Mikrotipografija

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Mikrotipografija Mikrotipografija Klementina Možina Mikrotipografija Univerza v Ljubljani Naravoslovnotehniška fakulteta Oddelek za tekstilstvo Klementina Možina Mikrotipografija Izdala in založila Naravoslovnotehniška fakulteta, Oddelek za tekstilstvo Ljubljana, 2009 Odgovarja dr. Diana Gregor Svetec Recenzenta prof. Dušan Kirbiš, dr. Igor Kramberger Uredniški pregled Ira Ratej Lektorica Jana Lavtižar Oblikovanje ovitka & tipografskih vinjet Peter Koraca Prelom Barbara Blaznik V knjigi je uporabljena družina pisav mantika, ki jo je oblikoval Jürgen Weltin leta 2009. Natisnila Littera picta, d. o. o. Naklada 400 izvodov Knjiga je izšla s podporo Ministrstva za šolstvo, znanost in šport Republike Slovenije in s finančno pomočjo posestva Jazbec. CIP – Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana 655.26-022.53 655.322-022.53 744.43-022.53 MOŽINA, Klementina Mikrotipografija / Klementina Možina. – Ljubljana : Naravoslovnotehniška fakulteta, Oddelek za tekstilstvo, 2009 ISBN 978-961-6045-65-0 245149696 Iri Ratej, Marini Železnik, Branki Lepšina, Sabini Prvinšek, Mojci Završnik in Silvi Jazbec – za pomoč pri preživetju. Zahvala Z izidom tega knjižnega dela je vsaj deloma zaključena tipografska vsebina, ki sem jo začela poglobljeno raziskovati in o njej pisati že pred nekaj leti. Zaradi zahtevnosti drugih obremenitev sem za nekaj let prekinila pisanje. Vrnitev k prvotni poti je bila težavna, zato je ta knjiga v končni različici korenito spremenjena. Zaradi »boja z mlini na veter« bi se rada zahvalila redkim, ki niso opustili upanja, da bo kdaj ugledala luč dneva. Hvaležna sem svojemu doktorskemu men- torju Martinu Žnideršiču, ker v preteklih letih ni samo ohranil stikov z menoj, temveč me je opogumljal, da sem vendarle dokončala zače- to delo. Za vse neprecenljive spodbude sem globoko hvaležna svoji mentorici na doktorskem izobraževanju na Univerzi Reading Marga- ret M. Smith. Zahvaljujem se ji tudi za opozorila o najnovejših izda- jah nekaterih založniških slogov. Predvsem pa sem vesela, da je na- jin odnos prerastel v zaupno in iskreno prijateljstvo. Za komentarje, preverjanje prevodov in nasvete pri imenovanju posameznih delov črk v nemškem jeziku se zahvaljujem Jürgenu Weltinu. Še posebej sem mu hvaležna, da je izdelal številna posebna znamenja in dodat- ne različice pisav, ki so bili potrebni za oblikovanje, prelom in izdajo tega dela. Za nekatera preverjanja tipografskega izrazja v angleškem jeziku se zahvaljujem Nan Ridehalgh. Gregorju Franknu sem hvaležna za preverjanje besedila v nemškem jeziku. Igorju Krambergerju gre zahvala za recenzentske nasvete, Dušanu Kirbišu pa za hitro branje rokopisa. Za prijateljsko in požrtvovalno pomoč pri branju ter dra- gocene popravke rokopisa se zahvaljujem Iri Ratej. Petru Koraci sem hvaležna za mladostno nagajive tipografske vinjete, Barbari Blaznik pa za veliko potrpežljivost pri prelomu vsebine. Za lektorsko delo se toplo zahvaljujem Jani Lavtižar. Če se ozrem nazaj, vidim, da so v teh letih, ko sem se posvečala predvsem delu, ostala le redka prijateljstva, ki pa so se vsa poglobi- la. Za brezmejno in nesebično prijateljsko oporo sem hvaležna Bran- ki Lepšina. Matjažu