for Nations! Freedom for Individuals! Verlagspostamt: Miinchen 2 January-February 1988 Vol. XXXIX No. CONTENTS: Eric Brodin 7 Decades Of Soviet Russian Empire.................................4 Glasnost And The Summit...................................................5 Bohdan Nahaylo Ukrainian Association Of Independent Creative Intelligentsia Formed............................................ 7 The Tragic Fate Of Vasyl Stus...........................................9 Mykola And Raissa Rudenko In The West....................... 13 Communique Of The VII Supreme Assembly Of The Organization Of Ukrainian Nationalists..........................18 Gregory Udod What Has Christianity Given To Ukraine During The First Millennium?....................................................... 22 Joint Communique Of The WACL And APACL Executive Committee Meeting..........................................31 Linda Shapiro The Victims Of Communism............................................. 33 Cao Thang Tran Denouncing The Viet Cong Extortion Scheme................ 35 News & Views.....................................................................37 From Behind The Iron Curtain..........................................42 Cover: Volodymyr the Great by Gregor Kruk. Freedom for Nations! Freedom for Individuals! ABN CORRESPONDENCE BULLETIN OF THE ANTI-BOLSHEVIK BLOC OF NATIONS Publisher and Owner (Verleger und It is not our practice to pay for contribut Inhaber): American Friends of the Anti- ed materials.