Rodmanu hvala, da se najino prijateljstvo kljub geografski oddaljenosti ni izgubilo, temveč se je celo poglobilo. Za dobroto, radodarnost in prijaznost sem hvaležna Silvi in Jožku Jaz- bec, Sabini Prvinšek ter Marini Železnik. Philipu in Ellen Loosveldt se zahvaljujem za vse radosti, ki sem jih bila deležna. Za dobre misli, ki so bile izrečene že davno in se jih še vedno spominjam, sem hvaležna Silvinu Krajncu. Mojci in Mihu Završnik prisrčna hvala za raznovrst- ne ljubeznivosti. Za potrpežljivost pa se zahvaljujem tudi Diani Gre- gor Svetec. Ljubljana, marec 2009 Klementina Možina Kazalo Uvod 11 1 Ločila | 15 Pika 16 Tri pike 23 Vprašaj 25 Klicaj 27 Vejica 28 Dvopičje 30 Podpičje 32 Pomišljaj 34 Vezaj 41 Deljaj 45 Narekovaj 46 Oklepaj 51 Zaklepaj 56 Poševnica 57 Opuščaj 59 Ponavljaj 61 2 Matematična znamenja | 63 Enačaj 67 Minus 68 Plus 69 Množeno, krat 70 Deljeno 73 Eksponent in indeks 74 Koren 75 Stopinja 76 Znamenji za minuto in sekundo 79 Odstotek 80 Znamenji za večje in manjše 81 Znamenje za neskončno 82 3 Kemijska in fizikalna znamenja | 83 8 Kazalo 4 Nekatera druga znamenja | 87 Znamenje et 88 Znamenje za člen ali paragraf 89 Znamenje za odstavek ali paragraf 90 Zgornji »o« 91 Promil 92 Znamenje avtorskih pravic 93 Znamenje at ali afna 94 Znamenji za označevanje registracije in zaščitene znamke 95 Znamenje za številko 96 5 Valute | 97 6 Merske enote | 101 7 Števila | 105 Pisanje števil z besedo 109 Decimalna števila 110 Vrstno število 112 Računska in druga števila 113 Telefonska številka 115 Denarni znesek 117 Rimske številke 119 Pisanje datuma 122 Navajanje časa 125 8 Navajanje poklicev | 129 9 Opombe | 133 10 Bibliografija | 141 Navajanje citiranih literaturnih virov 142 Bibliografski zapisi 147 11 Kazala | 171 Vsebinsko kazalo 172 Pojmovno, stvarno, imensko kazalo 179 Kazalo 9 12 Deljenje | 189 Deljenje besed 190 Deljenje naslovov in krajših besedil v več vrst 196 13 Estetika | 199 Nekateri tipografski elementi 200 Kapitelke 200 Kurzivne črke 202 Razpiranje 205 Ligatura 205 Uporaba različice pisave za ločila 206 Poravnava besedila 210 Pankrt & vdova 210 Odstavčno naštevanje 210 Začetki poglavij in odstavkov 211 14 Korekturna znamenja | 213 Slovenska korekturna znamenja 215 Anglosaška korekturna znamenja 223 Nemška korekturna znamenja 224 15 Tipografski terminološki slovar | 227 16 Literatura in viri | 261 Pojmovno kazalo | 271 11 Uvod V prvem tiskarskem priročniku Mechanick Exercises J. Moxona iz leta 1683 beremo:1 »Ker imamo poleg dobrih avtorjev tudi slabe, je na- loga stavca, da besedilo postavi pravilno, četudi ga je avtor zapisal napačno. Stavec mora poznati pravila zapisa posameznih besed, ve- deti, katere besede se piše z veliko začetnico, katere v kurzivni razli- čici ipd.« – Leta 1893 je na 24 straneh izšla prva knjižica tipografskih pravil Rules,2 ki jo je napisal Horace Hart za Oxford University Press. Prav zaradi uporabe Horaceovih pravil je založba na pariški razstavi leta 1900 dobila več prvih nagrad v najpomembnejših kategorijah ka- kovosti tiskovin.3 Na slovenskem področju nimamo tipografskih virov o tem, kako natančno pripraviti in oblikovati besedilo. Zadnja, a samo nekatera, navodila za oblikovanje besedila so bila podana v 80. letih preteklega stoletja. Prav zaradi pomanjkanja takšne literature je vzniknila potre- ba po delu, ki bi pokrivalo področje mikrotipografije. Po pregledanih strokovnih delih smo ugotovili, da je mogoče pojasniti veliko neskla- dnost med zapisanimi in trenutno uporabljanimi mikrotipografskimi priporočili le z natančno zgodovinsko raziskavo. Hkrati je bilo zara- di anglosaškega vpliva na sodobno grafično pripravo treba pridobiti natančen pregled tujih izdanih del s tega področja. Šele po obsežni analizi zgodovinskih virov in podrobni raziskavi mednarodnih mikro- tipografskih pravil lahko zasnujemo sodobna priporočila za sloven- ski jezik. Delo, ki je pred vami, je nastalo z namenom, da bi »sodobni stavci« – oblikovalci, tehnični uredniki, izdelovalci grafične priprave – pa tudi avtorji, lektorji in uredniki kakovostno ali pa samo bolj zanimivo in dosledno opravljali delo v pripravi in posredovanju besedilnih infor- macij. V 80. letih preteklega stoletja se je tudi v Sloveniji začela uve- ljavljati sodobna računalniška tehnologija v pripravi besedila. Stavec je s fotostavnimi napravami (večinoma) postal le še meter – besedi- 1 Moxon, 1998, str. 198. Rules, ki je močno razširjena in dopolnje- 2 Dopolnjena pravila z naslovom Hart’s na. Hartova pravila so prevzele tudi druge Rules for Compositors and Readers at the založbe, na primer University of Chicago University Press Oxford še vedno izhaja- Press leta 1906. jo; leta 1999 je izšla 39. izdaja, leta 2005 pa Prim.: Ritter, 2004, str. 51. 40. izdaja z novim naslovom, New Hart’s 3 Ritter, 2004, str. 37, 43–45, 51–53. 12 Uvod lo je z vnosom nekaterih poudarkov le razporejal v zrcalo. Kasneje, s široko uporabo osebnih računalnikov, pa je avtor besedila pogo- sto prevzel vlogo ne samo stavca in meterja, ampak tudi oblikoval- ca. Na začetku 90. let so bili organizirani številni tečaji za uporabo računalniškega programa Word, ki so vsebovali tudi poglavja, kako »oblikovati« (program pa ni namenjen oblikovanju besedila, marveč je samo urejevalnik besedila [!]). Žal se pri nas na strokovni ravni ob to ni nihče obregnil.4 Z leti so za avtorji celo nekateri založniki in grafičarji sprejeli za slovensko področje nekaj neprimernih rešitev – kratko malo so nekritično prevzeli anglosaške vzorce, ki so vgrajeni v računalniške programe. – Od zadnje izdane slovenske strokovne li- terature, kjer je vsaj deloma omenjeno mikrotipografsko oblikovanje, je minilo skoraj 30 let. V tem obdobju so se spremenila tako nacional- na jezikovna pravila kot mednarodna uporaba mikrotipografskih pri- poročil. Prav zaradi tega smo se najprej lotili podrobnega pregleda uporabe mikrotipografskih pravil, kot jih narekujejo oziroma pripo- ročajo slovenski avtorji od prve polovice 20. stoletja naprej. Slovenska pravila so v preteklosti večinoma temeljila na nemških pravilih in tudi v sodobni pripravi besedila najdemo številne podobnosti. Zato smo v pričujočem delu opozorili na primerljivost s sodobnimi nemškimi ti- pografskimi priporočili ali pa morebitno različnost. Vpliv anglosaških tipografskih rešitev v tehnološki pripravi besedila je izredno močan. Hkrati s prevodi so tudi njihova mikrotipografska pravila prezrcaljena na slovensko jezikovno
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